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Fu L, Zhang J, Pan Y, Lu P. Differential photoacoustic spectroscopy for flow gas detection based on single microphone. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100624. [PMID: 38872921 PMCID: PMC11169465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Differential photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for flow gas detection based on single microphone is innovatively proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Unlike the traditional systems, only one microphone is used to suppress flowing gas noise. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy and second harmonic detection technique are applied in this PAS system with Q-point demodulation for acetylene (C2H2) gas detection. The experiment is conducted at 1 atm and 300 K. Different concentrations and flow rates of C2H2 from 0 sccm to 225 sccm are detected by using nitrogen (N2) as the carrier gas, which indicates that the system can respond well to flowing gases while maintaining the noise at the same level. The system response time decreases to 3.58 s while the gas velocity is 225 sccm. The detection limit of 43.97 ppb with 1 s integration time and normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 4.0 × 10-9 cm-1 W Hz-1/2 is achieved at the flow rate of 225 sccm. The firstly proposed differential PAS based on single microphone greatly simplifies the system structure for flow gas detection, which provides a novel route for development of PAS with significant practical implementation prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Fu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiangshan Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
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2
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Wang J, Wang Q, Yan C, Xu S, Zou X, Wu Q, Ng WP, Binns R, Fu YQ. High-sensitivity narrow‑band T-shaped cantilever Fabry-perot acoustic sensor for photoacoustic spectroscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2024; 38:100626. [PMID: 38966593 PMCID: PMC11222803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2024.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been rapidly developed and applied to different detection scenarios. The acoustic pressure detection is an important part in the PAS system. In this paper, an ultrahigh sensitivity Fabry-Perot acoustic sensor with a T-shaped cantilever was proposed. To achieve the best acoustic pressure effect, the dimension of the cantilever structure was designed and optimized by finite element analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics. Simulation results showed that the sensitivity of such T-shaped cantilever was 1.5 times higher than that based on a rectangular cantilever, and the resonance frequency of T-shaped cantilever were able to modulate from 800 Hz to 1500 Hz by adjusting the multi-parameter characteristics. Experimental sensing results showed that the resonance frequency of T-shaped Fabry-Perot acoustic sensor was 1080 Hz, yielding a high sensitivity of 1.428 μm/Pa, with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 84.8 dB and a detectable pressure limit of 1.9 μPa/Hz1/2@1 kHz. We successfully used such acoustic sensor to measure acetylene (C2H2) concentration in the PAS. The sensitivity of PAS for C2H2 gas was 3.22 pm/ppm with a concentration range of 50 ppm ∼100 ppm, and the minimum detection limit was 24.91ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Chongyue Yan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Shunyuan Xu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Xin Zou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110819, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Faculty of Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Richard Binns
- Faculty of Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering & Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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3
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Tseng TR, Yang CH, Lu HC, Liu CP, Cheng BM. Analysis of Carbon Materials with Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10732-10737. [PMID: 38875498 PMCID: PMC11223103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Measurement of infrared spectroscopy has emerged as a significant challenge for carbon materials due to the sampling problem. To overcome this issue, in this work, we performed measurements of IR spectra for carbon materials including C60, C70, diamond powders, graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) technique; for comparison, the vibrational patterns of these materials were also studied with a conventional transmission method, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, or Raman spectroscopy. We found that the IR photoacoustic spectroscopy (IR-PAS) scheme worked successfully for these carbon materials, offering advantages in sampling. Interestingly, the profiles of IR-PAS spectra for graphene and CNTs exhibit negative bands using carbon black as the reference; the negative spectral information may provide valuable knowledge about the storage energy, production, structure, defect, or impurity of graphene and CNTs. Thus, this approach may open a new avenue for analyzing carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton-Rong Tseng
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hua Yang
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Lu
- Department
of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital,
Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City 970, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Ming Cheng
- Department
of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital,
Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien City 970, Taiwan
- Tzu-Chi
University of Science and Technology, No. 880, Sec. 2, Chien-kuo Rd., Hualien City 970, Taiwan
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4
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Popa C, Petrus M, Bratu AM. Ammonia measurement in human breath of subjects with Helicobacter pylori using photoacoustic spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202400074. [PMID: 38566476 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach. The detection of H. pylori is an essential part of current clinical practices because this disease can cause peptic ulcers, chronic inflammation of the stomach lining but also stomach cancer. Helicobacter pylori has a naturally occurring enzyme that hydrolyzes urea into ammonium carbonate called urease. Many methods exist for the detection of H. pylori infection, but an innovative approach is to detect the ammonia in the breath (ABT, Ammonia Breath Test). In this research study, using photoacoustic spectroscopy method, the ammonia concentration in the breathing zone of people with H. pylori were measured and were compared with ammonia concentration from the respiration of healthy people. From the ABT determinations of this study, the ammonia was established to be increased with 498 ppb at people with H. pylori when we compare with ABT of healthy people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Popa
