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Azimi B, Rasti A, Fusco A, Macchi T, Ricci C, Hosseinifard MA, Guazzelli L, Donnarumma G, Bagherzadeh R, Latifi M, Roy I, Danti S, Lazzeri A. Bacterial Cellulose Electrospun Fiber Mesh Coated with Chitin Nanofibrils for Eardrum Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:340-356. [PMID: 37962275 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we develop a bio-based and bioactive nanofibrous patch based on bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitin nanofibrils (CNs) using an ionic liquid as a solvent for BC, aimed at tympanic membrane (TM) repair. Electrospun BC nanofiber meshes were produced via electrospinning, and surface-modified with CNs using electrospray. The rheology of the BC/ionic liquid system was investigated. The obtained CN/BC meshes underwent comprehensive morphological, physicochemical, and mechanical characterization. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted using L929 mouse fibroblasts, revealing a cell viability of 97.8%. In vivo tests on rabbit skin demonstrated that the patches were nonirritating. Furthermore, the CN/BC fiber meshes were tested in vitro using human dermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells as model cells for TM perforation healing. Both cell types demonstrated successful growth on these scaffolds. The presence of CNs resulted in improved indirect antimicrobial activity of the electrospun fiber meshes. HaCaT cells exhibited an upregulated mRNA expression at 6 and 24 h of key proinflammatory cytokines crucial for the wound healing process, indicating the potential benefits of CNs in the healing response. Overall, this study presents a natural and eco-sustainable fiber mesh with great promise for applications in TM repair, leveraging the synergistic effects of BC and CNs to possibly enhance tissue regeneration and healing. Impact statement Repair of tympanic membrane perforations following chronic otitis media is a main clinical issue in otologic surgery, where the underlying infection obstacles self-healing. To address this challenge, our study proposes a bio-based patch made of nanoscale carbohydrate materials (i.e., bacterial cellulose electrospun fibers and chitin nanofibrils) processed via green solvents. The scaffold is nonirritating in vivo, and cytocompatible with fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. In epithelial cells, it stimulates the expression of the antimicrobial peptide human beta defensin 2, with a pathway of cytokine expression compatible with the wound healing process. Therefore, it could be applied with unsolved infective pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Azimi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Atefeh Rasti
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Macchi
- Department of Translational Researches and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Ricci
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Roohollah Bagherzadeh
- Institute for Advanced Textile Materials and Technologies (ATMT), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Latifi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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2
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Nirmal N, Demir D, Ceylan S, Ahmad S, Goksen G, Koirala P, Bono G. Polysaccharides from shell waste of shellfish and their applications in the cosmeceutical industry: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131119. [PMID: 38522682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Shell waste from shellfish processing contains valuable natural polysaccharides, including sulfated polysaccharides, acidic polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, chitin and their derivatives. These shellfish waste-derived polysaccharides have numerous functional and biological properties that can be applied in various industries, including the cosmeceutical industry. In keeping with global sustainability and green industry trends, the cosmeceuticals industry is transitioning from petrochemical-based ingredients to natural substitutes. In this context, shell waste-derived polysaccharides and their derivatives can play a major role as natural substitutes for petroleum-based components in various cosmeceutical skincare, hair care, oral care and body care products. This review focuses on the presence of polysaccharides and their derivatives in shell waste and discusses their various cosmeceutical applications in skin care, hair care, sun care, oral care and body care products. This indicates that shell waste utilization will help create a circular economy in which extracted polysaccharides are used to produce green cosmeceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Didem Demir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Process Technologies, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Seda Ceylan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adana Alparslan Turkes Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana, Türkiye
| | - Sameer Ahmad
- Food Technology Department, Jamia Hamdard, G782+55X, Mehrauli - Badarpur Rd, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110062, India
