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Shabelko AR, Derevyanko NA, Ishchenko AA, Yu Tananaiko O. Indopolycarbocyanine dyes as perspective analytical reagents for spectrophotometric determination of nitrite by radical nitration. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124728. [PMID: 38955070 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of nitrite was developed, based on the radical nitration of indopolycarbocyanine dyes in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO). The rate of the reaction of the studied dyes with nitrite increases with the lengthening of the polymethine chain and the presence of hydrophilic sulfo groups in the side chain of the dye. TEMPO acts as a co-reagent, significantly accelerating the reaction rate and increasing the sensitivity of nitrite determination. The proposed reaction mechanism is supported by spectrophotometric and HPLC/MS studies. For Ind2 (tetramethine indocarbocyanine cationic dye), the limit of detection for nitrite is 0.50 µM within a linearity range of 1-13 µM. The developed method is sensitive, with a LOD 130 times lower than the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of nitrite in drinking water (65 μM), as specified by the WHO. The method is of low-toxicity and good selectivity, as the determination of nitrite is not significantly affected by the main components of water. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of nitrite in natural and bottled water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii R Shabelko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 01601, Kyiv, Str. Volodymyrska, 64/13, Ukraine
| | - Nadiya A Derevyanko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the NAS of Ukraine, 02660 Kyiv, Str. Akademika Kuharya,5, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Ishchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the NAS of Ukraine, 02660 Kyiv, Str. Akademika Kuharya,5, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Yu Tananaiko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv 01601, Kyiv, Str. Volodymyrska, 64/13, Ukraine.
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2
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Leung CW, Wang X, Hu D. Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in PM 2.5 in Hong Kong: With focus on amines, urea, and nitroaromatic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133899. [PMID: 38430595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) is ubiquitous in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and poses health and environmental risks. However, there is limited knowledge regarding its comprehensive speciation and source-specific contributions. Here, we conducted chemical characterization and source apportionment of WSON in 65 PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong during a 1-yr period. Using various mass-spectrometry-based techniques, we quantified 22 nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs), including 17 nitroaromatics (NACs), four amines, and urea. The most abundant amine and NACs were dimethylamine and 4-nitrocatechol, respectively. Two secondary (i.e., secondary formation and secondary nitrate) and five primary sources (i.e., sea salt, fugitive dust, marine vessels, vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning) of WSON and these three categories of NOCs were identified. Throughout the year, secondary sources dominated WSON formation (69.0%), while primary emissions had significant contributions to NACs (77.1%), amines (75.9%), and urea (83.7%). Fugitive dust was the leading source of amines and urea, while biomass burning was the main source of NACs. Our multi-linear regression analysis revealed the significant role of sulfate, NO3, nitrate, liquid water content, and particle pH on WSON formation, highlighting the importance of nighttime NO3 processing and heterogeneous and aqueous-phase formation of NOCs in the Hong Kong atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wai Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.