- Laser Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Mioara Petrus
- Laser Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Bratu
- Laser Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania
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Xiong S, Yin X, Wang Q, Xia J, Chen Z, Lei H, Yan X, Zhu A, Qiu F, Chen B, Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhang K. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Gas Detection Technology Research Progress. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:139-158. [PMID: 37936290 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231208712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) can be utilized as an ultrasensitive gas detection method. The basic principles of gas detection using PAS are discussed in this paper. First, the basic instrumentation for a PAS gas detection system is introduced focusing on the photoacoustic cell. The discussion includes non-resonant photoacoustic cells and the different types of resonant photoacoustic cells, including the longitudinal photoacoustic cell, the Helmholtz photoacoustic cell, the T-type photoacoustic cell, and the high-frequency resonant photoacoustic cell. The basic working principles of each of these, cells as well as the advantages and disadvantages of photoacoustic cells are discussed, and the development of newer types of photoacoustic cells in recent years is outlined in detail. This review provides detailed reference information and guidance for interested researchers who would like to design and build advanced photoacoustic cells for gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuidong Xiong
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyu Yin
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Ji Xia
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongwei Lei
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Yan
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aisong Zhu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengmei Qiu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binhai Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Emergency Management Department of Shenyang Fire Research Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- Institute of Ocean Instruments Qilu, University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, China
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6
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Luo H, Yang Z, Zhuang R, Lv H, Wang C, Lin H, Zhang D, Zhu W, Zhong Y, Cao Y, Liu K, Kan R, Pan Y, Yu J, Zheng H. Ppbv-level mid-infrared photoacoustic sensor for mouth alcohol test after consuming lychee fruits. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 33:100559. [PMID: 38021287 PMCID: PMC10658599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
A ppbv-level mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy sensor was developed for mouth alcohol tests. A compact CO2 laser with a sealed waveguide and integrated radio frequency (RF) power supply was used. The emission wavelength is ∼9.3 µm with a power of 10 W. A detection limit of ∼18 ppbv (1σ) for ethanol gas with an integration of 1 s was achieved. The sensor performed a linear dynamic range with an R square value of ∼0.999. A breath measurement experiment after consuming lychees was conducted. The photoacoustic signal amplitude decreased with the quality of lychee consumed, confirming the existence of residual alcohol in the mouth. During continuous measurement, the photoacoustic signal decreased in < 10 min when consuming 30 g lychee fruits, proving that the alcohol detected in exhaled breath originated from the oral cavity rather than the bloodstream. This work provided valuable information on the distinction of alcoholism and crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ruobin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haohua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haoyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongchun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Ruifeng Kan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yuwen Pan
- Department of Preventive Treatment of Disease, The affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jianhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huadan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Ugocsai M, Bársony A, Varga RA, Gajda Á, Vida N, Lajkó N, Rónaszéki B, Tóth G, Boros M, Érces D, Varga G. Conjugation with Tris Decreases the Risk of Ketoprofen-Induced Mucosal Damage and Reduces Inflammation-Associated Methane Production in a Rat Model of Colitis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2329. [PMID: 37765297 PMCID: PMC10535093 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have designed a new compound from the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen (Ket) and 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Tris) precursors, with the aim to reduce the gastrointestinal (GI) side effects of NSAID therapies. We investigated mucosal reactions in a standard rat model of colitis together with methane generation as a possible indicator of pro-inflammatory activation under this condition (approval number: V./148/2013). Whole-body methane production (photoacoustic spectroscopy) and serosal microcirculation (intravital videomicroscopy) were measured, and mucosal damage was assessed (conventional histology; in vivo laser-scanning endomicroscopy). Inflammatory markers were measured from tissue and blood samples. Colitis induced an inflammatory response, morphological colonic damage and increased methane output. Ket treatment lowered inflammatory activation and colonic mucosal injury, but macroscopic gastric bleeding and increased methane output were present. Ket-Tris reduced inflammatory activation, methane emission and colonic mucosal damage, without inducing gastric injury. Conjugation with Tris reduces the GI side effects of Ket and still decreases the inflammatory response in experimental colitis. Methane output correlates with the mucosal inflammatory response and non-invasively demonstrates the effects of anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Ugocsai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anett Bársony
- Department of Surgery, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Réka Anna Varga
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary (D.É.)
