Influence of Biofortified Colored Wheats (Purple, Blue, Black) on Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Sensory Characteristics of Chapatti (Indian Flatbread)

The effects of different fiber fractions from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) pomace and fiber modification methods on cake quality

Sour cherry pomace is the largest byproduct of sour cherry processing with more than 0.4 million tonnes per year. In this study, sour cherry pomace powder (SCPP) has been treated individually or by a combination of microwave (MW), enzymatic hydrolysis, and high pressure to increase soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content. Then, the untreated or treated forms of SCPP, their SDF, and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) isolates were added (5%) to the reduced-fat cake. Rheological, physical, and textural properties of the full-fat (50%) and the reduced-fat (25% fat) cakes enriched with dietary fiber (DF) were compared. SDF enrichment minimized the negative effect of fat reduction in the cake. Water absorption, mixing tolerance, hardness, and springiness values of the SDF-enriched samples were found as the lowest. Extensibility, energy, weight loss, and cohesiveness values were found to be the highest values with the addition of SDF. All treatments helped to decrease mixing tolerance, dough development, and stability time. MW was the critical treatment for DF modification. Individual MW-treated DF samples increased resistance to extension of the dough samples as compared to the untreated SDF, IDF, and SCPP. Nevertheless, SDF showed better performance in acting as a fat replacer than IDF and SCPP. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The soluble dietary fiber (SDF) isolate minimized the negative effect of fat reduction in cakes. Water absorption and mixing tolerance of the dough were measured as the lowest. The hardness and springiness of soluble dietary fiber-enriched cakes were found to be the lowest. Extensibility and weight loss reached the highest value when SDF was used. Treatments helped decrease mixing tolerance, dough development, and stability time.

Development of high-yielding white maize hybrids with better chapatti-making quality compared to traditionally used local landraces

Introduction

The present research focuses on the chapatti making quality of high-yielding white maize hybrids compared to available low-yielding local yellow and white landraces in India.

Materials and methods

In this study, the top nine superior hybrids were selected for testing the physical properties of the maize kernels, proximate composition of flours and chapattis, physical parameters of chapatti, textural properties, sensory evaluation of chapattis and pasting properties of maize flour.

Results and discussion

The results revealed the superiority of white maize hybrids (WMH), viz., WHM 1, WHM 2, and WHM 8 over the local yellow and white landraces for most of the parameters studied. In sensory analysis, though, the yellow landrace was considered superior by the panellists in terms of colour but the white maize hybrids outperformed in overall sensory analysis and were more acceptable than the yellow and white maize landraces. These high yielding white maize hybrids with good consumer acceptance may cater for the needs of rural and tribal populations in India who prefer white maize as a staple food.

Assessment of acceptability of black wheat flour products and factors affecting it among Anganwadi beneficiaries and workers: A mixed-method prospective observational study

Introduction

Malnutrition is very common in India and black wheat might be an acceptable solution to this problem. The aim of the study was to assess acceptability of black wheat flour products and factors affecting it among Anganwadi beneficiaries and workers.

Materials and Methods

This was a mixed-method prospective observational study. All the family members enrolled for supplementary nutrition and Anganwadi workers/helpers of three randomly selected Anganwadi centers were taken in the study. For qualitative data, in-depth interview was done, and for quantitative data, 9-point hedonic scale was administered. Braun and Clarke's six-phase data analysis framework was used for qualitative data.

Results

A total of 16 pregnant females, 14 lactating females, 16 children, 2 Anganwadi workers, and 3 Anganwadi helpers participated in the study. Thematic analysis of the data revealed five significant themes. It included characteristics of black wheat flour, the process of making the product (experience of making the product), family acceptability, availability, and hygiene. Participants expressed that the black color appearance is one of the negative influencers in the acceptability of black wheat flour. Most of the participants liked the taste as well as the texture. However, kneading, rolling, and puffing were more challenging than traditional wheat flour. On the hedonic scale, the mean rank of acceptability is lowest for color (3.03), followed by puffing (3.49) and highest for texture (4.87) and taste (4.60).

