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Proaño-Bolaños C, Morán-Marcillo G, Espinosa de Los Monteros-Silva N, Bermúdez-Puga S, Salazar MA, Blasco-Zúñiga A, Cuesta S, Molina C, Espinosa F, Meneses L, Rojas-Silva P, Zapata Mena S, Sáenz FE, Rivera I M, Costales JA. Bioactivity of synthetic peptides from Ecuadorian frog skin secretions against Leishmania mexicana, Plasmodium falciparum, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0333923. [PMID: 39012112 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03339-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and malaria are major parasitic diseases disproportionately affecting the underprivileged population in developing nations. Finding new, alternative anti-parasitic compounds to treat these diseases is crucial because of the limited number of options currently available, the side effects they cause, the need for long treatment courses, and the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) derived from amphibian skin secretions are small bioactive molecules capable of lysing the cell membrane of pathogens while having low toxicity against human cells. Here, we report the anti-parasitic activity of five AMPs derived from skin secretions of three Ecuadorian frogs: cruzioseptin-1, cruzioseptin-4 (CZS-4), and cruzioseptin-16 from Cruziohyla calcarifer; dermaseptin-SP2 from Agalychnis spurrelli; and pictuseptin-1 from Boana picturata. These five AMPs were chemically synthesized. Initially, the hemolytic activity of CZS-4 and its minimal inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans were determined. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of the synthetic AMPs against mammalian cells and their anti-parasitic activity against Leishmania mexicana promastigotes, erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and mammalian stages of Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated in vitro. The five AMPs displayed activity against the pathogens studied, with different levels of cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. In silico molecular docking analysis suggests this bioactivity may occur via pore formation in the plasma membrane, resulting in microbial lysis. CZS-4 displayed anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic activities with low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Further studies about this promising AMP are required to gain a better understanding of its activity.IMPORTANCEChagas disease, malaria, and leishmaniasis are major tropical diseases that cause extensive morbidity and mortality, for which available treatment options are unsatisfactory because of limited efficacy and side effects. Frog skin secretions contain molecules with anti-microbial properties known as anti-microbial peptides. We synthesized five peptides derived from the skin secretions of different species of tropical frogs and tested them against cultures of the causative agents of these three diseases, parasites known as Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania mexicana. All the different synthetic peptides studied showed activity against one of more of the parasites. Peptide cruzioseptin-4 is of special interest since it displayed intense activity against parasites while being innocuous against cultured mammalian cells, which indicates it does not simply hold general toxic properties; rather, its activity is specific against the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Proaño-Bolaños
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Giovanna Morán-Marcillo
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
| | | | - Sebastián Bermúdez-Puga
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
- Department of Biochemical-Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateo A Salazar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ailín Blasco-Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sebastián Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina Molina
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Franklin Espinosa
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Meneses
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Zapata Mena
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fabián E Sáenz
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miryan Rivera I
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Citogenética y Biomoléculas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime A Costales
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Delvoss CMM, Inoue AH, da Silva RV, Fragoso SP, Eger I. Improving in vitro screening compounds anti-Trypanosoma cruzi by GFP-expressing parasites. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e230223. [PMID: 38716979 PMCID: PMC11075634 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional microscopic counting is a widely utilised method for evaluating the trypanocidal effects of drugs on intracellular amastigotes. This is a low-cost approach, but it is time-consuming and reliant on the expertise of the microscopist. So, there is a pressing need for developing technologies to enhance the efficiency of low-cost anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drug screening. OBJECTIVES In our laboratory, we aimed to expedite the screening of anti-T. cruzi drugs by implementing a fluorescent method that correlates emitted fluorescence from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing T. cruzi (Tc-GFP) with cellular viability. METHODS Epimastigotes (Y strain) were transfected with the pROCKGFPNeo plasmid, resulting in robust and sustained GFP expression across epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes. Tc-GFP epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes were exposed to a serial dilution of benznidazole (Bz). Cell viability was assessed through a combination of microscopic counting, MTT, and fluorimetry. FINDINGS The fluorescence data indicated an underestimation of the activity of Bz against epimastigotes (IC50 75 µM x 14 µM). Conversely, for intracellular GFP-amastigotes, both fluorimetry and microscopy yielded identical IC50 values. Factors influencing the fluorimetry approach are discussed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our proposed fluorometric assessment is effective and can serve as a viable substitute for the time-consuming microscopic counting of intracellular amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleyson Mathias Morais Delvoss
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Protozoologia, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Haruo Inoue
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Rosiane Valeriano da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Stênio Perdigão Fragoso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistêmica de Tripanossomatídeos, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Iriane Eger
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Protozoologia, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
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Berhe H, Kumar Cinthakunta Sridhar M, Zerihun M, Qvit N. The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:227. [PMID: 38399281 PMCID: PMC10892537 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are both neglected tropical diseases that affect millions of people around the world. Leishmaniasis is currently the second most widespread vector-borne parasitic disease after malaria. The World Health Organization records approximately 0.7-1 million newly diagnosed leishmaniasis cases each year, resulting in approximately 20,000-30,000 deaths. Also, 25 million people worldwide are at risk of Chagas disease and an estimated 6 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine are currently used to treat leishmaniasis. Also, nifurtimox and benznidazole are two drugs currently used to treat Chagas disease. These drugs are associated with toxicity problems such as nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, in addition to resistance problems. As a result, the discovery of novel therapeutic agents has emerged as a top priority and a promising alternative. Overall, there is a need for new and effective treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, as the current drugs have significant limitations. Peptide-based drugs are attractive due to their high selectiveness, effectiveness, low toxicity, and ease of production. This paper reviews the potential use of peptides in the treatment of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Several studies have demonstrated that peptides are effective against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, suggesting their use in drug therapy for these diseases. Overall, peptides have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, but more research is needed to fully investigate their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (H.B.); (M.K.C.S.); (M.Z.)