| | - Gulden Goksen
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Pankaj Koirala
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Gioacchino Bono
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies, National Research Council (IRBIM-CNR), Via L. Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, TP, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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List R, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Ashfaq A, Zaouak A, Driscoll M, Al-Sheikhly M. On the Mechanism of the Ionizing Radiation-Induced Degradation and Recycling of Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4483. [PMID: 38231912 PMCID: PMC10708459 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of ionizing radiation offers a boundless range of applications for polymer scientists, from inducing crosslinking and/or degradation to grafting a wide variety of monomers onto polymeric chains. This review in particular aims to introduce the field of ionizing radiation as it relates to the degradation and recycling of cellulose and its derivatives. The review discusses the main mechanisms of the radiolytic sessions of the cellulose molecules in the presence and absence of water. During the radiolysis of cellulose, in the absence of water, the primary and secondary electrons from the electron beam, and the photoelectric, Compton effect electrons from gamma radiolysis attack the glycosidic bonds (C-O-C) on the backbone of the cellulose chains. This radiation-induced session results in the formation of alkoxyl radicals and C-centered radicals. In the presence of water, the radiolytically produced hydroxyl radicals (●OH) will abstract hydrogen atoms, leading to the formation of C-centered radicals, which undergo various reactions leading to the backbone session of the cellulose. Based on the structures of the radiolytically produced free radicals in presence and absence of water, covalent grafting of vinyl monomers on the cellulose backbone is inconceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard List
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- UV/EB Technology Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Lorelis Gonzalez-Lopez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Aiysha Ashfaq
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amira Zaouak
- Research Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Science Development, National Center for Nuclear Science and Technology, Sidi-Thabet 2020, Tunisia;
| | - Mark Driscoll
- UV/EB Technology Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mohamad Al-Sheikhly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Morganti P, Coltelli MB, Gagliardini A, Lazzeri A, Morganti G, Simonetti G, Fritsch T, Calabrese V, Fusco A, Donnarumma G. Biopolymer- and Natural Fiber-Based Biomimetic Tissues to Realize Smart Cosmeceuticals and Nutraceuticals Using an Innovative Approach. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2525. [PMID: 38004505 PMCID: PMC10674939 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
More sustainable and smart cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals are necessary due to the ecological transition. In this study, a pullulan-based water solution containing chitin nanofibril-nano-lignin (CN-LG) complexes that encapsulate fish collagen polypeptide, allantoin and nicotinamide was electrospun onto a nonwoven substrate made of bamboo fibers to obtain a smart nanostructured bilayer system for releasing active molecules onto the skin or other body tissues. Infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the composition of the bilayer system before and after rapid washing of the sample with distilled water and liquids mimicking physiological fluids. The viability of keratinocytes was studied as well as the antioxidant activity, protective activity towards UV light, metalloproteinase release of aged fibroblasts and the inhibitor activity against collagen degradation. Immunomodulatory tests were performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the bilayer system as well as its indirect antimicrobial activity. The results indicate that the bilayer system can be used in the production of innovative sustainable cosmeceuticals. In general, the adopted strategy can be extended to several smart treatments for fast release that can be commercialized as solid products, thus avoiding the use of preservatives and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfrancesco Morganti
- R&D Unit, Academy of History of Healthcare Art, 00193 Rome, Italy;
- Dermatology Department, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- R&D Unit, Academy of History of Healthcare Art, 00193 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Environmental Department Biology, La Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department Biomedical and Biotechnological Science, School of Medicine, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Campania University Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Campania University Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.D.)