Conclusion

Our study results revealed that black wheat is acceptable to the Anganwadi beneficiaries and workers.

A New Functional Wheat Flour Flatbread (Bazlama) Enriched with High-β-Glucan Hull-Less Barley Flour

Although the Med-Diet is a healthy diet model, it is affected by current dietary habits. Therefore, new foods with improved nutritional value should be developed to respond to the needs of people following the Med-Diet. This study was focused on developing high-β-glucan flat bread (bazlama) with a relatively lower GI. A bread wheat (cv. Tosunbey) flour was enriched with the flour of a high-β-glucan-content hull-less barley (cv. Chifaa) flour (15, 30, 45 and 60%) to develop a functional bazlama. The nutritional and technological properties of bazlama samples enriched with barley flour were compared with the ones produced from bread wheat. All of the barley flour-enriched bazlama samples had higher yellowness values (b*) than the control (both crumb and crust), which is generally preferred by the consumers. Texture results indicated that bazlama samples became harder with the increase in barley flour supplementation level. The results showed that 3 g of β-glucan can be provided from the barley flour-enriched bazlama samples (at 45 and 60% levels), and this is the limit to carry health claims. The bazlama samples enriched with barley flour were richer in Mg, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn minerals than the control (100% Tosunbey flour). While the glycemic index (GI) of commercial bread wheat and Tosunbey bazlama samples were high (88.60% and 79.20%, respectively), GI values of the bazlama samples enriched with 60% (64.73) and 45% barley flour (68.65) were medium. The lower GI values of barley flour-enriched bazlama samples are probably due to the higher β-glucan contents of the bazlama samples. Additionally, as the barley flour supplementation level of the bazlama samples increased, the phenolics and antioxidant capacities of free and bound extracts increased compared to bread wheat bazlama. The results indicated that hull-less barley (cv. Chifaa) with high β-glucan content may be utilized at relatively higher levels (45 and 60%) to produce bazlama with improved nutritional properties.

Beyond Insoluble Dietary Fiber: Bioactive Compounds in Plant Foods

Consumption of plant foods, including whole grains, vegetables, fruits, pulses, nuts, and seeds, is linked to improved health outcomes. Dietary fiber is a nutrient in plant foods that is associated with improved health outcomes, including a lower risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. Different fibers deliver different health benefits based on their physiochemical properties (solubility, viscosity) and physiological effects (fermentability). Additionally, plant foods contain more than dietary fiber and are rich sources of bioactives, which also provide health benefits. The concept of the solubility of fiber was introduced in the 1970s as a method to explain physiological effects, an idea that is no longer accepted. Dividing total dietary fiber (TDF) into insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) is an analytical distinction, and recent work finds that IDF intake is linked to a wide range of health benefits beyond increased stool weight. We have focused on the IDF content of plant foods and linked the concept of IDF to the bioactives in plant foods. Ancestral humans might have consumed as much as 100 g of dietary fiber daily, which also delivered bioactives that may be more important protective compounds in disease prevention. Isolating fibers to add to human diets may be of limited usefulness unless bioactives are included in the isolated fiber supplement.

Exogeneous selenium enhances anthocyanin synthesis during grain development of colored-grain wheat

Anthocyanins and selenium (Se) play critical roles in antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral treatments. Previous studies indicate that colored-grain wheat accumulates more Se than regular wheat, and Se synergistically promotes anthocyanin synthesis. However, the mechanism through which Se regulates anthocyanin synthesis remains unclear. We studied anthocyanin accumulation during the grain-filling stage of colored-grain wheat development by employing transcriptomics and metabolomics. We show that Se biofortification increased the concentrations of Se, anthocyanin, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids in colored-grain wheat. Genes related to biosynthesis of anthocyanins, phenylpropanoids biosynthesis, and flavonoids biosynthesis were significantly upregulated after Se treatment, which led to the accumulation of anthocyanin metabolites in colored-grain wheat. Genetic alterations in the expression profiles of several genes and transcription factors were observed, which slowed down lignin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and accelerated anthocyanin synthesis. Our results deepen the understanding of anthocyanin metabolism in Se-treated colored-grain wheat, which will likely promote harvest of these varieties.

