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Yan Y, Qian J, Liu Y, Hu J, Lu B, Zhao S, Jin S, He Y, Xu K. Short-term exposure to triclocarban alters microbial community composition and metabolite profiles in freshwater biofilms. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142674. [PMID: 38908443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), an emerging contaminant in water environments, its effects on freshwater biofilms remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates the effects of TCC exposure (at concentrations of 10 μg L-1 and 10 mg L-1) on mature freshwater biofilms. TCC was found to inhibit biofilm activity as evidenced by changes in surface morphology and the ratio of live/dead cells. Moreover, both concentrations of TCC were observed to modify the structure of the biofilm community. Metabolomics analysis revealed an overlap in the toxicity mechanisms and detoxification strategies triggered by various concentrations of TCC in biofilms. However, the higher toxicity induced by 10 mg L-1 TCC resulted from the downregulation of proline betaine, disrupting the homeostasis of cellular osmotic pressure regulation in biofilms. Notably, lipid and lipid-like molecules showed high sensitivity to different concentrations of TCC, indicating their potential as biomarkers for TCC exposure. Annotation of the differential metabolites by KEGG revealed that alterations in amino acid and carbon metabolism constituted the primary response mechanisms of biofilms to TCC. Moreover, the biofilm demonstrated enhanced nucleic acid metabolism, which bolstered resistance against TCC stress and heightened tolerance. Furthermore, elevated TCC concentrations prompted more robust detoxification processes for self-defense. Overall, short-term exposure to TCC induced acute toxicity in biofilms, yet they managed to regulate their community structure and metabolic levels to uphold oxidative homeostasis and activity. This research contributes to a deeper comprehension of TCC risk assessment and policy control in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Yin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Bianhe Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Shuai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Yuxuan He
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
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Tasso CO, Ribeiro Ribas B, Morandin Ferrisse T, Silva de Oliveira J, Jorge JH. The antimicrobial activity of an antiseptic soap against Candida Albicans and Streptococcus Mutans single and dual-species biofilms on denture base and reline acrylic resins. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306862. [PMID: 38990802 PMCID: PMC11239035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of antiseptic soap on single and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans on denture base and reline resins. Samples of the resins were distributed into groups (n = 9) according to the prevention or disinfection protocols. In the prevention protocol, samples were immersed in the solutions (Lifebuoy, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and PBS) for 7, 14 and 28 days before the single and dual-species biofilms formation. Overnight denture disinfection was simulated. In the disinfection protocol, samples were immersed in the same solutions during 8 hours after the single and dual-species biofilms formation. Antimicrobial activity was analyzed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL) and evaluating cell metabolism. Cell viability and protein components of the biofilm matrix were evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were submitted to ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05) or Dunnett's T3 multiple comparisons test. In the prevention protocol, Lifebuoy solution effectively reduced the number of CFU/mL of both species. In addition, the solution decreased the cell metabolism of the microorganisms. Regarding disinfection protocol, the Lifebuoy solution was able of reduce approximately of 2-3 logs for all the biofilms on the denture base and reline resin. Cellular metabolism was also reduced. The images obtained with CLSM corroborate these results. Lifebuoy solution was effective in reducing single and dual-species biofilms on denture base and reline resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Olga Tasso
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Ribeiro Ribas
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Silva de Oliveira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Habib Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yoshida N, Lyu Z, Kim S, Park N, Hitomi T, Fujii Y, Kho Y, Choi K, Harada KH. Temporal trends in exposure to parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban in adult females in Kyoto, Japan, from 1993 to 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37050-37059. [PMID: 38758445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Products used in daily life can contain chemicals such as parabens, benzophenones, triclosan, and triclocarban that have potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Little is known about the temporal trends of exposure levels to some of these chemicals in Japan. Our study assessed the intake and risk associated with exposure to commonly used chemicals. We measured the concentrations of five parabens, four benzophenones, and triclosan and triclocarban in 133 single spot urine samples. The urine samples were collected in 1993, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, and 2016 from healthy female residents in Kyoto, Japan. With the exception of methylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben, there were no significant fluctuations in the concentrations of target chemicals over the study period; however, methylparaben, ethylparaben, and butylparaben showed temporal changes in concentrations. Methylparaben concentrations peaked in 2003 with a median value of 309 μg/g creatinine, ethylparaben concentrations peaked in 1993 with a median value of 17.3 μg/g creatinine, and butylparaben showed a decline, with the median values becoming non-detectable in 2009 and 2016. We calculated estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients for each chemical. In the analysis of total samples, 2.3% (3 samples) for butylparaben and 0.8% (1 sample) for propylparaben were found to surpass a hazard quotient of 1. Overall, 3% (n = 4) of the study participants exceeded a hazard index of 1. The potential health risks associated with exposure to butylparaben and propylparaben emphasize the need for further monitoring and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yoshida
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Zhaoqing Lyu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Nayoun Park
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Toshiaki Hitomi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 13135, Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Sun Z, Liang C, Ling Y, Chen Y, Ma Z, Xu Y, Liu Z. A study on the subchronic toxicity of triclocarban to the early-life development of oryzias melastigma and focused on the analysis of osmoregulatory regulation mechanisms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 279:109882. [PMID: 38437996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), a novel antimicrobial agent found in personal care products, has been extensively detected in marine environments. However, research on the toxic effects of TCC on marine organisms remains inadequate. This study delved into the subchronic toxic effects of TCC on the early life stages of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma, O. melastigma), revealing that TCC could reduce embryo heart rate and hatching rate while diminishing the survival rate of larvae. Biomarker assays indicated that TCC could inflict damage on the embryos' antioxidant and nervous systems. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that TCC could impact cell growth, reproduction, and various life processes, activating cancer signaling pathways, increasing the likelihood of cancer, and exerting toxic effects on the immune and osmoregulatory systems. To validate and enhance our understanding of TCC's unique toxic impact on the osmoregulatory system of O. melastigma, we conducted homology modeling and molecular docking analyses on the protein involved in osmoregulation. The study intuitively revealed the potential binding affinity of TCC to sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alph (ATP1A1), indicating its ability to disrupt osmotic balance in marine fish by affecting this target protein. In summary, the results of this study will further enhance our comprehension of the potential toxic effects and mechanisms of TCC on the early stages of marine fish, with a specific focus on its unique toxic effects in osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhecheng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing tech university, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chuan Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing tech university, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yunzhe Ling
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing tech university, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing tech university, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhengzhuo Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing tech university, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing tech university, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing tech university, Nanjing 211816, China.