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Abdallah YK, Estévez AT. Biowelding 3D-Printed Biodigital Brick of Seashell-Based Biocomposite by Pleurotus ostreatus Mycelium. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:504. [PMID: 37887635 PMCID: PMC10604342 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycelium biocomposites are eco-friendly, cheap, easy to produce, and have competitive mechanical properties. However, their integration in the built environment as durable and long-lasting materials is not solved yet. Similarly, biocomposites from recycled food waste such as seashells have been gaining increasing interest recently, thanks to their sustainable impact and richness in calcium carbonate and chitin. The current study tests the mycelium binding effect to bioweld a seashell biocomposite 3D-printed brick. The novelty of this study is the combination of mycelium and a non-agro-based substrate, which is seashells. As well as testing the binding capacity of mycelium in welding the lattice curvilinear form of the V3 linear Brick model (V3-LBM). Thus, the V3-LBM is 3D printed in three separate profiles, each composed of five layers of 1 mm/layer thickness, using seashell biocomposite by paste extrusion and testing it for biowelding with Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium to offer a sustainable, ecofriendly, biomineralized brick. The biowelding process investigated the penetration and binding capacity of the mycelium between every two 3D-printed profiles. A cellulose-based culture medium was used to catalyse the mycelium growth. The mycelium biowelding capacity was investigated by SEM microscopy and EDX chemical analysis of three samples from the side corner (S), middle (M), and lateral (L) zones of the biowelded brick. The results revealed that the best biowelding effect was recorded at the corner and lateral zones of the brick. The SEM images exhibited the penetration and the bridging effect achieved by the dense mycelium. The EDX revealed the high concentrations of carbon, oxygen, and calcium at all the analyzed points on the SEM images from all three samples. An inverted relationship between carbon and oxygen as well as sodium and potassium concentrations were also detected, implying the active metabolic interaction between the fungal hyphae and the seashell-based biocomposite. Finally, the results of the SEM-EDX analysis were applied to design favorable tessellation and staking methods for the V3-LBM from the seashell-mycelium composite to deliver enhanced biowelding effect along the Z axis and the XY axis with <1 mm tessellation and staking tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna K. Abdallah
- iBAG-UIC Barcelona, Institute for Biodigital Architecture & Genetics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto T. Estévez
- iBAG-UIC Barcelona, Institute for Biodigital Architecture & Genetics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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Azimi B, Ricci C, Macchi T, Günday C, Munafò S, Maleki H, Pratesi F, Tempesti V, Cristallini C, Bruschini L, Lazzeri A, Danti S, Günday-Türeli N. A Straightforward Method to Produce Multi-Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Transdermal/Tympanic Patches Using Electrospinning and Electrospray. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3494. [PMID: 37688120 PMCID: PMC10490036 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of drugs through the skin barrier at a predetermined rate is the aim of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs). However, so far, TDDS has not fully attained its potential as an alternative to hypodermic injections and oral delivery. In this study, we presented a proof of concept of a dual drug-loaded patch made of nanoparticles (NPs) and ultrafine fibers fabricated by using one equipment, i.e., the electrospinning apparatus. Such NP/fiber systems can be useful to release drugs locally through the skin and the tympanic membrane. Briefly, dexamethasone (DEX)-loaded poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBHV) fiber meshes were decorated with rhodamine (RHO)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs, with RHO representing as a second drug model. By properly tuning the working parameters of electrospinning, DEX-loaded PHBHV fibers (i.e., by electrospinning mode) and RHO-loaded PLGA NPs (i.e., by electrospray mode) were successfully prepared and straightforwardly assembled to form a TDDS patch, which was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamometry. The patch was then tested in vitro using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The incorporation of DEX significantly reduced the fiber mesh stiffness. In vitro tests showed that HDFs were viable for 8 days in contact with drug-loaded samples, and significant signs of cytotoxicity were not highlighted. Finally, thanks to a beaded structure of the fibers, a controlled release of DEX from the electrospun patch was obtained over 4 weeks, which may accomplish the therapeutic objective of a local, sustained and prolonged anti-inflammatory action of a TDDS, as is requested in chronic inflammatory conditions, and other pathological conditions, such as in sudden sensorineural hearing loss treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Azimi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Ricci