Genetic Mapping of Flavonoid Grain Pigments in Durum Wheat

Pigmented cereal grains with high levels of flavonoid compounds have attracted the attention of nutritional science backing the development of functional foods with claimed health benefits. In this study, we report results on the genetic factors controlling grain pigmentation in durum wheat using a segregant population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between an Ethiopian purple grain accession and an Italian amber grain cultivar. The RIL population was genotyped by the wheat 25K SNP array and phenotyped for total anthocyanin content (TAC), grain color, and the L*, a*, and b* color index of wholemeal flour, based on four field trials. The mapping population showed a wide variation for the five traits in the different environments, a significant genotype x environment interaction, and high heritability. A total of 5942 SNP markers were used for constructing the genetic linkage map, with an SNP density ranging from 1.4 to 2.9 markers/cM. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for TAC mapping on chromosome arms 2AL and 7BS in the same genomic regions of two detected QTL for purple grain. The interaction between the two QTL was indicative of an inheritance pattern of two loci having complementary effects. Moreover, two QTL for red grain color were detected on chromosome arms 3AL and 3BL. The projection of the four QTL genomic regions on the durum wheat Svevo reference genome disclosed the occurrence of the candidate genes Pp-A3, Pp-B1, R-A1, and R-B1 involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathways and encoding of transcription factors bHLH (Myc-1) and MYB (Mpc1, Myb10), previously reported in common wheat. The present study provides a set of molecular markers associated with grain pigments useful for the selection of essential alleles for flavonoid synthesis in durum wheat breeding programs and enhancement of the health-promoting quality of derived foods.

Rheological and fermentation properties of doughs and quality of breads from colored wheat varieties

The objective of this study was to examine the rheological and fermentation behavior of doughs prepared from five different colored wheat varieties (black AF Zora, yellow KM 111-18, purple AF Jumiko, blue AF Oxana and red Vanessa - chosen as a standard), which contain polyphenolics in the outer layers of grains. Three wholemeal flour fractions (fine, semi-coarse and coarse) were used for each variety. The flour fractions differed in the particle size of the bran, the ash content and thus the phenolic compound content. The baking trials, texture and sensory analyses of breads were performed, to assess their overall acceptability. The coarser granulation of flour fractions, average hardness (8.5<12.6<20.2 N) and chewiness (584<796<1053 N) of breads increased, while other parameters: springiness (90>87>77%), cohesiveness (78>75>70%) and resilience (35>32>27%) decreased. Moreover, the increase in off-flavors was detected with higher bran content. Regarding the flour granulation, the fine fraction seemed to be the most suitable due to its high gas-retention capacity. The best products in terms of both dough and bread quality reached blue AF Oxana and yellow KM 111-18. Utilization of colored wheat in bakery industry may present a good strategy of providing value-added products to the consumers.

Purple Wheat: Food Development, Anthocyanin Stability, and Potential Health Benefits

Colored wheats such as black, blue, or purple wheat are receiving a great interest as healthy food ingredients due to their potential health-enhancing attributes. Purple wheat is an anthocyanin-pigmented grain that holds huge potential in food applications since wheat is the preferred source of energy and protein in human diet. Purple wheat is currently processed into a variety of foods with potent antioxidant properties, which have been demonstrated by in vitro studies. However, the health impacts of purple wheat foods in humans still require further investigations. Meanwhile, anthocyanins are vulnerable molecules that require special stabilization treatments during food preparation and processing. A number of stabilization methods such as co-pigmentation, self-association, encapsulation, metal binding, and adjusting processing conditions have been suggested as a means to diminish the loss of anthocyanins in processed foods and dietary supplements. The present review was intended to provide insights about purple wheat food product development and its roles in human health. In addition, methods for stabilizing anthocyanins during processing were briefly discussed.