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5
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Song Y, Lei H, Cao Z, Zhang C, Chen C, Wu M, Zhang H, Du R, Lijun L, Chen X, Zhang L. Long-Term Triclocarban Exposure Induced Enterotoxicity by Triggering Intestinal AhR-Mediated Inflammation and Disrupting Microbial Community in Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:658-668. [PMID: 38525689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to triclocarban (TCC), a commonly used antibacterial agent, has been shown to induce significant intestine injuries and colonic inflammation in mice. However, the detailed mechanisms by which TCC exposure triggered enterotoxicity remain largely unclear. Herein, intestinal toxicity effects of long-term and chronic TCC exposure were investigated using a combination of histopathological assessments, metagenomics, targeted metabolomics, and biological assays. Mechanically, TCC exposure caused induction of intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its transcriptional target cytochrome P4501A1 (Cyp1a1) leading to dysfunction of the gut barrier and disruption of the gut microbial community. A large number of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are released from the gut lumen into blood circulation owing to the markedly increased permeability and gut leakage. Consequently, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and NF-κB signaling pathways were activated by high levels of LPS. Simultaneously, classic macrophage phenotypes were switched by TCC, shown with marked upregulation of macrophage M1 and downregulation of macrophage M2 that was accompanied by striking upregulation of proinflammatory factors such as Il-1β, Il-6, Il-17, and Tnf-α in the intestinal lamina propria. These findings provide new evidence for the TCC-induced enterotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hehua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Huabao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ruichen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liu Lijun
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Imaging, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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M A E, K K, N F, E D, M R, A F, S R, A L, K, H B, A J, E J. An assessment and characterization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) within the Great Lakes Basin: Mussel Watch Program (2013-2018). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:345. [PMID: 38438687 PMCID: PMC10912168 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Defining the environmental occurrence and distribution of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in coastal aquatic systems, is often difficult and complex. In this study, 70 compounds representing several classes of pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, insect repellant, antibacterial, antidepressants, chemotherapy drugs, and X-ray contrast media compounds, were found in dreissenid mussel (zebra/quagga; Dreissena spp.) tissue samples. Overall concentration and detection frequencies varied significantly among sampling locations, site land-use categories, and sites sampled proximate and downstream of point source discharge. Verapamil, triclocarban, etoposide, citalopram, diphenhydramine, sertraline, amitriptyline, and DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) comprised the most ubiquitous PPCPs (> 50%) detected in dreissenid mussels. Among those compounds quantified in mussel tissue, sertraline, metformin, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, theophylline, zidovudine, prednisone, clonidine, 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen, iopamidol, and melphalan were detected at concentrations up to 475 ng/g (wet weight). Antihypertensives, antibiotics, and antidepressants accounted for the majority of the compounds quantified in mussel tissue. The results showed that PPCPs quantified in dreissenid mussels are occurring as complex mixtures, with 4 to 28 compounds detected at one or more sampling locations. The magnitude and composition of PPCPs detected were highest for sites not influenced by either WWTP or CSO discharge (i.e., non-WWTPs), strongly supporting non-point sources as important drivers and pathways for PPCPs detected in this study. As these compounds are detected at inshore and offshore locations, the findings of this study indicate that their persistence and potential risks are largely unknown, thus warranting further assessment and prioritization of these emerging contaminants in the Great Lakes Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwards M A
- Monitoring and Assessment Branch, NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, 1305 East/West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
| | - Kimbrough K
- Monitoring and Assessment Branch, NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, 1305 East/West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Fuller N
- CSS-Inc., Under NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Contract No, EA133C17BA0062 & EA133C17BA0049, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Davenport E
- Monitoring and Assessment Branch, NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, 1305 East/West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Rider M
- CSS-Inc., Under NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Contract No, EA133C17BA0062 & EA133C17BA0049, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Freitag A
- Monitoring and Assessment Branch, NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, 1305 East/West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Regan S
- CSS-Inc., Under NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Contract No, EA133C17BA0062 & EA133C17BA0049, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - K
- Monitoring and Assessment Branch, NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, 1305 East/West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Burkart H
- CSS-Inc., Under NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Contract No, EA133C17BA0062 & EA133C17BA0049, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jacob A
- CSS-Inc., Under NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Contract No, EA133C17BA0062 & EA133C17BA0049, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Johnson E
- Monitoring and Assessment Branch, NOAA/NOS/NCCOS, 1305 East/West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
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Iacopetta D, Catalano A, Ceramella J, Pellegrino M, Marra M, Scali E, Sinicropi MS, Aquaro S. The Ongoing Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Obesity. Pediatr Rep 2024; 16:135-150. [PMID: 38391001 PMCID: PMC10885050 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric16010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In the developed world, pediatric obesity (PO) has been a major health concern since the last century, and this condition may lead to detrimental life-long physical and mental comorbidities. Currently, its prevalence has increased in low- and middle-income countries and in many high-income countries. Thus, the provision of effective and tailored care for children and their families has become vital. The social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are known everywhere, and among these, it has been argued that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on PO. Overall, the growth of PO over the last decade has been enhanced by the pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, children, adolescents and young adults gained weight as the pediatric population dealt with sedentary lifestyles and changes in food habits. In this review, we want to highlight the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Marra
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Scali
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Aris P, Mohamadzadeh M, Zarei M, Xia X. Computational Design of Novel Griseofulvin Derivatives Demonstrating Potential Antibacterial Activity: Insights from Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1039. [PMID: 38256112 PMCID: PMC10816260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to the urgent demand for innovative antibiotics, theoretical investigations have been employed to design novel analogs. Because griseofulvin is a potential antibacterial agent, we have designed novel derivatives of griseofulvin to enhance its antibacterial efficacy and to evaluate their interactions with bacterial targets using in silico analysis. The results of this study reveal that the newly designed derivatives displayed the most robust binding affinities towards PBP2, tyrosine phosphatase, and FtsZ proteins. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations underscored the notable stability of these derivatives when engaged with the FtsZ protein, as evidenced by root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), and solvent-accessible surface area (SASA). Importantly, this observation aligns with expectations, considering that griseofulvin primarily targets microtubules in eukaryotic cells, and FtsZ functions as the prokaryotic counterpart to microtubules. These findings collectively suggest the promising potential of griseofulvin and its designed derivatives as effective antibacterial agents, particularly concerning their interaction with the FtsZ protein. This research contributes to the ongoing exploration of novel antibiotics and may serve as a foundation for future drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Aris
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, P.O. Box 450, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Masoud Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 71961, Iran; (M.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maaroof Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 71961, Iran; (M.M.); (M.Z.)
- Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Center, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 71961, Iran
| | - Xuhua Xia
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, P.O. Box 450, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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9
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Lucon-Xiccato T, Savaşçı BB, Merola C, Benedetti E, Caioni G, Aliko V, Bertolucci C, Perugini M. Environmentally relevant concentrations of triclocarban affect behaviour, learning, and brain gene expression in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166717. [PMID: 37657536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals spilled in aquatic ecosystems can interfere with cognitive abilities and brain functions that control fitness-related behaviour. Hence, their harmful potential may be substantially underestimated. Triclocarban (TCC), one of the most common aquatic contaminants, is known to disrupt hormonal activity, but the consequences of this action on behaviour and its underlying cognitive mechanisms are unclear. We tried to fill this knowledge gap by analysing behaviour, cognitive abilities, and brain gene expression in zebrafish larvae exposed to TCC sublethal concentrations. TCC exposure substantially decreased exploratory behaviour and response to stimulation, while it increased sociability. Additionally, TCC reduced the cognitive performance of zebrafish in a habituation learning task. In the brain of TCC-exposed zebrafish, we found upregulation of c-fos, a gene involved in neural activity, and downregulation of bdnf, a gene that influences behavioural and cognitive traits such as activity, learning, and memory. Overall, our experiments highlight consistent effects of non-lethal TCC concentrations on behaviour, cognitive abilities, and brain functioning in a teleost fish, suggesting critical fitness consequences of these compounds in aquatic ecosystems as well as the potential to affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Beste Başak Savaşçı
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmine Merola
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valbona Aliko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monia Perugini
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Caviedes-Rubio DI, Ortiz CP, Martinez F, Delgado DR. Thermodynamic Assessment of Triclocarban Dissolution Process in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone + Water Cosolvent Mixtures. Molecules 2023; 28:7216. [PMID: 37894697 PMCID: PMC10609577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Solubility is one of the most important physicochemical properties due to its involvement in physiological (bioavailability), industrial (design) and environmental (biotoxicity) processes, and in this regard, cosolvency is one of the best strategies to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous systems. Thus, the aim of this research is to thermodynamically evaluate the dissolution process of triclocarban (TCC) in cosolvent mixtures of {N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) + water (W)} at seven temperatures (288.15, 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K). Solubility is determined by UV/vis spectrophotometry using the flask-shaking method. The dissolution process of the TCC is endothermic and strongly dependent on the cosolvent composition, achieving the minimum solubility in pure water and the maximum solubility in NMP. The activity coefficient decreases from pure water to NMP, reaching values less than one, demonstrating the excellent positive cosolvent effect of NMP, which is corroborated by the negative values of the Gibbs energy of transfer. In general terms, the dissolution process is endothermic, and the increase in TCC solubility may be due to the affinity of TCC with NMP, in addition to the water de-structuring capacity of NMP generating a higher number of free water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ivan Caviedes-Rubio
- Programa de Ingeniería Civil, Grupo de Investigación de Ingenierías UCC-Neiva, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Neiva, Calle 11 No. 1-51, Neiva 410001, Colombia;
| | - Claudia Patricia Ortiz
- Programa de Administración en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, Grupo de Investigación en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios-UNIMINUTO, Neiva 410001, Colombia;
| | - Fleming Martinez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Farmacéutico-Fisicoquímicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá 110321, Colombia;
| | - Daniel Ricardo Delgado
- Programa de Ingeniería Civil, Grupo de Investigación de Ingenierías UCC-Neiva, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Neiva, Calle 11 No. 1-51, Neiva 410001, Colombia;
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11
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Peng T, Xu C, Yang B, Gu FL, Ying GG. Kinetics and mechanism of triclocarban degradation by the chlorination process: Theoretical calculation and experimental verification. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139551. [PMID: 37467851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent commonly used in many household and personal care products, and has been found persistent in the aquatic environment. Here we elucidate the kinetics and mechanism of TCC degradation during chlorination process by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental verification. Results showed that hypochlorous acid (HOCl)/hypochlorite (OCl-) reacted with TCC via Cl-substitution, OH-substitution and C-N bond cleavage pathways. The reactivity of OCl- (2.80 × 10-7 M-1 s-1) with TCC was extremely low and HOCl (1.96 M-1 s-1) played the dominant role in TCC chlorination process. The N site of TCC was the most reactive site for chlorination. The second-order rate constants, which are determined using density functional theory (DFT) (kTCC-chlorineC, 1.96 M-1 s-1), can be separated into reaction rate constants related to the reactions of HOCl and OCl- with different isomers of TCC (TCC2 and TCC6). The obtained kTCC-chlorineC was consistent with the experimental determined second-order rate constant (kTCC-chlorineE, 3.70 M-1 s-1) in chlorination process. Eight transformation products (TP348, TP382, TP127, TP161, TP195, TP330, TP204, and TP296) were experimentally detected for chlorination of TCC, which could also be predicted by DFT calculation. Explicit water molecules participated in the chlorination reaction by transmitting the proton and connecting with TCC, HOCl/OCl- and other H2O molecules, and obviously reduced the energy barrier of chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Xu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Feng-Long Gu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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12
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Costa RC, Borges GA, Dini C, Bertolini M, Souza JGS, Mesquita MF, Barão VAR. Clinical efficacy of triclosan-containing toothpaste in peri-implant health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00508-5. [PMID: 37723004 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Recent evidence suggests that toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan (TCS) is more effective than regular toothpaste in improving clinical periodontal conditions. However, a consensus on whether TCS favors a healthy peri-implant environment is limited. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials was to determine the effects of TCS-containing toothpaste on dental implant health based on clinical, immunological, and microbiological parameters, as well as on reported adverse events. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical studies comparing peri-implant conditions in participants by using TCS toothpaste versus conventional fluoride toothpaste (control) were extracted from 9 databases. The studies were assessed with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized clinical trials (RoB 2). Datasets for bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), osteo-immunoinflammatory mediators, and bacterial load were plotted, and the standard mean difference (SMD) quantitative analysis was applied by using the Rev Man 5.3 software program. Adverse effects reported by the studies were also tabulated. The certainty of evidence was assessed by using the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation approach. RESULTS Six studies were included in the meta-analyses. BOP was higher in the control group than in the TCS toothpaste group at 3 months (SMD -0.59 [-1.11, -.07] P=.002, I2=77%) and 6 months (SMD -0.59 [-0.83, -0.34] P=.009, I2=79%). PD (SMD -0.04 [-0.08, -0.00] P=.04, I2=0%) was also deeper in the control group versus TCS toothpaste at 6 months (SMD -0.41 [-0.73, -0.10] P=.04, I2=77%). CAL, GI, and PI did not differ between groups (P>.05). Among the osteo-immunoinflammatory mediators, IL-10 levels increased, and IL-1β and osteoprotegerin levels decreased in the TCS toothpaste group (P<.05). Microbiological findings found that TCS toothpaste prevented the growth of periodontal pathogens, specifically in up to approximately 20% of the Prevotella intermedia. Adverse effects were not reported after toothbrushing in either group. However, most studies had "some" or "high" risk of bias, and the certainty of the evidence was considered to be "very low." CONCLUSIONS Most studies were short-term (3 and 6 months) analyses, and the results found that, although TCS-containing toothpaste had positive osteo-immunoinflammatory and microbiologic results, clinical parameters, including CAL, GI, and PI, were not influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Cavalcante Costa
- PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Almeida Borges
- PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dini
- PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Joāo Gabriel S Souza
- Professor, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University (UnG), Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ferraz Mesquita
- Full Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Valentim Adelino Ricardo Barão
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil..