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Department of Translational Researches and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Macchi
- Department of Translational Researches and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cemre Günday
- MyBiotech GmbH, Industriestrasse 1B, 66802 Überherrn, Germany
| | - Sara Munafò
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Homa Maleki
- Department of Carpet, Faculty of Arts, University of Birjand, Birjand 9717434765, Iran
| | - Federico Pratesi
- Department of Translational Researches and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronika Tempesti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Cristallini
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Bruschini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF), National Council of Researches (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Panariello L, Coltelli MB, Hadrich A, Braca F, Fiori S, Haviv A, Miketa F, Lazzeri A, Staebler A, Gigante V, Cinelli P. Antimicrobial and Gas Barrier Crustaceans and Fungal Chitin-Based Coatings on Biodegradable Bioplastic Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235211. [PMID: 36501606 PMCID: PMC9737123 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin nanofibrils (CN) can be obtained from crustaceans and fungal sources and can be used for preparing coatings for bioplastic films, that are fundamental for developing a safe and sustainable biodegradable food packaging. Coatings with different concentrations of CN from shrimps were applied on different bioplastic substrates, like Poly (butylene succinate-co-adipate)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PBSA/PHBV) blend, Polybutylene succinate (PBS), and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate/Poly(lactic acid) (PBAT/PLA) blend, but the adhesion to the substrates was scarce. On the contrary, the fungal-based CN showed a better adhesion. Additionally, it was found that the use of an additive based on oligomeric lactic acid was useful to prepare a coating with an improved adhesion to bioplastics. The gas barrier properties to oxygen and water vapour of coated and un-coated films were measured, revealing an improvement of these properties thanks to applied coatings, especially towards the oxygen. Antimicrobial properties and biodegradation capacity were also evaluated revealing an antibacterial effect of the coatings that did not significantly interfere with their biodegradability. The results are discussed and interpreted considering the correlation between composition and macromolecular structures with the observed functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (P.C.); Tel.: +39-05-0221-7856 (M.-B.C.); +39-05-0221-7869 (P.C.)
| | - Ahdi Hadrich
- Biomass Valorization Platform-Materials, CELABOR s.c.r.l., 4650 Chaineux, Belgium
| | | | - Stefano Fiori
- Condensia Quimica, C/Junqueras 11-A, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amit Haviv
- TIPA, 6 HaHarash St., Hod Hasharon 4524079, Israel
| | - Filip Miketa
- Bio-Mi Ltd., Put Brdo 15, 51 211 Matulji, Croatia
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., Via S. Giovanni Bosco 23, 56017 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Staebler
- Fraunhfer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (P.C.); Tel.: +39-05-0221-7856 (M.-B.C.); +39-05-0221-7869 (P.C.)
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Chitin, Chitosan, and Nanochitin: Extraction, Synthesis, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193989. [PMID: 36235937 PMCID: PMC9571330 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustacean shells are a sustainable source of chitin. Extracting chitin from crustacean shells is ongoing research, much of which is devoted to devising a sustainable process that yields high-quality chitin with minimal waste. Chemical and biological methods have been used extensively for this purpose; more recently, methods based on ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have been explored. Extracted chitin can be converted into chitosan or nanochitin. Once chitin is obtained and modified into the desired form, it can be used in a wide array of applications, including as a filler material, in adsorbents, and as a component in biomaterials, among others. Describing the extraction of chitin, synthesis of chitosan and nanochitin, and applications of these materials is the aim of this review. The first section of this review summarizes and compares common chitin extraction methods, highlighting the benefits and shortcomings of each, followed by descriptions of methods to convert chitin into chitosan and nanochitin. The second section of this review discusses some of the wide range of applications of chitin and its derivatives.