Development of High-Fibre, Ready-to-Bake Flour Mixtures from Purple Wheat

Nowadays, consumers are paying more and more attention to healthy eating, and unfortunately, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are affecting many people. In general, people are paying more attention to the consumption of fibre-rich foods. In our study, we developed high-fibre ready-to-bake flour mixture blends using purple wheat flour (white and wholemeal). For fibre fortification, inulin, chia seed flour and psyllium husk flour were used. After determining the basic nutritional parameters of the raw materials, four series of experiments were carried out to prepare bread rolls and to test the finished products. The correct mixing ratio of the enriching agents were tested, and the final flour mixtures were tested. At the end of our research, three blends (white purple wheat flour + 4% inulin + 2% psyllium husk flour; wholemeal purple wheat flour + white purple wheat flour + 4% inulin + 4% chia seed flour; wholemeal purple wheat flour + 4% inulin + 4% chia seed flour) were developed.

Protective and defensive role of anthocyanins under plant abiotic and biotic stresses: An emerging application in sustainable agriculture

Global warming is the major cause of abiotic and biotic stresses that reduce plant growth and productivity. Various stresses such as drought, low temperature, pathogen attack, high temperature and salinity all negatively influence plant growth and development. Due to sessile beings, they cannot escape from these adverse conditions. However, plants develop a variety of systems that can help them to tolerate, resist, and escape challenges imposed by the environment. Among them, anthocyanins are a good example of stress mitigators. They aid plant growth and development by increasing anthocyanin accumulation, which leads to increased resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In the primary metabolism of plants, anthocyanin improves the photosynthesis rate, membrane permeability, up-regulates many enzyme transcripts related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, and optimizes nutrient uptake. Generally, the most important genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways were up-regulated under various abiotic and biotic stresses. The present review will highlight anthocyanin mediated stress tolerance in plants under various abiotic and biotic stresses. We have also compiled literature related to genetically engineer stress-tolerant crops generated using over-expression of genes belonging to anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway or its regulation. To sum up, the present review provides an up-to-date description of various signal transduction mechanisms that modulate or enhance anthocyanin accumulation under stress conditions.

Integrated transcriptional and metabolomics signature pattern of pigmented wheat to insight the seed pigmentation and other associated features

Anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants is complex, especially in a polyploid monocot wheat plant. Using whole-genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and LC-MS/MS, we investigated anthocyanin pigmentation patterns in (black, blue, and purple) colored wheat seeds. According to differential gene expression profiling, 2AS-MYC, 7DL-MYB, and WD40 regulatory genes control purple pericarp coloration, 4DL-MYC, 2AS-MYC, 7DL-MYB, WD40 control blue aleurone coloration, and 4DL-MYC, 7DL-MYB, WD40 controls black aleurone color. We hypothesized that at least one MYC and MYB isoform is sufficient to regulate the anthocyanin synthesis in pericarp or aleurone. Transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that the purple pericarp trait is associated with acylated anthocyanins compared to blue aleurone. Based upon the reduced expressions of the genes belonging to the 4D, SSR molecular marker mapping, variant calling using genome sequencing, and IGV browser gene structure visualization, it was inferred that the advanced black and blue wheat lines were substitution lines (4E{4D}), with very small recombinations. Pericarp anthocyanin pigmentation is controlled by a mutation in chromosome 2AS of purple wheat, and environmental variations influence pigmented pericarp trait. The expression patterns of anthocyanin structural and other genes varied in different colored wheat, corroborating differences in agronomical metrics. Ovate seed shape trait in black and blue wheat dragged with 4E chromosome.

Colored wheat and derived products: key to global nutritional security

Ensuring food and nutritional security of fast-growing population will pose a huge challenge in future. An estimated one-half population who does not go hungry, nonetheless suffers the debilitating effects of unhealthy diets. In view of the nutritional awareness, when the major wheat breeding programs have started shifting to quality, instead of quantity in wheat, the colored wheats give a novel twist of targeting the malnutrition by enhancing the antioxidants such as anthocyanin, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols etc. Moreover, changing consumer demands have picked the trend to prefer a nutritionally balanced diet over the conventional high energy diets and thus, colored wheat has opened up a hidden avenue for providing additional value to the wheat-based products. Besides providing nutrition, these pigments have the potential to replace the synthetic dyes and food colorants prevalent in the market. The review summarizes the genetics and biochemistry of the pigments of colored wheat along with their product development, nutritional status and consumer preference. The review also sheds light on the environmental effect on color accumulation and the effect of increased colorants on other quality traits of wheat.