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3
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Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Bothen N, Backes AT, Weller MG, Pöschl U. Oligomerization and tyrosine nitration enhance the allergenic potential of the birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1303943. [PMID: 38125293 PMCID: PMC10732249 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1303943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications such as oligomerization and tyrosine nitration alter the immune response to allergens and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize and discuss relevant findings for the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5 modified with tetranitromethane (laboratory studies), peroxynitrite (physiological processes), and ozone and nitrogen dioxide (environmental conditions). We focus on tyrosine nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers via dityrosine cross-linking and the immunological effects studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Bothen
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna T. Backes
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Division 1.5 - Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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Khan ZUH, Gul NS, Sabahat S, Sun J, Tahir K, Shah NS, Muhammad N, Rahim A, Imran M, Iqbal J, Khan TM, Khasim S, Farooq U, Wu J. Removal of organic pollutants through hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115564. [PMID: 37890248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of Advance Oxidation Process (AOPs) has been extensively examined in order to eradicate organic pollutants. This review assesses the efficacy of photolysis, O3 based (O3/UV, O3/H2O2, O3/H2O2/UV, H2O2/UV, Fenton, Fenton-like, hetero-system) and sonochemical and electro-oxidative AOPs in this regard. The main purpose of this review and some suggestions for the advancement of AOPs is to facilitate the elimination of toxic organic pollutants. Initially proposed for the purification of drinking water in 1980, AOPs have since been employed for various wastewater treatments. AOPs technologies are essentially a process intensification through the use of hybrid methods for wastewater treatment, which generate large amounts of hydroxyl (•OH) and sulfate (SO4·-) radicals, the ultimate oxidants for the remediation of organic pollutants. This review covers the use of AOPs and ozone or UV treatment in combination to create a powerful method of wastewater treatment. This novel approach has been demonstrated to be highly effective, with the acceleration of the oxidation process through Fenton reaction and photocatalytic oxidation technologies. It is clear that Advance Oxidation Process are a helpful for the degradation of organic toxic compounds. Additionally, other processes such as •OH and SO4·- radical-based oxidation may also arise during AOPs treatment and contribute to the reduction of target organic pollutants. This review summarizes the current development of AOPs treatment of wastewater organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ul Haq Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Noor Shad Gul
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sana Sabahat
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Hubei key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Cihu Road 11, Huangshi, Hubei 435002, PR China
| | - Kamran Tahir
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, KP, Pakistan
| | - Noor Samad Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, CMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Department of Dental Material Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Environmental Sciences, CMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Jibran Iqbal
- College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taj Malook Khan
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Syed Khasim
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad-Campus, KPK 22060, Pakistan; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Shi X, Qiu X, Li A, Jiang X, Wei G, Zheng Y, Chen Q, Chen S, Hu M, Rudich Y, Zhu T. Polar Nitrated Aromatic Compounds in Urban Fine Particulate Matter: A Focus on Formation via an Aqueous-Phase Radical Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5160-5168. [PMID: 36940425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polar nitrated aromatic compounds (pNACs) are key ambient brown carbon chromophores; however, their formation mechanisms, especially in the aqueous phase, remain unclear. We developed an advanced technique for pNACs and measured 1764 compounds in atmospheric fine particulate matter sampled in urban Beijing, China. Molecular formulas were derived for 433 compounds, of which 17 were confirmed using reference standards. Potential novel species with up to four aromatic rings and a maximum of five functional groups were found. Higher concentrations were detected in the heating season, with a median of 82.6 ng m-3 for Σ17pNACs. Non-negative matrix factorization analysis indicated that primary emissions particularly coal combustion were dominant in the heating season. While in the non-heating season, aqueous-phase nitration could generate abundant pNACs with the carboxyl group, which was confirmed by their significant association with the aerosol liquid water content. Aqueous-phase formation of 3- and 5-nitrosalicylic acids instead of their isomer of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid suggests the existence of an intermediate where the intramolecular hydrogen bond favors kinetics-controlled NO2• nitration. This study provides not only a promising technique for the pNAC measurement but also evidence for their atmospheric aqueous-phase formation, facilitating further evaluation of pNACs' climatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ailin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xing Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Gaoyuan Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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Lyu Y, Chow JTC, Nah T. Kinetics of the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of monocarboxylic acids in the aqueous phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:461-471. [PMID: 36752312 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00458e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The photooxidation of organic compounds by hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in atmospheric aqueous phases contributes to both the formation and aging of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), which usually include carboxylic acids. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and inorganic nitrate are two important ·OH photochemical sources in atmospheric aqueous phases. The aqueous phase pH is an important factor that not only controls the dissociation of carboxylic acids and consequently their ·OH reactivities, but also the production of ·OH and other reactive species from the photolysis of some ·OH photochemical precursors, particularly inorganic nitrate. While many studies have reported on the aqueous pH-dependent photodegradation rates of carboxylic acids with ·OH produced by H2O2 photolysis, the aqueous pH-dependent photodegradation rates of carboxylic acids with ·OH produced by inorganic nitrate photolysis have not been studied. In this work, we investigated the pH-dependent (pH 2 to 7) aqueous photooxidation of formic acid (FA), glycolic acid (GA), and pyruvic acid (PA) initiated by the photolysis of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The observed reaction rates of the three carboxylic acids were controlled by the [NH4NO3]/[carboxylic acid] concentration ratio. Higher [NH4NO3]/[carboxylic acid] concentration ratios resulted in faster photodegradation rates, which could be attributed to the higher concentrations of ·OH produced from the photolysis of higher concentrations of NH4NO3. In addition, the observed photodegradation rates of the three carboxylic acids strongly depended on the pH. The highest photodegradation rate was observed at pH 4 for FA, whereas the highest photodegradation rates were observed at pH 2 for GA and PA. The observed pH-dependent FA and GA photodegradation rates were due to the combined effects of the pH-dependent ·OH formation from NH4NO3 photolysis and the differences in ·OH reactivities of dissociated vs. undissociated FA and GA. In contrast, the observed pH-dependent PA photodegradation rate was due primarily to the pH-dependent decarboxylation of PA initiated by light. These results highlight how the aqueous phase pH and inorganic nitrate photolysis can combine to influence the degradation rates of carboxylic acids, which can have significant implications for how the atmospheric fates of carboxylic acids are modeled for regions with substantial concentrations of inorganic nitrate in cloud water and aqueous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lyu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jany Ting Chun Chow
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Yang J, Au WC, Law H, Leung CH, Lam CH, Nah T. pH affects the aqueous-phase nitrate-mediated photooxidation of phenolic compounds: implications for brown carbon formation and evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:176-189. [PMID: 35293417 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is known to have important impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Phenolic compounds are a prominent class of BrC precursors that are emitted in large quantities from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. Inorganic nitrate is a ubiquitous component of atmospheric aqueous phases such as cloudwater, fog, and aqueous aerosols. The photolysis of inorganic nitrate can lead to BrC formation via the photonitration of phenolic compounds in the aqueous phase. However, the acidity of the atmospheric aqueous phase adds complexity to these photonitration processes and needs to be considered when investigating BrC formation from the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of phenolic compounds. In this study, we investigated the influence of pH on the formation and evolution of BrC from the aqueous-phase photooxidation of guaiacol, catechol, 5-nitroguaiacol, and 4-nitrocatechol initiated by inorganic nitrate photolysis. The reaction rates, BrC composition and quantities were found to depend on the aqueous phase pH. Guaiacol, catechol, and 5-nitroguaiacol reacted substantially faster at lower pH. In contrast, 4-nitrocatechol reacted at slower rates at lower pH. For all four phenolic compounds, the initial stages of photooxidation resulted in an increase in light absorption (i.e., photo-enhancement) in the near-UV and visible range due to the formation of light absorbing products formed via the addition of nitro and/or hydroxyl groups to the phenolic compound. Greater photo-enhancement was observed at lower pH during the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of guaiacol and catechol. In contrast, greater photo-enhancement was observed at higher pH during the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of 5-nitroguaiacol and 4-nitrocatechol. This indicated that the effect that the aqueous phase pH has on the composition and yields of BrC formed is not universal, and will depend on the initial phenolic compound. These results provide new insights into how the atmospheric aqueous phase acidity influences the reactivities of different phenolic compounds and BrC formation/evolution during photooxidation initiated by inorganic nitrate photolysis, which will have significant implications for how the atmospheric fates of phenolic compounds and BrC formation/evolution are modeled for areas with high levels of inorganic nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wing Chi Au
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Haymann Law
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Hei Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Study on Degradation of Natural Rubber Latex Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Nitrite in the Presence of Formic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041031. [PMID: 36850314 PMCID: PMC9961476 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid natural rubber (LNR), a depolymerized natural rubber (NR) consisting of shorter chains, was prepared via oxidative degradation using NaNO2 and H2O2 degrading agents in the presence of HCOOH. The influence of reagent concentrations, temperature, and reaction time on the number-average molecular weight (Mn) was studied. Results showed the higher concentration of H2O2 and HCOOH employed faster degradative rates. However, a higher concentration of NaNO2 decreased the Mn reduction. Prolonged reaction time and high temperature resulted in a product with low Mn. FTIR spectra indicated the synthesized LNR contained hydroxyl end groups resulting from the breaking of the NR chains at an acidic pH, whereas a carboxyl terminated LNR was formed at an alkaline pH. SEM micrographs showed the latex particles of LNR were spherical and smaller compared to NR. The experimental results showed the reaction orders of [H2O2], [HCOOH], and [NaNO2] were 1.58, 0.79, and -0.65, respectively. In addition, the pre-exponential factor and activation energy were 1.04 × 109 M-1.72 t-1 and 78.66 kJ/mol, respectively. Based on TGA analysis, the thermal stability of the rubber depended on its Mn. The LNR containing functional end groups exhibited thermal instability and could be a starting material for many applications.