| | - Ámos Gajda
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary (D.É.)
| | - Noémi Vida
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary (D.É.)
| | - Norbert Lajkó
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary (D.É.)
| | - Benedek Rónaszéki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Center, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Boros
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary (D.É.)
| | - Dániel Érces
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary (D.É.)
| | - Gabriella Varga
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary (D.É.)
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Pangerl J, Moser E, Müller M, Weigl S, Jobst S, Rück T, Bierl R, Matysik FM. A sub-ppbv-level Acetone and Ethanol Quantum Cascade Laser Based Photoacoustic Sensor - Characterization and Multi-Component Spectra Recording in Synthetic Breath. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 30:100473. [PMID: 36970564 PMCID: PMC10033733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas analysis in breath is challenging due to the vast number of different components. We present a highly sensitive quantum cascade laser based photoacoustic setup for breath analysis. Scanning the range between 8263 and 8270 nm with a spectral resolution of 48 pm, we are able to quantify acetone and ethanol within a typical breath matrix containing water and CO2. We photoacoustically acquired spectra within this region of mid-infra-red light and prove that those spectra do not suffer from non-spectral interferences. The purely additive behavior of a breath sample spectrum was verified by comparing it with the independently acquired single component spectra using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. A previously presented simulation approach is improved and an error attribution study is presented. With a 3σ detection limit of 6.5 ppbv in terms of ethanol and 250 pptv regarding acetone, our system is among the best performing presented so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pangerl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Moser
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Faculty of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Müller
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Jobst
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rück
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bierl
- Sensorik-ApplikationsZentrum (SappZ), Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo, and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Kiss H, Örlős Z, Gellért Á, Megyesfalvi Z, Mikáczó A, Sárközi A, Vaskó A, Miklós Z, Horváth I. Exhaled Biomarkers for Point-of-Care Diagnosis: Recent Advances and New Challenges in Breathomics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:391. [PMID: 36838091 PMCID: PMC9964519 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancers, chronic diseases and respiratory infections are major causes of mortality and present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for health care. There is an unmet medical need for non-invasive, easy-to-use biomarkers for the early diagnosis, phenotyping, predicting and monitoring of the therapeutic responses of these disorders. Exhaled breath sampling is an attractive choice that has gained attention in recent years. Exhaled nitric oxide measurement used as a predictive biomarker of the response to anti-eosinophil therapy in severe asthma has paved the way for other exhaled breath biomarkers. Advances in laser and nanosensor technologies and spectrometry together with widespread use of algorithms and artificial intelligence have facilitated research on volatile organic compounds and artificial olfaction systems to develop new exhaled biomarkers. We aim to provide an overview of the recent advances in and challenges of exhaled biomarker measurements with an emphasis on the applicability of their measurement as a non-invasive, point-of-care diagnostic and monitoring tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Kiss
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Örlős
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Áron Gellért
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Angéla Mikáczó
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anna Sárközi
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Vaskó
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Miklós
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Koranyi F Street 1, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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10
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Wang Z, Yang F, Zhang W, Xiong K, Yang S. Towards in vivo photoacoustic human imaging: shining a new light on clinical diagnostics. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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11
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Yin Y, Ren D, Li C, Chen R, Shi J. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for gas sensing: A comparison of different displacement detection methods. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100423. [PMID: 36386293 PMCID: PMC9643576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) combines the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity and zero background, which is very suitable for trace gas detection. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CEPAS) utilizes highly sensitive mechanical cantilevers to further enhance the photoacoustic signal and shows a gas concentration detection limit of parts per trillion. This review is intended to summarize the recent advancements in CEPAS based on different displacement detection methods, such as Michelson interference, Fabry-Perot interference, light intensity detection, capacitive, piezoelectric and piezoresistive detection. Fundamental mechanisms and technical requirements of CEPAS are also provided in the literature. Finally, potential challenges and further opportunities are also discussed.