Antioxidant Capacity and Profiles of Phenolic Acids in Various Genotypes of Purple Wheat

The total phenolic content, phenolic compositions, and antioxidant capacity in the grain of 40 purple wheat genotypes were studied. In this study, purple wheats were investigated in terms of their composition of free and bound phenolic acids and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity. The free phenolic content ranged from 164.25 to 271.05 mg GAE/100 g DW and the bound phenolic content was between 182.89-565.62 mg GAE/100 g wheat. The total phenolic content of purple wheat samples ranged from 352.65 to 771.83 mg GAE/100 g wheat. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, chrysin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, sinapic acid, and chlorogenic acid were detected by HPLC system. Gallic acid, benzoic acid derivatives, and dominant phenolics, which are frequently found in cereals, were also dominant in purple wheat samples and were found in free fractions. The antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH method. The antioxidant capacity (AA%) in the free phenolic extracts of the purple wheats was between 39.7% and 59.5%, and the AA% values of bound phenolic extract of the purple wheat varied between 42.6% and 62.7%. This study suggested that purple wheat samples have high phenolic compound content as antioxidant potential and therefore consumption of purple wheat-containing food products may provide health benefits.

Rising Demand for Healthy Foods-Anthocyanin Biofortified Colored Wheat Is a New Research Trend

Wheat is a vital and preferred energy source in many parts of the world. Its unique processing quality helps prepare many products such as bread, biscuit, pasta, and noodles. In the world of rapid economic growth, food security, in terms of nutritional profile, began to receive more significant interest. The development of biofortified colored wheat (black, purple, and blue) adds nutritional and functional health benefits to the energy-rich wheat. Colored wheat exists in three forms, purple, blue, and black, depending upon the types and position of the anthocyanins in wheat layers, regulated by the bHLH-MYC transcription factor. Colored wheat lines with high anthocyanin, iron, and zinc contents showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and possessed desirable product-making and commercial utilization features. The anthocyanin in colored wheat also has a broad spectrum of health implications, such as protection against metabolic syndromes like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The idea of developing anthocyanin-biofortified wheat shapes human beings' lifestyles as it is a staple food crop in many parts of the world. This review is a compilation of the currently available information on colored wheat in the critical aspects, including biochemistry, food processing, nutrition, genetics, breeding, and its effect on human health. Market generation and consumer awareness creation are vital challenges for its exploitation as a function food on a large scale.

Enhancing health benefits of bakery products using phytochemicals

There has been a growing interest in functional bakery products with enhanced health benefits, especially the prevention of some chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Fortification of wheat flour with phytochemicals, plant components with various bio-activities, is one of the promising approaches to improving public health with the ubiquitous consumption of baked goods. This chapter reviews the current knowledge of several representative phytochemicals, mainly plant polyphenols, including catechins, anthocyanins, fucoidan and quercetin extracted from various plant resources, and their application in bakery products, regarding their stability, impact on product quality and potential health benefits.

Developing Germplasm and Promoting Consumption of Anthocyanin-Rich Grains for Health Benefits

Malnutrition, unhealthy diets, and lifestyle changes are the major risk factors for overweight and obesity-linked chronic diseases in humans adversely impact achieving sustainable development goals. Colored grains are a source of anthocyanins, a group of flavonoids, that contribute positively to human health. This review focuses on genetic variation harnessed through breeding and biotechnology tools for developing anthocyanin-rich grain crops. Agronomic practices, genotype × environment interactions, different stresses, seed development and seed maturity are factors that impact the content and composition of anthocyanins. Significant progress has been made in characterizing genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis in cereal and other crops. Breeding has led to the development and release of grain anthocyanin-rich crop cultivars in Europe, America and in some countries in Asia. Notably, genetic engineering utilizing specific transcription factors and gene editing has led to the development of anthocyanin-rich genetic variants without any significant yield penalty. A variety of food products derived from colored grains or flours are now available in grocery stores and supermarkets worldwide. The public perception about anthocyanin-rich food is positive, but availability, affordability, and willingness to pay a higher price than before limit consumption. Together with other seed nutrition traits in breeding programs the inclusion of anthocyanins can ensure the development of cultivars that meet nutrition needs of humans, especially in the developing world.