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13
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Li X, Wang W, Wang X, Wang H. Differential immunotoxicity effects of triclosan and triclocarban on larval zebrafish based on RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 262:106665. [PMID: 37611455 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrated that sublethal-dose exposure to triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) triggered larval zebrafish immunotoxicity. Acute exposure to TCS induced significant increases in larval neutrophils and macrophages and a prominent decrease in thymic T cells. In contrast, three kinds of cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and thymic T cells) were significantly reduced under TCC exposure, suggesting that both TCS and TCC suppress thymus development and mature T-cell differentiation. TCC was confirmed to have more severe immunotoxicity than TCS. Using Illumina RNA-Seq, 581 and 738 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the TCS and TCC treatments, respectively. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were not identical in terms of biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions, but were primarily involved in immune response. KEGG analysis showed that approximately 47% and 11% of DEGs were mainly enriched in the immune system of the TCC and TCS treatments, respectively. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis confirmed that the hub genes enriched in the immune-related pathways differed between TCS and TCC exposure. The hub genes were fynb, mapk12b, scarb1, pik3r2, prkg3, srfa, arhgef2, cldn15la, and cldn15lb in the TCS treatment, and plg, serping1, masp2, fgg, vtnb, mmp9, serpine1, il1b, sb:cb37 and stat3 in the TCC treatment. Molecular docking simulation demonstrated that both TCS and TCC were stably docked with their target hub genes, and that their target molecules for inducing immunotoxicity were different. The differential target molecules and action pathways induced by TCS and TCC exposure provide us with diagnostic targets and toxicological endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Huili Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
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14
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Catalano A, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Pellegrino M, Giuzio F, Marra M, Rosano C, Saturnino C, Sinicropi MS, Aquaro S. Antibiotic-Resistant ESKAPE Pathogens and COVID-19: The Pandemic beyond the Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:1843. [PMID: 37766250 PMCID: PMC10537211 DOI: 10.3390/v15091843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is a renewed public health plague in modern times, and the COVID-19 pandemic has rekindled this problem. Changes in antibiotic prescribing behavior, misinformation, financial hardship, environmental impact, and governance gaps have generally enhanced the misuse and improper access to antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic. These determinants, intersected with antibacterial resistance in the current pandemic, may amplify the potential for a future antibacterial resistance pandemic. The occurrence of infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), difficult-to-treat drug-resistant (DTR), carbapenem-resistant (CR), and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) bacteria is still increasing. The aim of this review is to highlight the state of the art of antibacterial resistance worldwide, focusing on the most important pathogens, namely Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and their resistance to the most common antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Federica Giuzio
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria Marra
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Camillo Rosano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (F.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
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15
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Hawkins C, Foster G, Glaberman S. Chemical prioritization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in an urban tributary of the Potomac River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163514. [PMID: 37068687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are incredibly diverse in terms of chemical structures, physicochemical properties, and modes of action, making their environmental impacts challenging to assess. New chemical prioritization methodologies have emerged that compare contaminant monitoring concentrations to multiple toxicity data sources, including whole organism and high-throughput data, to develop a list of "high priority" chemicals requiring further study. We applied such an approach to assess PPCPs in Hunting Creek, an urban tributary of the Potomac River near Washington, DC, which has experienced extensive human population growth. We estimated potential risks of 99 PPCPs from surface water and sediment collected upstream and downstream of a major wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), nearby combined sewer overflows (CSO), and in the adjacent Potomac River. The greatest potential risks to the aquatic ecosystem occurred near WWTP and CSO outfalls, but risk levels rapidly dropped below thresholds of concern - established by previous chemical prioritization studies - in the Potomac mainstem. These results suggest that urban tributaries, rather than larger rivers, are important to monitor because their lower or intermittent flow may not adequately dilute contaminants of concern. Common psychotropics, such as fluoxetine and venlafaxine, presented the highest potential risks, with toxicity quotients often > 10 in surface water and > 1000 in sediment, indicating the need for further field studies. Several ubiquitous chemicals such as caffeine and carbamazepine also exceeded thresholds of concern throughout our study area and point to specific neurotoxic and endocrine modes of action that warrant further investigation. Since many "high priority" chemicals in our analysis have also triggered concerns in other areas around the world, better coordination is needed among environmental monitoring programs to improve global chemical prioritization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Hawkins
- George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Gregory Foster
- George Mason University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Scott Glaberman
- George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Fairfax, VA, USA.
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16
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Wang H, Li X, Wang W, Xu J, Ai W, Huang H, Wang X. Immunotoxicity induced by triclocarban exposure in zebrafish triggering the risk of pancreatic cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121458. [PMID: 36934961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Owing to frequent application as a broad-spectrum bactericide, triclocarban (TCC) exposure has raised great concern for aquatic organisms and human health. Herein, based on transcriptome sequencing data analysis of zebrafish, we confirmed that TCC induced oxidative stress and dysimmunity through transcriptional regulation of the related genes. With aid of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) assembler database, 52 common differentially expressed genes, whose functions were related to immunity, were screened out by virtue of the meta-analysis of pancreatic cancer sample data and differential transcription profiles from TCC-exposed larvae. Acute TCC exposure affected formation of the innate immune cells, delayed mature thymic T-cell development, reduced immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels and promoted excessive release of the pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β and tnfα). Under TCC exposure, the expressions of the genes associated with immune cell abundance in pancreatic cancer were significantly down-regulated, while the levels of ROS were prominently increased in concomitant with suppressed antioxidant activity. Moreover, a series of marker genes (pi3k, nrf2, keap1, ho-1 and nqo1) in the PI3K/Nrf2 antioxidant-stress pathway were abnormally expressed under TCC exposure. Interestingly, vitamin C decreased the malformation and increased the survival rate of 120-hpf larvae and effectively alleviated TCC-induced oxidative stress and immune responses. Overall, TCC exposure induced immunotoxicity and increased the risk of pancreatic cancer by inhibiting the antioxidant capacity of the PI3K/Nrf2 signal pathway. These observations enrich our in-depth understanding of the effects of TCC on early embryonic-larval development and immune damage in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Weiming Ai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Haishan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
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17
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Caioni G, Merola C, Bertolucci C, Lucon-Xiccato T, Savaşçı BB, Massimi M, Colasante M, Fioravanti G, Cacciola NA, Ippoliti R, d'Angelo M, Perugini M, Benedetti E. Early-life exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclocarban impairs ocular development in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138348. [PMID: 36898440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), is an antimicrobial component in personal care products and it is one of the emerging contaminants since it has been detected in various environmental matrices. Its presence in human cord blood, breast milk, and maternal urine raised issues about its possible impact on development and increased concerns about the safety of daily exposure. This study aims to provide additional information about the effects of zebrafish early-life exposure to TCC on eye development and visual function. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to two concentrations of TCC (5 and 50 μg/L) for 4 days. TCC-mediated toxicity was assessed in larvae at the end of exposure and in the long term (20 days post fertilization; dpf), through different biological end-points. The experiments showed that TCC exposure influences the retinal architecture. In 4 dpf treated larvae, we found a less organized ciliary marginal zone, a decrease in the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers, and a decrease in the retinal ganglion cell layer. Photoreceptor and inner plexiform layers showed an increase in 20 dpf larvae at lower and both concentrations, respectively. The expression levels of two genes involved in eye development (mitfb and pax6a) were both decreased at the concentration of 5 μg/L in 4 dpf larvae, and an increase in mitfb was observed in 5 μg/L-exposed 20 dpf larvae. Interestingly, 20 dpf larvae failed to discriminate between visual stimuli, demonstrating notable visual perception impairments due to compound. The results prompt us to hypothesize that early-life exposure to TCC may have severe and potentially long-term effect on zebrafish visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Carmine Merola