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12
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Photoacoustic Detection of Pollutants Emitted by Transportation System for Use in Automotive Industry. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In photoacoustic spectroscopy, the signal is inversely proportional to the resonant cell volume. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is an absorption spectroscopy technique that is suitable for detecting gases at low concentrations. This desirable feature has created a growing interest in miniaturizing PA cells in recent years. In this paper, a simulation of a miniaturized H-type photoacoustic cell consisting of two buffer holes and a resonator was performed in order to detect CO, NH3, NO, and CH4 pollutants. These gases are the main components of the air pollutants that are produced by the automotive industry. The linear forms of the continuity, Navier–Stokes equations, and the energy equation were solved using the finite element method in a gaseous medium. The generated pressure could be measured by a MEMS sensor. Photoacoustic spectroscopy has proven to be a sensitive method for detecting pollutant gases. The objectives of the measurements were: determining the proper position of the pressure gauge sensor; measuring the frequency response; measuring the frequency response changes at different temperatures; studying the local velocity at the resonant frequency; and calculating the quality factor. The acoustic quality coefficient, acoustic response (pressure), local velocity, frequency response, and the effect of different temperatures on the frequency response were investigated. A frequency response measurement represents the fact that different gases have different resonance frequencies, for which CO and NO gases had values of 23.131 kHz and 23.329 kHz, respectively. The difference between these gases was 200 Hz. NH3 and CH4 gases with values of 21.206 kHz and 21.106 kHz were separable with a difference of 100 Hz. In addition, CO and NO gases had a difference of 2000 Hz compared to NH3 and CH4, which indicates the characteristic fingerprint of the designed cell in the detection of different gases. Better access to high-frequency acoustic signals was the goal of the presented model in this paper.
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Effect of Wearing Surgical Face Masks on Gas Detection from Respiration Using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113618. [PMID: 35684554 PMCID: PMC9182023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearing surgical face masks is among the measures taken to mitigate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission and deaths. Lately, concern was expressed about the possibility that gases from respiration could build up in the mask over time, causing medical issues related to the respiratory system. In this research study, the carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene in the breathing zone were measured before and immediately after wearing surgical face masks using the photoacoustic spectroscopy method. From the determinations of this study, the C2H4 was established to be increased by 1.5% after one hour of wearing the surgical face mask, while CO2 was established to be at a higher concentration of 1.2% after one hour of wearing the surgical face mask, when the values were correlated with the baseline (control).
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14
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Karhu J, Hieta T. Enhancement of photoacoustic spectroscopy with sorption enrichment for ppt-level benzene detection. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:1892-1897. [PMID: 35297878 DOI: 10.1364/ao.450407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A real-time trace gas detector for benzene is demonstrated. The measurement system takes advantage of modest enrichment through short adsorption periods to reach a ppt-level detection limit with a sampling cycle of 90 s, which includes sample adsorption, desorption, and a spectroscopic measurement. Benzene is collected on Tenax TA sorbent for 30 s and then detected from the enriched samples with photoacoustic spectroscopy. High sensitivity is achieved using cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and a continuous-wave quantum cascade laser emitting at 14.8 µm wavelength, which corresponds to the absorption wavelength of the strongest benzene infrared band. We reach a detection limit of 150 ppt of benzene, over one sampling cycle. Interference from humidity and other common petrochemicals is evaluated.
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Isaiev M, Mussabek G, Lishchuk P, Dubyk K, Zhylkybayeva N, Yar-Mukhamedova G, Lacroix D, Lysenko V. Application of the Photoacoustic Approach in the Characterization of Nanostructured Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040708. [PMID: 35215036 PMCID: PMC8876047 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of sensors can be engineered based on the sensing of several markers to satisfy the conditions of the multimodal detection principle. From this point of view, photoacoustic-based sensing approaches are essential. The photoacoustic effect relies on the generation of light-induced deformation (pressure) perturbations in media, which is essential for sensing applications since the photoacoustic response is formed due to a contrast in the optical, thermal, and acoustical properties. It is also particularly important to mention that photoacoustic light-based approaches are flexible enough for the measurement of thermal/elastic parameters. Moreover, the photoacoustic approach can be used for imaging and visualization in material research and biomedical applications. The advantages of photoacoustic devices are their compact sizes and the possibility of on-site measurements, enabling the online monitoring of material parameters. The latter has significance for the development of various sensing applications, including biomedical ones, such as monitoring of the biodistribution of biomolecules. To extend sensing abilities and to find reliable measurement conditions, one needs to clearly understand all the phenomena taking place during energy transformation during photoacoustic signal formation. Therefore, the current paper is devoted to an overview of the main measurement principles used in the photoacoustic setup configurations, with a special focus on the key physical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Isaiev
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, 54000 Nancy, France; (M.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Gauhar Mussabek
- Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.Z.); (G.Y.-M.)
- Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, 125, Pushkin Str., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, Laboratory “Bionanophotonics”, National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, 115409 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pavlo Lishchuk
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (P.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Kateryna Dubyk
- Faculty of Physics, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine; (P.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Nazym Zhylkybayeva
- Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.Z.); (G.Y.-M.)
- Institute of Information and Computational Technologies, 125, Pushkin Str., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulmira Yar-Mukhamedova
- Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.Z.); (G.Y.-M.)
| | - David Lacroix
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LEMTA, 54000 Nancy, France; (M.I.); (D.L.)
| | - Vladimir Lysenko
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, Laboratory “Bionanophotonics”, National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, 115409 Moscow, Russia;
- Light Matter Institute, UMR-5306, Claude Bernard University of Lyon/CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Jin Y, Yin Y, Li C, Liu H, Shi J. Non-Invasive Monitoring of Human Health by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22031155. [PMID: 35161900 PMCID: PMC8839463 DOI: 10.3390/s22031155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For certain diseases, the continuous long-term monitoring of the physiological condition is crucial. Therefore, non-invasive monitoring methods have attracted widespread attention in health care. This review aims to discuss the non-invasive monitoring technologies for human health based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. First, the theoretical basis of photoacoustic spectroscopy and related devices are reported. Furthermore, this article introduces the monitoring methods for blood glucose, blood oxygen, lipid, and tumors, including differential continuous-wave photoacoustic spectroscopy, microscopic photoacoustic spectroscopy, mid-infrared photoacoustic detection, wavelength-modulated differential photoacoustic spectroscopy, and others. Finally, we present the limitations and prospects of photoacoustic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Jin
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China;
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Yonggang Yin
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiye Li
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Hongying Liu
- College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China;
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Junhui Shi
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China; (Y.Y.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.S.)
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17
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Zheng H, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Dai J. Experimental Research on Measuring the Concentration of CO2 in Gas-Liquid Solution Based on PZT Piezoelectric-Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030936. [PMID: 35161682 PMCID: PMC8840420 DOI: 10.3390/s22030936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of a scheme in which the concentration of CO2 in gas-liquid solution is directly measured based on PZT piezoelectric-photoacoustic spectroscopy was evaluated. The existing device used for the measurement of gas concentration in gas-liquid solution has several limitations, including prolonged duration, loss of gas, and high cost due to the degassing component. In this study, we developed a measuring device in order to solve the problems mentioned above. Using this device, how the intensity of the photoacoustic signal changes with the concentration of CO2 was demonstrated through experiment. The impact that variation of the laser modulation frequency has on the photoacoustic signal was also studied. Furthermore, the experimental data generated from measuring the concentration of CO2 in gas-liquid solution was verified for a wide range of concentrations. It was found that, not only can the error rate of the device be less than 7%, but the time of measurement can be within 60 s. To sum up, the scheme is highly feasible according to the experimental results, which makes measurement of the concentration of a gas in gas-liquid solution in the future more straightforward.