Current Status and Potential of Biofortification to Enhance Crop Nutritional Quality: An Overview

Around 2 billion people are suffering from chronic malnutrition or “hidden hunger”, which is the result of many diseases and disorders, including cognitive degeneration, stunting growth, and mortality. Thus, biofortification of staple food crops enriched with micronutrients is a more sustainable option for providing nutritional supplements and managing malnutrition in a society. Since 2001, when the concept of biofortification came to light, different research activities have been carried out, like the development of target populations, breeding or genetic engineering, and the release of biofortified cultivars, in addition to conducting nutritional efficacy trials and delivery plan development. Although, being a cost-effective intervention, it still faces many challenges, like easy accessibility of biofortified cultivars, stakeholders’ acceptance, and the availability of biofortified germplasm in the public domain, which varies from region to region. Hence, this review is focused on the recent potential, efforts made to crop biofortification, impacts analysis on human health, cost-effectiveness, and future perspectives to further strengthen biofortification programs. Through regular interventions of sustainable techniques and methodologies, biofortification holds huge potential to solve the malnutrition problem through regular interventions of nutrient-enriched staple food options for billions of people globally.

Physiological and molecular response of colored wheat seedlings against phosphate deficiency is linked to accumulation of distinct anthocyanins

Anthocyanin rich colored wheat with additional health benefits has created interest among breeders, consumers and policy makers to address the prevailing malnutrition in the vulnerable population. Researchers are exploring how colored wheat could perform under different nutrient conditions for the maintenance of growth and development. The present study was aimed to investigate the differential response of phosphorous (Pi) deficiency at the seedling stage using hydroponics. Our results showed that Pi-deficiency triggered typical response in the wheat along with the changes in the plant root morphology, total biomass, micronutrient concentration and distinct anthocyanin accumulation. Our physiological and biochemical data revealed that these parameters were positively altered under stress in the colored wheat and the adaptation followed the trend of white < blue <purple < black. Our results also confirmed that stress induced accumulation of distinct anthocyanins including derivatives of cyanidin, delphinidin and peonidin in a genotype dependent manner. Differential expression pattern visualized for the transcripts encoding phosphate transporters, anthocyanin biosynthesis, putative transporters and regulators may be one of the underlying factors. Altogether, our data showed that the black wheat genotype with highest anthocyanin content could able to adapt better with the P stress. This study will help in identifying suitable colored wheat adapting the stress condition and have potential for influence on the future agricultural cultivation practices.

Evaluation of Anthocyanin Content, Antioxidant Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Black, Purple and Blue Colored Wheat Flour and Wheat-Grass Juice against Common Human Pathogens

The present study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of anthocyanins extracted from colored wheat flour and wheat-grass juice against human pathogens. The total anthocyanin content and antioxidant potential in colored wheat flour and wheat-grass juice extracts were significantly higher than white flour and wheat-grass juice extracts. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography showed the maximum number of anthocyanin peaks in black wheat, with delphinidin-3-o-galactoside chloride, delphinidin-3-o-glucoside chloride, and cyanindin-3-o-glucoside chloride as the major contributors. Among flour extracts, maximum zones of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1934), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1434), Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans (MTCC 227) were produced by black flour extract, having the highest anthocyanin content. It exhibited a minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of 200 mg/mL against E. coli and C. albicans; and 100 and 150 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Black and purple flour extracts exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. White flour extracts did not show MMC against E. coli and C. albicans. Among wheat-grass juice extracts, black wheat-grass was most effective and showed an MIC of 100-150 mg/mL against all pathogens. It exhibited an MMC of 200 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Hence, anthocyanin-rich colored wheat could be of nutraceutical importance.