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Bárta J, Hájková K, Sikora A, Jurczyková T, Popelková D, Kalous P. Effect of a Nanocellulose Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Paper. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:73. [PMID: 38201738 PMCID: PMC10780965 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the emphasis is on increasing the durability of all products. For this reason, it is also advisable to look into extending the durability of paper products. The main reason for using flax pulp is that flax and cotton pulp are widely used for the production of banknotes due to their higher strength. This paper deals with flax pulp with the addition of nanocellulose, which should further enhance the mechanical properties of the pulp. The tensile strength, breaking length, and tensile energy absorption index were evaluated as the key mechanical properties. At the same time, the effect of the addition of nanocellulose, whether it was added to the pulp mass or applied to the later produced paper as a spray or coating, was tested in comparison to paper without the addition of nanocellulose. The best mechanical properties, i.e., tensile strength, were achieved for the highest addition of 5% of nanocellulose into the pulp, at 24.3 Nm∙g-1, and for the coating application, at 28.7 Nm∙g-1, compared to the flax pulp without the addition, where the tensile strength was 20.5 Nm∙g-1. The results of this research are used for the assessment of nanocellulose as a natural compatible additive to enhance the strength properties of cellulose-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Bárta
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (A.S.); (T.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Kateřina Hájková
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (A.S.); (T.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Adam Sikora
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (A.S.); (T.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Tereza Jurczyková
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (A.S.); (T.J.); (P.K.)
| | - Daniela Popelková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Kalous
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (A.S.); (T.J.); (P.K.)
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Norfarhana A, Ilyas R, Ngadi N. A review of nanocellulose adsorptive membrane as multifunctional wastewater treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Meftahi A, Samyn P, Geravand SA, Khajavi R, Alibkhshi S, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Nanocelluloses as skin biocompatible materials for skincare, cosmetics, and healthcare: Formulations, regulations, and emerging applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118956. [PMID: 34973772 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, skin biocompatible products are fast-growing markets for nanocelluloses with increasing number of patents published in last decade. This review highlights recent developments, market trends, safety assessments, and regulations for different nanocellulose types (i.e. nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanofibers, nanoyarns, bacterial nanocellulose) used in skincare, cosmetics, and healthcare. The specific properties of nanocelluloses for skincare include high viscosity and shear thinning properties, surface functionality, dispersion stability, water-holding capacity, purity, and biocompatibility. Depending on their morphology (e.g. size, aspect ratio, geometry, porosity), nanocelluloses can be used as formulation modifiers, moisturizers, nanofillers, additives, membranes, and films. Nanocellulose composite particles were recently developed as carriers for bioactive compounds or UV-blockers and platforms for wound healing and skin sensors. As toxicological assessment depends on morphologies and intrinsic properties, stringent regulation is needed from the testing of efficient nanocellulose dosages. The challenges and perspectives for an industrial breakthrough are related to optimization of production and processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Meftahi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pieter Samyn
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Applied and Circular Chemistry, University Hasselt, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sahar Abbasi Geravand
- Department of Technical & Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Khajavi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland.
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Wang L, Hui L, Su W. Superhydrophobic modification of nanocellulose based on an octadecylamine/dopamine system. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118710. [PMID: 34742435 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We prepared super-hydrophobic nanocellulose films using a non-toxic octadecylamine/polydopamine system. Octadecylamine, a low surface energy material, was used to provide hydrophobic alkyl long chains. Polydopamine was produced by dopamine under alkaline conditions, creating an adhesive substance, which reinforced the hydrophobic long chains and increased the surface roughness of nanocellulose. The effects of reagent concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on hydrophobicity were then investigated. The results showed that with a 1:1 mass ratio of nanocellulose to octadecylamine, and reacting at 60 °C for 4 h, the contact angle of the obtained composite membrane reached 168.2°. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that the modified nanocellulose had a smaller particle size and more uniform distribution, which effectively improved the hydrophobicity of the nanocellulose. Thus, the green preparation of superhydrophobic films with high-temperature resistance and wear resistance was realized, which contributed to the high-value utilization of nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lanfeng Hui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Weiyin Su
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Ibarra D, Martín-Sampedro R, Wicklein B, Borrero-López AM, Valencia C, Valdehíta A, Navas JM, Eugenio ME. Populus alba L., an Autochthonous Species of Spain: A Source for Cellulose Nanofibers by Chemical Pretreatment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010068. [PMID: 35012091 PMCID: PMC8747510 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify new sustainable sources for producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), fast-growing poplar (Populus alba L.) wood was evaluated herein. For that purpose, bleached poplar kraft pulp was produced and submitted to TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) mediated oxidation (TEMPO-ox) chemical pretreatment followed by microfluidization. The resulting CNFs were thoroughly characterized, including a rheological study at different pH values. Poplar CNFs showed properties comparable to eucalypt CNFs (reference material for CNFs production), showing high carboxylate content (1048 ± 128 µmol g−1), fibrillation yield (87.3% ± 8.1%), optical transmittance (83% at 700 nm) and thermal stability (up to more than 200 °C). Regarding the rheological study, whereas pH from 4 to 10 did not produce significant changes in rheological behavior, a reduction of pH down to 1 led to an order-of-magnitude increase on the viscoelastic functions. Therefore, poplar CNF shows potential in the pH-sensitive hydrogels application field. Finally, the possible ecotoxicity of poplar CNF was assessed. The decrease in cell viability was very low so that only concentrations causing a 10% cytotoxicity could be calculated for the assay detecting alterations in cell metabolism (10 µg mL−1) and plasma membrane integrity (60 µg mL−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ibarra
- Forest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.I.); (R.M.-S.)
| | - Raquel Martín-Sampedro
- Forest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.I.); (R.M.-S.)
| | - Bernd Wicklein
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonio M. Borrero-López
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (C.V.)