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Beste Başak Savaşçı
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mara Massimi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Martina Colasante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giulia Fioravanti
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Antonio Cacciola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Monia Perugini
- Department of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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18
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Caioni G, Benedetti E, Perugini M, Amorena M, Merola C. Personal Care Products as a Contributing Factor to Antimicrobial Resistance: Current State and Novel Approach to Investigation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040724. [PMID: 37107085 PMCID: PMC10135053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the world's industrialized nations' biggest issues. It has a significant influence on the ecosystem and negatively affects human health. The overuse of antibiotics in the healthcare and agri-food industries has historically been defined as a leading factor, although the use of antimicrobial-containing personal care products plays a significant role in the spread of AMR. Lotions, creams, shampoos, soaps, shower gels, toothpaste, fragrances, and other items are used for everyday grooming and hygiene. However, in addition to the primary ingredients, additives are included to help preserve the product by lowering its microbial load and provide disinfection properties. These same substances are released into the environment, escaping traditional wastewater treatment methods and remaining in ecosystems where they contact microbial communities and promote the spread of resistance. The study of antimicrobial compounds, which are often solely researched from a toxicological point of view, must be resumed considering the recent discoveries, to highlight their contribution to AMR. Parabens, triclocarban, and triclosan are among the most worrying chemicals. To investigate this issue, more effective models must be chosen. Among them, zebrafish is a crucial study system because it allows for the assessment of both the risks associated with exposure to these substances as well as environmental monitoring. Furthermore, artificial intelligence-based computer systems are useful in simplifying the handling of antibiotic resistance data and speeding up drug discovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Monia Perugini
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Amorena
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmine Merola
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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19
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Zhang Y, He L, Yang Y, Cao J, Su Z, Zhang B, Guo H, Wang Z, Zhang P, Xie J, Li J, Ye J, Zha Z, Yu H, Hong A, Chen X. Triclocarban triggers osteoarthritis via DNMT1-mediated epigenetic modification and suppression of COL2A in cartilage tissues. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130747. [PMID: 36680903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is a widely used environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Articular injury of EDCs has been reported; however, whether and how TCCs damage the joint have not yet been determined. Herein, we revealed that exposure to TCC caused osteoarthritis (OA) within the zebrafish anal fin. Mechanistically, TCC stimulates the expression of DNMT1 and initiates DNA hypermethylation of the type II collagen coding gene, which further suppresses the expression of type II collagen and other extracellular matrices. This further results in decreased cartilage tissue and narrowing of the intraarticular space, which is typical of the pathogenesis of OA. The regulation of OA occurrence by TCC is conserved between zebrafish cartilage tissue and human chondrocytes. Our findings clarified the hazard and potential mechanisms of TCC towards articular health and highlighted DNMT1 as a potential therapeutic target for OA caused by TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liu He
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yiqi Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jieqiong Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zijian Su
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bihui Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huiying Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peiguang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junye Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jieruo Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jinshao Ye
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhengang Zha
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hengyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - An Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China..
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China..
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20
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Sfameni S, Rando G, Plutino MR. Sustainable Secondary-Raw Materials, Natural Substances and Eco-Friendly Nanomaterial-Based Approaches for Improved Surface Performances: An Overview of What They Are and How They Work. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065472. [PMID: 36982545 PMCID: PMC10049648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet modern society’s requirements for sustainability and environmental protection, innovative and smart surface coatings are continually being developed to improve or impart surface functional qualities and protective features. These needs regard numerous different sectors, such as cultural heritage, building, naval, automotive, environmental remediation and textiles. In this regard, researchers and nanotechnology are therefore mostly devoted to the development of new and smart nanostructured finishings and coatings featuring different implemented properties, such as anti-vegetative or antibacterial, hydrophobic, anti-stain, fire retardant, controlled release of drugs, detection of molecules and mechanical resistance. A variety of chemical synthesis techniques are usually employed to obtain novel nanostructured materials based on the use of an appropriate polymeric matrix in combination with either functional doping molecules or blended polymers, as well as multicomponent functional precursors and nanofillers. Further efforts are being made, as described in this review, to carry out green and eco-friendly synthetic protocols, such as sol–gel synthesis, starting from bio-based, natural or waste substances, in order to produce more sustainable (multi)functional hybrid or nanocomposite coatings, with a focus on their life cycle in accordance with the circular economy principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sfameni
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN—CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Rando
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN—CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Plutino
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN—CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0906765713
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21
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Ding ZM, Wang SK, Zhang SX, Chen YW, Wang YS, Yang SJ, Cao YX, Miao YL, Huo LJ. Acute exposure of triclocarban affects early embryo development in mouse through disrupting maternal-to-zygotic transition and epigenetic modifications. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114572. [PMID: 36706524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent used globally, and high concentrations of this harmful chemical exist in the environment. The human body is directly exposed to TCC through skin contact. Moreover, TCC is also absorbed through diet and inhaled through breathing, which results in its accumulation in the body. The safety profile of TCC and its potential impact on human health are still not completely clear; therefore, it becomes imperative to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of TCC. Here, we explored the effect of TCC on the early embryonic development of mice and its associated mechanisms. We found that acute exposure of TCC affected the early embryonic development of mice in a dose-dependent manner. Approximately 7600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by sequencing the transcriptome of 2-cell mouse embryos; of these, 3157 genes were upregulated and 4443 genes were downregulated in the TCC-treated embryos. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that the enriched genes were mainly involved in redox processes, RNA synthesis, DNA damage, apoptosis, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, peroxisome, RNA polymerase, and other components or processes. Moreover, the Venn analysis showed that the zygotic genome activation (ZGA) was affected and the degradation of maternal effector genes was inhibited. TCC induced changes in the epigenetic modification of 2-cell embryos. The level of DNA methylation increased significantly. Further, the levels of H3K27ac, H3K9ac, and H3K27me3 histone modifications decreased significantly, whereas those of H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 modifications increased significantly. Additionally, TCC induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in the 2-cell embryos. In conclusion, acute exposure of TCC affected early embryo development, destroyed early embryo gene expression, interfered with ZGA and maternal gene degradation, induced changes in epigenetic modification of early embryos, and led to oxidative stress and DNA damage in mouse early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Shang-Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261000, China
| | - Shou-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Biochip Laboratory, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Yang-Wu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheng-Ji Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China; Biochip Laboratory, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; . Hubei Province's Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yun-Xia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Ministry of China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; . Hubei Province's Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding & Products, Wuhan 430070, China.