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Li F, Zhou S, Du L, Zhao J, Hang J, Wang X. Aqueous-phase chemistry of atmospheric phenolic compounds: A critical review of laboratory studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158895. [PMID: 36130630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PhCs) are crucial atmospheric pollutants typically emitted by biomass burning and receive particular concerns considering their toxicity, light-absorbing properties, and involvement in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. A comprehensive understanding of the transformation mechanisms on chemical reactions in atmospheric waters (i.e., cloud/fog droplets and aerosol liquid water) is essential to predict more precisely the atmospheric fate and environmental impacts of PhCs. Laboratory studies play a core role in providing the fundamental knowledge of aqueous-phase chemical transformations in the atmosphere. This article critically reviews recent laboratory advances in SOA formation from the aqueous-phase reactions of PhCs. It focuses primarily on the aqueous oxidation of PhCs driven by two atmospheric reactive species: OH radicals and triplet excited state organics, including the important chemical kinetics and mechanisms. The effects of inorganic components (i.e., nitrate and nitrite) and transition metal ions (i.e., soluble iron) are highlighted on the aqueous-phase transformation of PhCs and on the properties and formation mechanisms of SOA. The review is concluded with the current knowledge gaps and future perspectives for a better understanding of the atmospheric transformation and SOA formation potential of PhCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shengzhen Zhou
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jian Hang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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10
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A Model Assessment of the Occurrence and Reactivity of the Nitrating/Nitrosating Agent Nitrogen Dioxide (•NO2) in Sunlit Natural Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154855. [PMID: 35956802 PMCID: PMC9370000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (•NO2) is produced in sunlit natural surface waters by the direct photolysis of nitrate, together with •OH, and upon the oxidation of nitrite by •OH itself. •NO2 is mainly scavenged by dissolved organic matter, and here, it is shown that •NO2 levels in sunlit surface waters are enhanced by high concentrations of nitrate and nitrite, and depressed by high values of the dissolved organic carbon. The dimer of nitrogen dioxide (N2O4) is also formed in the pathway of •NO2 hydrolysis, but with a very low concentration, i.e., several orders of magnitude below •NO2, and even below •OH. Therefore, at most, N2O4 would only be involved in the transformation (nitration/nitrosation) of electron-poor compounds, which would not react with •NO2. Although it is known that nitrite oxidation by CO3•− in high-alkalinity surface waters gives a minor-to-negligible contribution to •NO2 formation, it is shown here that NO2− oxidation by Br2•− can be a significant source of •NO2 in saline waters (saltwater, brackish waters, seawater, and brines), which offsets the scavenging of •OH by bromide. As an example, the anti-oxidant tripeptide glutathione undergoes nitrosation by •NO2 preferentially in saltwater, thanks to the inhibition of the degradation of glutathione itself by •OH, which is scavenged by bromide in saltwater. The enhancement of •NO2 reactions in saltwater could explain the literature findings, that several phenolic nitroderivatives are formed in shallow (i.e., thoroughly sunlit) and brackish lagoons in the Rhône river delta (S. France), and that the laboratory irradiation of phenol-spiked seawater yields nitrophenols in a significant amount.