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García-Torres I, De la Mora-De la Mora I, López-Velázquez G, Cabrera N, Flores-López LA, Becker I, Herrera-López J, Hernández R, Pérez-Montfort R, Enríquez-Flores S. Repurposing of rabeprazole as an anti- Trypanosoma cruzi drug that targets cellular triosephosphate isomerase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2231169. [PMID: 37401012 PMCID: PMC10351538 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2231169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis, which mainly affects populations in Latin America. Benznidazole is used to control the disease, with severe effects in patients receiving this chemotherapy. Previous studies have demonstrated the inhibition of triosephosphate isomerase from T. cruzi, but cellular enzyme inhibition has yet to be established. This study demonstrates that rabeprazole inhibits both cell viability and triosephosphate isomerase activity in T. cruzi epimastigotes. Our results show that rabeprazole has an IC50 of 0.4 µM, which is 14.5 times more effective than benznidazole. Additionally, we observed increased levels of methyl-glyoxal and advanced glycation end products after the inhibition of cellular triosephosphate isomerase by rabeprazole. Finally, we demonstrate that the inactivation mechanisms of rabeprazole on triosephosphate isomerase of T. cruzi can be achieved through the derivatization of three of its four cysteine residues. These results indicate that rabeprazole is a promising candidate against American trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhel García-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, CDMX, México
| | | | | | - Nallely Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Luis Antonio Flores-López
- CONAHCYT Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, CDMX, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Juliana Herrera-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Roberto Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Ruy Pérez-Montfort
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, CDMX, México
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Supuran CT. A simple yet multifaceted 90 years old, evergreen enzyme: Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibition and activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129411. [PMID: 37507055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) research over the last three decades are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors/ activators by the tail approach and their applications in the management of obesity, hypoxic tumors, neurological conditions, and as antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Varela MT, Romanelli M, Amaral M, Tempone AG, Fernandes JPS. Piperazine amides with desirable solubility, physicochemical and drug-like properties: Synthesis and evaluation of the anti- Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:1265-1273. [PMID: 37287509 PMCID: PMC10242637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of effective chronic treatment, expansion to non-endemic countries and the significant burden in public health have stimulated the search for novel therapeutic options to treat Chagas disease, a protozoan disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite current efforts, no new drug candidates were approved in clinical trials in the past five decades. Considering this, our group has focused on the expansion of a series (LINS03) with low micromolar activity against amastigotes, considering the optimization of pharmacokinetic properties through increasing drug-likeness and solubility. In this work, we report a new set of 13 compounds with modifications in both the arylpiperazine and the aromatic region linked by an amide group. Five analogues showed activity against intracellular amastigotes (IC50 17.8 to 35.9 µM) and no relevant cytotoxicity to mammalian cells (CC50 > 200 µM). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify structural features associated to improved activity. The data revealed that polarity, hydrogen bonding ability and flexibility were key properties that influenced the antiparasitic activity. In silico drug-likeness assessments indicated that compounds with the 4-methoxycinammyl (especially compound 2b) had the most prominent balance between properties and activity in the series, as confirmed by SAR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T. Varela
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 740, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Maiara Romanelli
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 351, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maiara Amaral
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 351, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo S. Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
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García-Estrada C, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Domínguez-Asenjo B, Holanda VN, Murugesan S, Martínez-Valladares M, Balaña-Fouce R, Reguera RM. Further Investigations of Nitroheterocyclic Compounds as Potential Antikinetoplastid Drug Candidates. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040637. [PMID: 37189384 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of specific vaccines, management of the trypanosomatid-caused neglected tropical diseases (sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis) relies exclusively on pharmacological treatments. Current drugs against them are scarce, old and exhibit disadvantages, such as adverse effects, parenteral administration, chemical instability and high costs which are often unaffordable for endemic low-income countries. Discoveries of new pharmacological entities for the treatment of these diseases are scarce, since most of the big pharmaceutical companies find this market unattractive. In order to fill the pipeline of compounds and replace existing ones, highly translatable drug screening platforms have been developed in the last two decades. Thousands of molecules have been tested, including nitroheterocyclic compounds, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, which had already provided potent and effective effects against Chagas disease. More recently, fexinidazole has been added as a new drug against African trypanosomiasis. Despite the success of nitroheterocycles, they had been discarded from drug discovery campaigns due to their mutagenic potential, but now they represent a promising source of inspiration for oral drugs that can replace those currently on the market. The examples provided by the trypanocidal activity of fexinidazole and the promising efficacy of the derivative DNDi-0690 against leishmaniasis seem to open a new window of opportunity for these compounds that were discovered in the 1960s. In this review, we show the current uses of nitroheterocycles and the novel derived molecules that are being synthesized against these neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Bárbara Domínguez-Asenjo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Vanderlan Nogueira Holanda
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (IGM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de León, Carretera León-Vega de Infanzones, Vega de Infanzones, 24346 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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Caroli AP, Mansoldo FRP, Cardoso VS, Lage CLS, Carmo FL, Supuran CT, Beatriz Vermelho A. Are patents important indicators of innovation for Chagas disease treatment? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:193-209. [PMID: 36786067 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2176219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease is a neglected, endemic disease in 21 countries, spreading to non-endemic countries too. Like other neglected diseases affecting primarily low- and middle-income countries, low investment and the absence of new chemical entities from the industry occurred. Increased knowledge about the parasite, drug targets, and vector control has been observed, but this was not translated into new drugs. The partnerships of pharmaceutical companies with academies and consolidated networks to increment the new drugs and treatment research in Chagas disease are shown. The current review analyzes in detail the patents dealing with compounds candidates for new drugs and treatment. The patent search was performed using Orbit Intelligence® software in the 2001-2021 period. AREAS COVERED The author focused specifically on patents for the treatment, the new candidates disclosed in the patents, and the barriers to innovation. EXPERT OPINION Patents in Chagas disease have been increasing in the last years, although they do not bring new compounds to an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pestana Caroli
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, BIOINOVAR - Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe R P Mansoldo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, BIOINOVAR - Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica S Cardoso
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, BIOINOVAR - Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Luiz Salgueiro Lage
- National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI), Graduate and Research Division, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia L Carmo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, LEMM - Molecular Microbial Ecology Laboratory
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, BIOINOVAR - Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Reséndiz-Mora A, Barrera-Aveleida G, Sotelo-Rodríguez A, Galarce-Sosa I, Nevárez-Lechuga I, Santiago-Hernández JC, Nogueda-Torres B, Meza-Toledo S, Gómez-Manzo S, Wong-Baeza I, Baeza I, Wong-Baeza C. Effect of B-NIPOx in Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010333. [PMID: 36613783 PMCID: PMC9820238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and represents a major public health problem, which is endemic in Latin America and emerging in the rest of the world. The two drugs that are currently available for its treatment, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, are partially effective in the chronic phase of the disease. In this study, we designed and synthesized the benzyl ester of N-isopropyl oxamic acid (B-NIPOx), which is a non-polar molecule that crosses cell membranes. B-NIPOx is cleaved inside the parasite by carboxylesterases, releasing benzyl alcohol (a molecule with antimicrobial activity), and NIPOx, which is an inhibitor of α-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase isozyme II (HADH-II), a key enzyme in T. cruzi metabolism. We evaluated B-NIPOx cytotoxicity, its toxicity in mice, and its inhibitory activity on purified HADH-II and on T. cruzi homogenates. We then evaluated the trypanocidal activity of B-NIPOx in vitro and in vivo and its effect in the intestine of T. cruzi-infected mice. We found that B-NIPOx had higher trypanocidal activity on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes than Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, that it was more effective to reduce blood parasitemia and amastigote nests in infected mice, and that, in contrast to the reference drugs, it prevented the development of Chagasic enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albany Reséndiz-Mora
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Giovanna Barrera-Aveleida
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Anahi Sotelo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Iván Galarce-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Irene Nevárez-Lechuga
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Santiago-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Sergio Meza-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular II, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Isabel Baeza
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (C.W.-B.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 62326) (I.B. & C.W.-B.)