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (C.V.)
| | - Ana Valdehíta
- Environment and Agronomy Department (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (J.M.N.)
| | - José M. Navas
- Environment and Agronomy Department (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (J.M.N.)
| | - María E. Eugenio
- Forest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.I.); (R.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913473948
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Performance of Candida rugosa lipase supported on nanocellulose-silica-reinforced polyethersulfone membrane for the synthesis of pentyl valerate: Kinetic, thermodynamic and regenerability studies. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Spanish Poplar Biomass as a Precursor for Nanocellulose Extraction. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11156863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acidic hydrolysis duration on nanocellulose size, morphology, and proper ties was investigated, which opens up a whole new horizon of versatility in poplar applications. This study aimed to examine Spanish poplar wastes as raw material to extract crystalline nanocellulose (CNC), which substantiates the importance of poplar wastes. Wastes were pulped using 1 L of 10% NaOH (wt./wt.) solution, and bleached several times by NaClO2; afterwards, white wastes were subjected to acidic hydrolysis by 60% H2SO4 for either 5, 10, or 15 min. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) underwent a similar hydrolysis protocol as poplar as control. TEM, IR, and XRD characterization techniques were performed. Poplar based nanocellulose sized 219 nm length and 69 nm width after 15 min acidic hydrolysis. MCC yielded 122 nm length and 12 nm width crystals after 10 min acidic hydrolysis. Hydrolysis resulted in a drastic change and intense peaks at 3500 and 2900 cm−1 for nanocellulose. Although pre-hydrolysis fiber treatment was not influencial on the crystallinity of poplar, acidic hydrolysis remarkably raised the crystallinity index (CI) by 7–8%. The more hydrolysis duration was prolonged, the size of the resulting crystal (whisker) decreased, and the aspect ratio increased. Hydrolysis was more impactful on MCC than poplar. However, for future work, it seems that longer duration of pulping and bleaching could have significantly removed unwanted components (hemicellulose and lignin), showcased in IR and XRD, and hence smoothened the following hydrolysis.
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Sun L, Zhang X, Liu H, Liu K, Du H, Kumar A, Sharma G, Si C. Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Modification of Nanocellulose. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201210191041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of renewable nanomaterial, nanocellulose displays excellent performances
and exhibits wide application potentials. In general, nanocellulose has strong hydrophilicity
due to the presence of abundant hydroxyl groups or the hydrophilic functional groups
introduced during the preparation process. Although these hydrophilic groups benefit the
nanocellulose with great application potential that is used in aqueous media (e.g., rheology
modifier, hydrogels), they do hinder the performance of nanocellulose used as reinforcing
agents for hydrophobic polymers and reduce the stability of the self-assembled nanostructure
(e.g., nanopaper, aerogel) in a high-humidity environment. Thus, this review aims to summarize
recent advances in the hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose, mainly in three aspects:
physical adsorption, surface chemical modification (e.g., silylation, alkanoylation, esterification),
and polymer graft copolymerization. In addition, the current limitations and future prospects of hydrophobic
modification of nanocellulose are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huayu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haishun Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Chuanling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Yakubu M, Yilbas BS, Abubakr AA, Al-Qahtani H. Droplet Rolling and Spinning in V-Shaped Hydrophobic Surfaces for Environmental Dust Mitigation. Molecules 2020; 25:E3039. [PMID: 32635187 PMCID: PMC7412493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The motion of a water droplet in a hydrophobic wedge fixture was examined to assess droplet rolling and spinning for improved dust mitigation from surfaces. A wedge fixture composed of two inclined hydrophobic plates had different wetting states on surfaces. Droplet rolling and spinning velocities were analyzed and findings were compared with the experiments. A wedge fixture was designed and realized using a 3D printing facility and a high speed recording system was adopted to evaluate droplet motion in the wedge fixture. Polycarbonate sheets were used as plates in the fixture, and solution crystallization and functionalized silica particles coating were adopted separately on plate surfaces, which provided different wetting states on each plate surface while generating different droplet pinning forces on each hydrophobic plate surface. This arrangement also gave rise to the spinning of rolling droplets in the wedge fixture. Experiments were extended to include dust mitigation from inclined hydrophobic surfaces while incorporating spinning- and rolling droplet and rolling droplet-only cases. The findings revealed the wedge fixture arrangement resulted in spinning and rolling droplets and spinning velocity became almost 25% of the droplet rolling velocity, which agrees well with both predictions and experiments. Rolling and spinning droplet gave rise to parallel edges droplet paths on dusty hydrophobic surfaces while striations in droplet paths were observed for rolling droplet-only cases. Spinning and rolling droplets mitigated a relatively larger area of dust on inclined hydrophobic surfaces as compared to their counterparts corresponding to rolling droplet-only cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak Yakubu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.); (A.A.A.); (H.A.-Q.)
| | - Bekir Sami Yilbas
- Mechanical Engineering Department, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.); (A.A.A.); (H.A.-Q.)
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy (CoRE-RE), KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Senior Researcher at K.A.CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abba A. Abubakr
- Mechanical Engineering Department, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.); (A.A.A.); (H.A.-Q.)
| | - Hussain Al-Qahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.); (A.A.A.); (H.A.-Q.)
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