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Barik P, Pradhan M. Selectivity in trace gas sensing: recent developments, challenges, and future perspectives. Analyst 2022; 147:1024-1054. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02070f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity is one of the most crucial figures of merit in trace gas sensing, and thus a comprehensive assessment is necessary to have a clear picture of sensitivity, selectivity, and their interrelations in terms of quantitative and qualitative views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspendu Barik
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
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Maiti KS, Fill E, Strittmatter F, Volz Y, Sroka R, Apolonski A. Towards reliable diagnostics of prostate cancer via breath. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18381. [PMID: 34526529 PMCID: PMC8443711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of cancer is a key ingredient for saving many lives. Unfortunately, cancers of the urogenital system are difficult to detect at early stage. The existing noninvasive diagnostics of prostate cancer (PCa) suffer from low accuracy (< 70%) even at advanced stages. In an attempt to improve the accuracy, a small breath study of 63 volunteers representing three groups: (1) of 19 healthy, (2) 28 with PCa, (3) with 8 kidney cancer (KC) and 8 bladder cancer (BC) was performed. Ultrabroadband mid-infrared Fourier absorption spectroscopy revealed eight spectral ranges (SRs) that differentiate the groups. The resulting accuracies of supervised analyses exceeded 95% for four SRs in distinguishing (1) vs (2), three for (1) vs (3) and four SRs for (1) vs (2) + (3). The SRs were then attributed to volatile metabolites. Their origin and involvement in urogenital carcinogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Maiti
- Lehrstuhl für Experimental Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - E Fill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - F Strittmatter
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik des Klinikums der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Grosshadern, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Volz
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik des Klinikums der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Grosshadern, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - R Sroka
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik des Klinikums der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in Grosshadern, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - A Apolonski
- Lehrstuhl für Experimental Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany. .,Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg, Germany. .,Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Lassen M, Christensen JB, Balslev-Harder D, Petersen JC. Isotopic gas analysis by means of mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy targeting human exhaled air. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:2907-2911. [PMID: 33798172 DOI: 10.1364/ao.418291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a great need for cost-efficient non-invasive medical diagnostic tools for analyzing humanly exhaled air. Compared to present day methods, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) can provide a compact and portable (bedside), sensitive and inexpensive solution. We demonstrate a novel portable photoacoustic spectroscopic platform for isotopic measurements of methane (CH4). We identify and discriminate the 12CH4- and 13CH4 isotopologues and determine their mixing ratio. An Allan deviation analysis shows that the noise equivalent concentration for CH4 is 200 ppt (pmol/mol) at 100 s of integration time, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 5.1×10-9Wcm-1Hz-1/2, potentially making the PAS sensor a truly disruptive instrument for bedside monitoring using isotope tracers by providing real-time metabolism data to clinical personnel.
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21
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Kudo Y, Kino S, Matsuura Y. Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Analysis of Breath Acetone Using a Hollow Optical Fiber Gas Cell. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020478. [PMID: 33445436 PMCID: PMC7827082 DOI: 10.3390/s21020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human breath is a biomarker of body fat metabolism and can be used to diagnose various diseases, such as diabetes. As such, in this paper, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy system is proposed to measure the acetone in exhaled human breath. A strong absorption acetone peak at 195 nm is detected using a simple system consisting of a deuterium lamp source, a hollow-core fiber gas cell, and a fiber-coupled compact spectrometer corresponding to the VUV region. The hollow-core fiber functions both as a long-path and an extremely small-volume gas cell; it enables us to sensitively measure the trace components of exhaled breath. For breath analysis, we apply multiple regression analysis using the absorption spectra of oxygen, water, and acetone standard gas as explanatory variables to quantitate the concentration of acetone in breath. Based on human breath, we apply the standard addition method to obtain the measurement accuracy. The results suggest that the standard deviation is 0.074 ppm for healthy human breath with an acetone concentration of around 0.8 ppm and a precision of 0.026 ppm. We also monitor body fat burn based on breath acetone and confirm that breath acetone increases after exercise because it is a volatile byproduct of lipolysis.
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22
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Widely-Tunable Quantum Cascade-Based Sources for the Development of Optical Gas Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226650. [PMID: 33233578 PMCID: PMC7699741 DOI: 10.3390/s20226650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques based on Distributed FeedBack (DFB) Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCL) provide good results for gas detection in the mid-infrared region in terms of sensibility and selectivity. The main limitation is the QCL relatively low tuning range (~10 cm-1) that prevents from monitoring complex species with broad absorption spectra in the infrared region or performing multi-gas sensing. To obtain a wider tuning range, the first solution presented in this paper consists of the use of a DFB QCL array. Tuning ranges from 1335 to 1387 cm-1 and from 2190 to 2220 cm-1 have been demonstrated. A more common technique that will be presented in a second part is to implement a Fabry-Perot QCL chip in an external-cavity (EC) system so that the laser could be tuned on its whole gain curve. The use of an EC system also allows to perform Intra-Cavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, where the gas sample is placed within the laser resonator. Moreover, a technique only using the QCL compliance voltage technique can be used to retrieve the spectrum of the gas inside the cavity, thus no detector outside the cavity is needed. Finally, a specific scheme using an EC coherent QCL array can be developed. All these widely-tunable Quantum Cascade-based sources can be used to demonstrate the development of optical gas sensors.
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23
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Popa C, Maria Bratu A, Petrus M. Special Issue "Applications of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy". Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215116. [PMID: 33158021 PMCID: PMC7663555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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