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (C.W.-B.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 62326) (I.B. & C.W.-B.)
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10
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Beatriz Vermelho A, Rodrigues GC, Nocentini A, Mansoldo FRP, Supuran CT. Discovery of novel drugs for Chagas disease: is carbonic anhydrase a target for antiprotozoal drugs? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1147-1158. [PMID: 36039500 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2117295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrase (CA) arose significant interest as a potential new target for Chagas disease since its discovery in Trypanosoma cruzi in 2013. Benznidazole and Nifurtimox have been used for Chagas disease treatment for 60 years despite all efforts done for obtaining more efficient treatments, acting in the acute and chronic phases of illness, with fewer side effects and resistance induction. AREAS COVERED We discuss the positive and negative aspects of T. cruzi CA (TcCA) studies as a target for developing new drugs. The current research discoveries and the classes of TcCA inhibitors are reviewed. The sulfonamides and their derivatives are the main inhibitor classes, but hydroxamates and the thiols, were investigated too. These compounds inhibited the growth of the evolutive forms of the parasite. A comparative analysis was done with CAs from other Trypanosomatids and protozoans. EXPERT OPINION The search for new targets and drugs is a significant challenge worldwide, and TcCA is a potential candidate for developing new drugs. Several studied inhibitors were active against Trypanosoma cruzi, but their penetration and toxicity problems emerged. New approaches are in progress to obtain inhibitors with desired properties, allowing further steps such as tests using an adequate animal model and subsequent developments for the preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- BIOINOVAR - Biotechnology Laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts, and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giseli Capaci Rodrigues
- UNIGRANRIO - Universidade do Grande Rio Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino das Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felipe R P Mansoldo
- BIOINOVAR - Biotechnology Laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts, and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child's Health, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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11
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de Sá ÉRA, Souza JL, Costa RKM, Barros RO, de Lima CEB, Lima FDCA, Ramos RM. Computational investigation of the alkaloids of Pilocarpus microphyllus species as phytopharmaceuticals for the inhibition of sterol 14α-demethylase protease of Trypanosoma cruzi. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2555-2573. [PMID: 35132947 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2035819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan transmitted by the insect Triatoma infestans, popularly known as kissing bug. This protozoan causes the Chagas disease, a Neglected Tropical Disease. This study aimed to investigate, through DFT method and B3LYP hybrid functional, the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of the alkaloids present in the leaves of the species Pilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi) as a potential inhibitory activity on the protease sterol 14α-demethylase of T. cruzi associated with the techniques of molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MM-PBSA and ADMET predictions. The molecules of isopilosine, epiisopiloturine, epiisopilosine, and pilosine showed up the lowest binding energies by molecular docking, good human intestinal absorption, low penetration in the blood-brain barrier, antiprotozoal and anticarcinogenic activities in ADMET studies. It has been observed a better binding affinity of the sterol 14α-demethylase protease with isopilosine in molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA studies, which indicates it as a potential drug candidate for Chagas disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ézio R. A. de Sá
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, IFPI, Picos, Piauí, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, PPGQ/UFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Janilson L. Souza
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão, IFMA, Bacabal, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rayla K. M. Costa
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Rômulo O. Barros
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Carlos E. B. de Lima
- University Hospital, Federal University of Piauí, Discipline of Cardiology, Department of General Practice - Cardiology and Health Sciences Center, DCG/CCS/UFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco das C. A. Lima
- Research Laboratory of the Computational Quantum Chemistry and Drug Planning Group, Chemistry Department, State University of Piauí, GQQC&PF/UESPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M. Ramos
- Research Laboratory in Information Systems, Information Department, Environment, Health and Food Production, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí, LaPeSI/IFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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12
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Santos EDS, Silva DKC, dos Reis BPZC, Barreto BC, Cardoso CMA, Ribeiro dos Santos R, Meira CS, Soares MBP. Immunomodulation for the Treatment of Chronic Chagas Disease Cardiomyopathy: A New Approach to an Old Enemy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:765879. [PMID: 34869068 PMCID: PMC8633308 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a parasitic infection caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most severe manifestation of the disease, developed by approximately 20-40% of patients and characterized by occurrence of arrhythmias, heart failure and death. Despite having more than 100 years of discovery, Chagas disease remains without an effective treatment, especially for patients with CCC. Since the pathogenesis of CCC depends on a parasite-driven systemic inflammatory profile that leads to cardiac tissue damage, the use of immunomodulators has become a rational alternative for the treatment of CCC. In this context, different classes of drugs, cell therapies with dendritic cells or stem cells and gene therapy have shown potential to modulate systemic inflammation and myocarditis in CCC models. Based on that, the present review provides an overview of current reports regarding the use of immunomodulatory agents in treatment of CCC, bringing the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle de Souza Santos