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22
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Diarylureas: New Promising Small Molecules against Streptococcus mutans for the Treatment of Dental Caries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010112. [PMID: 36671313 PMCID: PMC9855158 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated disease that represents a worldwide oral health issue. Streptococcus mutans has been ascertained as the main cariogenic pathogen responsible for human dental caries, with a high ability to form biofilms, regulated by the quorum sensing. Diarylureas represent a class of organic compounds that show numerous biological activities, including the antimicrobial one. Two small molecules belonging to this class, specifically to diphenylureas, BPU (1,3-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea) and DMTU (1,3-di-m-tolyl-urea), showed interesting results in studies regarding the antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic bacterium S. mutans. Since there are not many antimicrobials used for the prevention and treatment of caries, further studies on these two interesting compounds and other diarylureas against S. mutans may be useful to design new effective agents for the treatment of caries with generally low cytotoxicity.
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23
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Rajimon K, Elangovan N, Amir Khairbek A, Thomas R. Schiff bases from chlorine substituted anilines and salicylaldehyde: Synthesis, characterization, fluorescence, thermal features, biological studies and electronic structure investigations. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Song Y, Zhang C, Lei H, Qin M, Chen G, Wu F, Chen C, Cao Z, Zhang C, Wu M, Chen X, Zhang L. Characterization of triclosan-induced hepatotoxicity and triclocarban-triggered enterotoxicity in mice by multiple omics screening. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156570. [PMID: 35690209 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether, TCS) and triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichloro-carbanilide, TCC) are two antimicrobial agents commonly used for personal care products. Previous studies primarily focused on respective harmful effects of TCS and TCC. In terms of their structural similarities and differences, however, the structure-toxicity relationships on health effects of TCS and TCC exposure remain unclear. Herein, global 1H NMR-based metabolomics was employed to screen the changes of metabolic profiling in various biological matrices including liver, serum, urine, feces and intestine of mice exposed to TCS and TCC at chronic and acute dosages. Metagenomics was also applied to analyze the gut microbiota modulation by TCS and TCC exposure. Targeted MS-based metabolites quantification, histopathological examination and biological assays were subsequently conducted to supply confirmatory information on respective toxicity of TCS and TCC. We found that oral administration of TCS mainly induced significant liver injuries accompanied with inflammation and dysfunction, hepatic steatosis fatty acids and bile acids metabolism disorders; while TCC exposure caused marked intestine injuries leading to striking disruption of colonic morphology, inflammatory status and intestinal barrier integrity, intestinal bile acids metabolism and microbial community. These comparative results provide novel insights into structure-dependent mechanisms of TCS-induced hepatotoxicity and TCC-triggered enterotoxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Cui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Hehua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Mengyu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Gui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ce Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mengjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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25
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Catalano A, Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Mariconda A, Scali E, Bonomo MG, Saturnino C, Longo P, Aquaro S, Sinicropi MS. Thidiazuron: New Trends and Future Perspectives to Fight Xylella fastidiosa in Olive Trees. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:947. [PMID: 35884201 PMCID: PMC9312276 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
These days, most of our attention has been focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, and we have often neglected what is happening in the environment. For instance, the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa re-emerged as a plant pathogen of global importance in 2013 when it was first associated with an olive tree disease epidemic in Italy, called Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS), specifically caused by X. fastidiosa subspecies pauca ST53, which affects the Salento olive trees (Apulia, South-East Italy). This bacterium, transmitted by the insect Philaenus spumarius, is negatively reshaping the Salento landscape and has had a very high impact in the production of olives, leading to an increase of olive oil prices, thus new studies to curb this bacterium are urgently needed. Thidiazuron (TDZ), a diphenylurea (N-phenyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl urea), has gained considerable attention in recent decades due to its efficient role in plant cell and tissue culture, being the most suitable growth regulator for rapid and effective plant production in vitro. Its biological activity against bacteria, fungi and biofilms has also been described, and the use of this low-cost compound to fight OQDS may be an intriguing idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.A.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.A.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Scali
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Bonomo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (M.G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.A.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.A.); (M.S.S.)
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New Achievements for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12115554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are often aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. The development of new TNBC treatment strategies has become an urgent clinical need. Diagnosis and subtyping of TNBC are essential to establish alternative treatments and targeted therapies for every TNBC patient. Chemotherapy, particularly with anthracycline and taxanes, remains the backbone for medical management for both early and metastatic TNBC. More recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy have revolutionized cancer treatment. Included in the different strategies studied for TNBC treatment is drug repurposing. Despite the numerous medications available, numerous studies in medicinal chemistry are still aimed at the synthesis of new compounds in order to find new antiproliferative agents capable of treating TNBC. Additionally, some supplemental micronutrients, nutraceuticals and functional foods can potentially reduce the risk of developing cancer or can retard the rate of growth and metastases of established malignant diseases. Finally, nanotechnology in medicine, termed nanomedicines, introduces nanoparticles of variable chemistry and architecture for cancer treatment. This review highlights the most recent studies in search of new therapies for the treatment of TNBC, along with nutraceuticals and repositioning of drugs.
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Sinicropi MS, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Catalano A, Mariconda A, Pellegrino M, Saturnino C, Longo P, Aquaro S. Triclosan: A Small Molecule with Controversial Roles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:735. [PMID: 35740142 PMCID: PMC9220381 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, has been widely used in personal care products, medical products, plastic cutting boards, and food storage containers. Colgate Total® toothpaste, containing 10 mM TCS, is effective in controlling biofilm formation and maintaining gingival health. Given its broad usage, TCS is present ubiquitously in the environment. Given its strong lipophilicity and accumulation ability in organisms, it is potentially harmful to biohealth. Several reports suggest the toxicity of this compound, which is inserted in the class of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In September 2016, TCS was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union in soap products. Despite these problems, its application in personal care products within certain limits is still allowed. Today, it is still unclear whether TCS is truly toxic to mammals and the adverse effects of continuous, long-term, and low concentration exposure remain unknown. Indeed, some recent reports suggest the use of TCS as a repositioned drug for cancer treatment and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this scenario it is necessary to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of TCS, to understand whether its use is advisable or not. This review intends to highlight the pros and cons that are associated with the use of TCS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.S.S.); (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (S.A.)
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Zha L, Xie Y, Wu C, Lei M, Lu X, Tang W, Zhang J. Novel benzothiazole‒urea hybrids: Design, synthesis and biological activity as potent anti-bacterial agents against MRSA. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 236:114333. [PMID: 35397402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel benzothiazole‒urea hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated their anti-bacterial activity. They only exhibited anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), compounds 5f, 5i, 8e, 8k and 8l exhibited potent activity (MIC = 0.39 and 0.39/0.78 μM against SA and MRSA, respectively). Crystal violet assay showed that compounds 5f, 8e and 8l not only inhibited the formation of biofilms but also eradicated preformed biofilms. Compound 8l had membrane disruption, little propensity to induce resistance, benign safety and in vivo anti-MRSA efficacy in a mouse model of abdominal infection. Therefore, our data demonstrated the potential to advance benzothiazole‒urea hybrids as a new class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yunfeng Xie
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Chengyao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ming Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xueer Lu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China.