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11
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Fang N, Lu Z, Hou Z, Zhang C, Zhao X. Hydrolysis and photolysis of flupyradifurone in aqueous solution and natural water: Degradation kinetics and pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134294. [PMID: 35283145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flupyradifurone (FPO) easily spreads to the water environment after application because of its high solubility in water (3200 mg/L, 20 °C), but as a novel neonicotinoid pesticide, its environmental fate study is still lacking. Here, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the degradation kinetics and pathways of FPO in aqueous solutions and natural waters. The results showed that FPO was fairly stable in water under natural conditions (the hydrolysis half-lives at 15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C were >150 d, and the photolysis half-lives under sunlight were >168 h). However, FPO was photodegraded rapidly under ultraviolet (UV) light (half-lives of 2.37-3.81 min). Then, indirect photolysis under UV light was examined with the addition of photosensitizers, revealing that direct photolysis is the main FPO degradation pathway in water, and the contribution of indirect photolysis was limited. Moreover, two photoproducts were separated, purified and collected via preparative HPLC, and identified via high resolution mass spectrometry. Then, the plausible photolysis pathway was proposed. The results of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the fate of FPO in the water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Fang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Zhongbin Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Zhiguang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Xueping Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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12
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Yang P, Korshin GV, Dong J, Ji Y, Lu J. Differentiation of Pathways of Nitrated Byproduct Formation from Ammonium and Nitrite During Sulfate Radical Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7935-7944. [PMID: 35549166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies found that both nitrite (NO2-) and ammonium (NH4+) lead to nitrophenolic byproducts in SO4•- oxidation processes, during which NO2• generated through the oxidation of the inorganic nitrogen by SO4•- is the key nitrating agent. This study demonstrates that the formation of phenoxy radicals to which NO2• can be incorporated immediately is another governing factor. Two types of sites having distinct reactivities in natural organic matter (NOM) molecules can be transformed to phenoxy radicals upon SO4•- oxidation. Fast sites associated with phenolic functionalities are primarily targeted in the reaction sequence involving NO2-, because both are preferentially oxidized. Following the depletion of NO2-, NH4+ becomes the main precursor of NO2• that interacts with slow sites associated with the carboxylic functionalities. Experimental data show that the formation of total organic nitrogen in 24 h reached 6.28 μM during SO4•- oxidation of NOM (4.96 mg/L organic carbon) in the presence of both NO2- (0.1 mM) and NH4+ (1.0 mM), while the sum of those formed in the presence of each alone was only 3.52 μM. Results of this study provide further insights into the mechanisms of nitrated byproduct formation when SO4•- is applied for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Li Y, Qin H, Wang L, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Zhou Q, Ji Y. Aquatic photolysis of 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol-the toxic nitrated byproduct of 2,4-dichlorophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132986. [PMID: 34801574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichloro-6-nitrophenol (DCNP) is a toxic nitrated byproduct of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) commonly found in agriculturally impacted waters (e.g., paddy waters). DCNP has both genotoxicity and developmental toxicity and can cause endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic species. Herein, we investigated the photolysis of DCNP under UV254 irradiation in aqueous solutions. Results show that the anionic form of DCNP (DCNP-) is more photoreactive than the neutral form (DCNP0) due to its higher molar absorption coefficient and quantum yield. The presence of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) inhibits the direct photolysis of DCNP through light screening. A series of photoproducts were identified by solid phase extraction (SPE) and high resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis. The photolysis of DCNP generates several photoproducts, including photoreduction, photonucleophilic substitution, photoionization, and dimerization intermediates. The primary photochemical mechanisms include photoionization from the singlet state and heterolytic C-Cl bond splitting in the triplet state. This contribution may shed some light on the photochemical transformation and fate of DCNP in UV-based engineering systems or natural sunlit surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Qin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lixiao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Quansuo Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Arbid Y, Sleiman M, Richard C. Photochemical interactions between pesticides and plant volatiles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150716. [PMID: 34626636 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the numerous studies devoted to the photodegradation of pesticides, very scarce are those investigating the effect of plant volatiles. Yet, pesticides can be in contact with plant volatiles after having been spread on crops or when they are transported in surface water, making interactions between the two kinds of chemicals possible. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the reactions occurring on plants. We selected thyme as a plant because it is used in green roofs and two pesticides: the fungicide chlorothalonil for its very oxidant excited state and the insecticide imidacloprid for its ability to release the radical NO2 under irradiation. Pesticides were irradiated with simulated solar light first in a solvent ensuring a high solubility of pesticides and plant volatiles, and then directly on thyme's leaves. Analyses were conducted by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), GC-MS and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). In acetonitrile, chlorothalonil photosensitized the degradation of thymol, α-pinene, 3-carene and linalool with high quantum yields ranging from 0.35 to 0.04, and was photoreduced, while thymol underwent oxidation, chlorination and dimerization. On thyme's leave, chlorothalonil was photoreduced again and products arising from oxidation and dimerization of thymol were detected. Imidacloprid photooxidized and photonitrated thymol in acetonitrile, converting it into chemicals of particular concern. Some of these chemicals were also found when imidacloprid was irradiated dispersed on thyme's leaves. These results show that photochemical reactions between pesticides and the plants secondary metabolites can take place in solution as on plants. These findings demonstrate the importance to increase our knowledge on these complex scenarios that concern all the environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Arbid
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-ferrand, France
| | - Mohamad Sleiman
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-ferrand, France
| | - Claire Richard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-ferrand, France.
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Li Y, Wang L, Xu H, Lu J, Chovelon JM, Ji Y. Direct and nitrite-sensitized indirect photolysis of effluent-derived phenolic contaminants under UV 254 irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:127-139. [PMID: 34981110 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UV254 photolysis has increasingly been utilized for disinfection of water-born pathogens in wastewater. During disinfection, wastewater-derived trace organic contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), may be subjected to direct photolysis and indirect photolysis sensitized by wastewater constituents such as nitrite (NO2-). Herein, we reported the direct photolysis and NO2--sensitized indirect photolysis of four phenolic contaminants commonly observed in wastewaters (i.e., bisphenol A (BPA), acetaminophen (ATP), salbutamol (SAL), and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP1)). Spectroscopic characterization and quantum yield measurement were carried out to evaluate the photochemical reactivity of these phenolic compounds. In NO2--sensitized photolysis, the relative contribution of direct and indirect photolysis was quantified by light screening factor calculation and radical quenching studies. The experimental results highlight the important roles of HO˙ and NO2˙ in the NO2--sensitized photolysis of phenolic compounds. A series of intermediate products, including hydroxylated, nitrated, nitrosated, dimerized, and alkyl chain cleavage products, were identified by solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. On the basis of identified products, the underlying mechanisms and transformation pathways for NO2--sensitized photolysis of these phenolic compounds were elucidated. The second-order rate constants of BPA, SAL, BP1 with NO2˙ were calculated to be 2.25 × 104, 1.35 × 104 and 2.44 × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively, by kinetic modeling. Suwanee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) played complex roles in the direct and NO2--sensitized photolysis of phenolic compounds by serving as a photosensitizer, light screening and radical quenching agent. Wastewater constituents, such as NO3- and EfOM, could accelerate direct and NO2--sensitized photolysis of BPA, SAL, and BP1 in the wastewater matrix. Our results suggest that NO2- at the WWTP effluent-relevant level can sensitize the photolysis of effluent-derived phenolic contaminants during the UV254 disinfection process; however, the formation of potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic nitrated/nitrosated derivatives should be scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lixiao Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Haiyan Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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