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Breno Cardim Barreto
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ribeiro dos Santos
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Brazil
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13
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KBE009: A Bestatin-Like Inhibitor of the Trypanosoma cruzi Acidic M17 Aminopeptidase with In Vitro Anti-Trypanosomal Activity. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101037. [PMID: 34685408 PMCID: PMC8540442 DOI: 10.3390/life11101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a human tropical illness mainly present in Latin America. The therapies available against this disease are far from ideal. Proteases from pathogenic protozoan have been considered as good drug target candidates. T. cruzi acidic M17 leucyl-aminopeptidase (TcLAP) mediates the major parasite’s leucyl-aminopeptidase activity and is expressed in all parasite stages. Here, we report the inhibition of TcLAP (IC50 = 66.0 ± 13.5 µM) by the bestatin-like peptidomimetic KBE009. This molecule also inhibited the proliferation of T. cruzi epimastigotes in vitro (EC50 = 28.1 ± 1.9 µM) and showed selectivity for the parasite over human dermal fibroblasts (selectivity index: 4.9). Further insight into the specific effect of KBE009 on T. cruzi was provided by docking simulation using the crystal structure of TcLAP and a modeled human orthologous, hLAP3. The TcLAP-KBE009 complex is more stable than its hLAP3 counterpart. KBE009 adopted a better geometrical shape to fit into the active site of TcLAP than that of hLAP3. The drug-likeness and lead-likeness in silico parameters of KBE009 are satisfactory. Altogether, our results provide an initial insight into KBE009 as a promising starting point compound for the rational design of drugs through further optimization.
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Angeli A, Ferraroni M, Da'dara AA, Selleri S, Pinteala M, Carta F, Skelly PJ, Supuran CT. Structural Insights into Schistosoma mansoni Carbonic Anhydrase (SmCA) Inhibition by Selenoureido-Substituted Benzenesulfonamides. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10418-10428. [PMID: 34232641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tegumental carbonic anhydrase from the worm Schistosoma mansoni (SmCA) is considered a new anti-parasitic target because suppressing its expression interferes with schistosome metabolism and virulence. Here, we present the inhibition profiles of selenoureido compounds on recombinant SmCA and resolution of the first X-ray crystal structures of SmCA in adduct with a selection of such inhibitors. The key molecular features of such compounds in adduct with SmCA were obtained and compared to the human isoform hCA II, in order to understand the main structural factors responsible for enzymatic affinity and selectivity. Compounds that more specifically inhibited the schistosome versus human enzymes were identified. The results expand current knowledge in the field and pave the way for the development of more potent antiparasitic agents in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 707410 Iasi, Romania
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Akram A Da'dara
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - Silvia Selleri
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 707410 Iasi, Romania
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrick J Skelly
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, United States
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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15
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Cadamuro RD, da Silveira Bastos IMA, Silva IT, da Cruz ACC, Robl D, Sandjo LP, Alves S, Lorenzo JM, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Treichel H, Steindel M, Fongaro G. Bioactive Compounds from Mangrove Endophytic Fungus and Their Uses for Microorganism Control. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:455. [PMID: 34200444 PMCID: PMC8228968 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangroves are ecosystems with unique characteristics due to the high salinity and amount of organic matter that house a rich biodiversity. Fungi have aroused much interest as they are an important natural source for the discovery of new bioactive compounds, with potential biotechnological and pharmacological interest. This review aims to highlight endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plant species and the isolated bioactive compounds and their bioactivity against protozoa, bacteria and pathogenic viruses. Knowledge about this type of ecosystem is of great relevance for its preservation and as a source of new molecules for the control of pathogens that may be of importance for human, animal and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Isabela Maria Agustini da Silveira Bastos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Izabella Thais Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Cristiane Cabral da Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Diogo Robl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Louis Pergaud Sandjo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Alves
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó 89802-112, SC, Brazil;
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Bioprocess, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Erechim 99700-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Mário Steindel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (I.M.A.d.S.B.); (I.T.S.); (A.C.C.d.C.); (D.R.); (M.S.)
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