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29
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Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Catalano A, Saturnino C, Pellegrino M, Mariconda A, Longo P, Sinicropi MS, Aquaro S. COVID-19 at a Glance: An Up-to-Date Overview on Variants, Drug Design and Therapies. Viruses 2022; 14:573. [PMID: 35336980 PMCID: PMC8950852 DOI: 10.3390/v14030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the Coronavirus family which caused the worldwide pandemic of human respiratory illness coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Presumably emerging at the end of 2019, it poses a severe threat to public health and safety, with a high incidence of transmission, predominately through aerosols and/or direct contact with infected surfaces. In 2020, the search for vaccines began, leading to the obtaining of, to date, about twenty COVID-19 vaccines approved for use in at least one country. However, COVID-19 continues to spread and new genetic mutations and variants have been discovered, requiring pharmacological treatments. The most common therapies for COVID-19 are represented by antiviral and antimalarial agents, antibiotics, immunomodulators, angiotensin II receptor blockers, bradykinin B2 receptor antagonists and corticosteroids. In addition, nutraceuticals, vitamins D and C, omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics are under study. Finally, drug repositioning, which concerns the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic target indications, has been widely proposed in the literature for COVID-19 therapies. Considering the importance of this ongoing global public health emergency, this review aims to offer a synthetic up-to-date overview regarding diagnoses, variants and vaccines for COVID-19, with particular attention paid to the adopted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Annaluisa Mariconda
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (C.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Pasquale Longo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.P.); (M.S.S.); (S.A.)
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Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Catalano A, Cirillo F, Lappano R, Sinicropi MS. A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff Bases: Data Collection and Recent Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:191. [PMID: 35203793 PMCID: PMC8868340 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schiff bases (SBs) have extensive applications in different fields such as analytical, inorganic and organic chemistry. They are used as dyes, catalysts, polymer stabilizers, luminescence chemosensors, catalyzers in the fixation of CO2 biolubricant additives and have been suggested for solar energy applications as well. Further, a wide range of pharmacological and biological applications, such as antimalarial, antiproliferative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antipyretic, antibacterial and antifungal uses, emphasize the need for SB synthesis. Several SBs conjugated with chitosan have been studied in order to enhance the antibacterial activity of chitosan. Moreover, the use of the nanoparticles of SBs may improve their antimicrobial effects. Herein, we provide an analytical overview of the antibacterial and antifungal properties of SBs and chitosan-based SBs as well as SBs-functionalized nanoparticles. The most relevant and recent literature was reviewed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (F.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (F.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (F.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (F.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (J.C.); (D.I.); (F.C.); (R.L.); (M.S.S.)
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31
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Merola C, Vremere A, Fanti F, Iannetta A, Caioni G, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Lorenzetti S, Perugini M, Amorena M. Oxysterols Profile in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Triclocarban and Propylparaben-A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031264. [PMID: 35162288 PMCID: PMC8834710 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols have long been considered as simple by-products of cholesterol metabolism, but they are now fully designed as bioactive lipids that exert their multiple effects through their binding to several receptors, representing endogenous mediators potentially involved in several metabolic diseases. There is also a growing concern that metabolic disorders may be linked with exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). To date, there are no studies aimed to link EDCs exposure to oxysterols perturbation-neither in vivo nor in vitro studies. The present research aimed to evaluate the differences in oxysterols levels following exposure to two metabolism disrupting chemicals (propylparaben (PP) and triclocarban (TCC)) in the zebrafish model using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Following exposure to PP and TCC, there were no significant changes in total and individual oxysterols compared with the control group; however, some interesting differences were noticed: 24-OH was detected only in treated zebrafish embryos, as well as the concentrations of 27-OH, which followed a different distribution, with an increase in TCC treated embryos and a reduction in zebrafish embryos exposed to PP at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf). The results of the present study prompt the hypothesis that EDCs can modulate the oxysterol profile in the zebrafish model and that these variations could be potentially involved in the toxicity mechanism of these emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Merola
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.M.); (A.V.); (F.F.); (A.I.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Anton Vremere
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.M.); (A.V.); (F.F.); (A.I.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (M.A.)
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità—ISS, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federico Fanti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.M.); (A.V.); (F.F.); (A.I.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Annamaria Iannetta
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.M.); (A.V.); (F.F.); (A.I.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Giulia Caioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.M.); (A.V.); (F.F.); (A.I.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.M.); (A.V.); (F.F.); (A.I.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità—ISS, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Monia Perugini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.M.); (A.V.); (F.F.); (A.I.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michele Amorena
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.M.); (A.V.); (F.F.); (A.I.); (M.S.); (D.C.); (M.A.)
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Catalano A. Diarylurea: A Privileged Scaffold in Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Development. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4302-4306. [PMID: 35021967 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220111121251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
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Chen HC, Chang JW, Sun YC, Chang WT, Huang PC. Determination of Parabens, Bisphenol A and Its Analogs, Triclosan, and Benzophenone-3 Levels in Human Urine by Isotope-Dilution-UPLC-MS/MS Method Followed by Supported Liquid Extraction. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10010021. [PMID: 35051063 PMCID: PMC8781104 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of a rapid analytical approach for determining levels of antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in biosamples is crucial for individual exposure assessment. We developed an analytical method to determine the levels of four parabens—bisphenols A (BPA) and its analogs, triclosan (TCS), triclocarban, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3)—in human urine. We further measured the levels of these chemicals in children and adolescents. We used a supported liquid extraction (SLE) technique coupled with an isotope-dilution ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-UPLC-MS/MS) method to assess the detection performance for these chemicals. Forty-one urine samples from 13 children and 28 adolescents were assessed to demonstrate the capability and feasibility of our method. An acceptable recovery (75.6–102.4%) and matrix effect (precision < 14.2%) in the three-level spiked artificial urine samples were achieved, and good performance of the validated ID-UPLC-MS/MS method regarding linearity, limits of detection, and quantitation was achieved. The within-run and between-run accuracy and precision also demonstrated the sensitivity and stability of this analytical method, applied after SLE. We concluded that the ID-UPLC-MS/MS method with SLE pretreatment is a valuable analytical method for the investigation of urinary antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in humans, useful for human biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chang Chen
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan (R.O.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Jung-Wei Chang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan (R.O.C.);
| | - Yi-Chen Sun
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan (R.O.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.S.)
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan (R.O.C.);
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan (R.O.C.);
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40678, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 360302, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Maio ACD, Basile G, Iacopetta D, Catalano A, Ceramella J, Cafaro D, Saturnino C, Sinicropi MS. The significant role of nutraceutical compounds in ulcerative colitis treatment. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:4216-4234. [PMID: 34961429 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211227121321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly affecting the colon and the rectum. Its main characters are represented by relapsing and remitting mucosal inflammation, starting in the rectum and typically extending continuously proximally through part or the entire colon. UC pathogenesis depends on multiple factors, such as genetic predisposition, defects in the epithelial barrier, dysregulated immune responses, and environmental causes. The most frequent symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, mucus discharge, bloody diarrhoea, incontinence, nocturnal defecations, fever, and anemia. Existing therapies for UC include 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and its derivatives, steroids, immunosuppressants and biological drugs. However, limited efficacy and unwanted adverse effects hardly limit these strategies of treatment. In the last decades, research studies have been driven towards complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of UC. Various nutraceuticals have exhibited promising results in modulating intestinal inflammation meanwhile improving symptoms. These compounds possess a wide spectrum of positive health effects evidenced by in vitro studies, characterized by their involvement in antioxidant defenses, cell proliferation, and gene expression. The present review analyzes the available data about the different types of nutraceuticals and their potential effectiveness as adjuvant therapy of IBD, with particular emphasis to UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Chiara De Maio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Giovanna Basile
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Danilo Cafaro
- Proctology Surgery, Tropea Hospital, Vibo Valentia, Italy
| | - Carmela Saturnino
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Prenatal Exposure to Triclocarban Impairs ESR1 Signaling and Disrupts Epigenetic Status in Sex-Specific Ways as Well as Dysregulates the Expression of Neurogenesis- and Neurotransmitter-Related Genes in the Postnatal Mouse Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313121. [PMID: 34884933 PMCID: PMC8658534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban is a highly effective and broadly used antimicrobial agent. Humans are continually exposed to triclocarban, but the safety of prenatal exposure to triclocarban in the context of neurodevelopment remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that mice that had been prenatally exposed to environmentally relevant doses of triclocarban had impaired estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) signaling in the brain. These mice displayed decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of ESR1 as well as hypermethylation of the Esr1 gene in the cerebral cortex. Prenatal exposure to triclocarban also diminished the mRNA expression of Esr2, Gper1, Ahr, Arnt, Cyp19a1, Cyp1a1, and Atg7, and the protein levels of CAR, ARNT, and MAP1LC3AB in female brains and decreased the protein levels of BCL2, ARNT, and MAP1LC3AB in male brains. In addition, exposure to triclocarban caused sex-specific alterations in the methylation levels of global DNA and estrogen receptor genes. Microarray and enrichment analyses showed that, in males, triclocarban dysregulated mainly neurogenesis-related genes, whereas, in females, the compound dysregulated mainly neurotransmitter-related genes. In conclusion, our data identified triclocarban as a neurodevelopmental risk factor that particularly targets ESR1, affects apoptosis and autophagy, and in sex-specific ways disrupts the epigenetic status of brain tissue and dysregulates the postnatal expression of neurogenesis- and neurotransmitter-related genes.
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Berkes C, Franco J, Lawson M, Brann K, Mermelstein J, Laverty D, Connors A. Kinase Inhibitor Library Screening Identifies the Cancer Therapeutic Sorafenib and Structurally Similar Compounds as Strong Inhibitors of the Fungal Pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101223. [PMID: 34680804 PMCID: PMC8532743 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungal pathogen endemic to the midwestern and southern United States. It causes mycoses ranging from subclinical respiratory infections to severe systemic disease, and is of particular concern for immunocompromised patients in endemic areas. Clinical management of histoplasmosis relies on protracted regimens of antifungal drugs whose effectiveness can be limited by toxicity. In this study, we hypothesize that conserved biochemical signaling pathways in the eukaryotic domain can be leveraged to repurpose kinase inhibitors as antifungal compounds. We conducted a screen of two kinase inhibitor libraries to identify compounds inhibiting the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum in the pathogenic yeast form. Our approach identified seven compounds with an elongated hydrophobic polyaromatic structure, five of which share a molecular motif including a urea unit linking a halogenated benzene ring and a para-substituted polyaromatic group. The top hits include the cancer therapeutic Sorafenib, which inhibits growth of Histoplasma in vitro and in a macrophage infection model with low host cell cytotoxicity. Our results reveal the possibility of repurposing Sorafenib or derivatives thereof as therapy for histoplasmosis, and suggest that repurposing of libraries developed for human cellular targets may be a fruitful source of antifungal discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Berkes
- Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA; (M.L.); (K.B.); (J.M.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jimmy Franco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA; (J.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Maxx Lawson
- Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA; (M.L.); (K.B.); (J.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Katelynn Brann
- Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA; (M.L.); (K.B.); (J.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Jessica Mermelstein
- Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA; (M.L.); (K.B.); (J.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Daniel Laverty
- Department of Biology, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA; (M.L.); (K.B.); (J.M.); (D.L.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA; (J.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Allison Connors
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA; (J.F.); (A.C.)
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Mandour DA, Aidaros AAM, Mohamed S. Potential long-term developmental toxicity of in utero and lactational exposure to Triclocarban (TCC) in hampering ovarian folliculogenesis in rat offspring. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151772. [PMID: 34428603 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), an antimicrobial compound commonly added to a wide range of household and personal hygiene care products, is one of the most prevalent endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS). This study was conducted to elucidate whether in utero and lactational exposure to TCC could adversely affect folliculogenesis and the onset of puberty in female rat offspring. Twenty pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into Control and TCC dam groups (supplemented daily with drinking water enriched with 0.5 mg/L of TCC) from gestational day5 to postnatal day21 (PND21). Female offspring, 20 from control and 20 from TCC dams, were subdivided into 4 subgroups (PND21, PND28, PND35 & PND42). The day of vaginal opening and first estrous cycle were determined. Ovarian sections of the offspring were processed for H&E staining and for immunohistochemical expression of Ki67, Caspase-3 and androgen receptors (AR) on the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles. Follicular count and atretic index were assessed besides, serum estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH, C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. TCC offspring exhibited a significant delay in the onset of puberty and impedance of normal transition of the primordial follicles to more developed ones with altered cyctoarchitecture. Also, TCC decreased follicular count, proliferation and gonado-somatic index while it increased atretic index, apoptosis and AR of the granulosa cells along with disturbance of the feminine hormonal profile and oxidant/antioxidant balance. This study highlighted the potential long-term consequences of in utero and lactational exposure to TCC on the postnatal development of the ovary in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Mandour
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Abd Al-Mawla Aidaros
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Soad Mohamed
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Catalano A, Rosato A, Salvagno L, Iacopetta D, Ceramella J, Fracchiolla G, Sinicropi MS, Franchini C. Benzothiazole-Containing Analogues of Triclocarban with Potent Antibacterial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:803. [PMID: 34356724 PMCID: PMC8300675 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is a polychlorinated, aromatic, antimicrobial agent commercially used since the 1950s in personal care products for the prevention of spoilage and infections. Humans are frequently exposed to TCC due to its widespread use, leading to its substantial release into the aquatic environment. With the recent ban of TCC from some personal care products, implemented in 2016, many replacement antimicrobial compounds have been studied by researchers. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological activity of a series of diarylureas, analogues of TCC that bear the benzothiazole nucleus as one of the two aryl moieties. Among the studied compounds, 2bF and 2eC showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, being also more active than TCC, with MIC values of 8 µg/mL versus 16 µg/mL of TCC. Moreover, compound 2bB was much more active than TCC against Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive bacterium that is, unfortunately, strongly responsible for nosocomial infections. Finally, interesting results were found for compound 2bG that, even though less active than the others, exerts an interesting bactericidal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Lara Salvagno
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Domenico Iacopetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Jessica Ceramella
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Maria Stefania Sinicropi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (D.I.); (J.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.R.); (L.S.); (G.F.); (C.F.)
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