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9
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Panariello L, Coltelli MB, Giangrandi S, Garrigós MC, Hadrich A, Lazzeri A, Cinelli P. Influence of Functional Bio-Based Coatings including Chitin Nanofibrils or Polyphenols on Mechanical Properties of Paper Tissues. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112274. [PMID: 35683945 PMCID: PMC9182755 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper tissue industry is a constantly evolving sector that supplies markets that require products with different specific properties. In order to meet the demand of functional properties, ensuring a green approach at the same time, research on bio-coatings has been very active in recent decades. The attention dedicated to research on functional properties has not been given to the study of the morphological and mechanical properties of the final products. This paper studied the effect of two representative bio-based coatings on paper tissue. Coatings based on chitin nanofibrils or polyphenols were sprayed on paper tissues to provide them, respectively, with antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The chemical structure of the obtained samples was preliminarily compared by ATR-FTIR before and after their application. Coatings were applied on paper tissues and, after drying, their homogeneity was investigated by ATR-FTIR on different surface areas. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were found for chitin nanofibrils- and polyphenols-treated paper tissues, respectively. The mechanical properties of treated and untreated paper tissues were studied, considering as a reference the same tissue paper sample treated only with water. Different mechanical tests were performed on tissues, including penetration, tensile, and tearing tests in two perpendicular directions, to consider the anisotropy of the produced tissues for industrial applications. The morphology of uncoated and coated paper tissues was analysed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Results from mechanical properties evidenced a correlation between morphological and mechanical changes. The addition of polyphenols resulted in a reduction in mechanical resistance, while the addition of chitin enhanced this property. This study evidenced the different effects produced by two novel coatings on paper tissues for personal care in terms of properties and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Panariello
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (P.C.)
| | | | - María Carmen Garrigós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Ahdi Hadrich
- Biomass Valorization Platform-Materials, CELABOR s.c.r.l., 4650 Chaineux, Belgium;
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (P.C.)
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10
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Gigante V, Panariello L, Coltelli MB, Danti S, Obisesan KA, Hadrich A, Staebler A, Chierici S, Canesi I, Lazzeri A, Cinelli P. Liquid and Solid Functional Bio-Based Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3640. [PMID: 34771197 PMCID: PMC8586997 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new bio-based coating materials to be applied on cellulosic and plastic based substrates, with improved performances compared to currently available products and at the same time with improved sustainable end of life options, is a challenge of our times. Enabling cellulose or bioplastics with proper functional coatings, based on biopolymer and functional materials deriving from agro-food waste streams, will improve their performance, allowing them to effectively replace fossil products in the personal care, tableware and food packaging sectors. To achieve these challenging objectives some molecules can be used in wet or solid coating formulations, e.g., cutin as a hydrophobic water- and grease-repellent coating, polysaccharides such as chitosan-chitin as an antimicrobial coating, and proteins as a gas barrier. This review collects the available knowledge on functional coatings with a focus on the raw materials used and methods of dispersion/application. It considers, in addition, the correlation with the desired final properties of the applied coatings, thus discussing their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ahdi Hadrich
- Biomass Valorization Platform-Materials, CELABOR s.c.r.l., 4650 Chaineux, Belgium;
| | - Andreas Staebler
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Serena Chierici
- Stazione Sperimentale per l’Industria delle Conserve Alimentari (SSICA), 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | | | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., 56017 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., 56017 Pisa, Italy;
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11
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Rosmarinic Acid and Ulvan from Terrestrial and Marine Sources in Anti-Microbial Bionanosystems and Biomaterials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase their sustainability, antimicrobial renewable molecules are fundamental additions to consumer goods. Rosmarinic acid is extracted from several terrestrial plants and represents an effective anti-microbial agent. Ulvan, extracted from algae, is an anti-microbial polysaccharide. The present review is dedicated to discussing the sources and the extraction methodologies for obtaining rosmarinic acid and ulvan. Moreover, the preparation of bioanosystems, integrating the two molecules with organic or inorganic substrates, are reviewed as methodologies to increase their effectiveness and stability. Finally, the possibility of preparing functional biomaterials and anti-microbial final products is discussed, considering scientific literature. The performed analysis indicated that the production of both molecules is not yet performed with mature industrial technologies. Nevertheless, both molecules could potentially be used in the packaging, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, sanitary and personal care sectors, despite some research being required for developing functional materials with specific properties to pave the way for many more applications.
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12
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Danti S, Anand S, Azimi B, Milazzo M, Fusco A, Ricci C, Zavagna L, Linari S, Donnarumma G, Lazzeri A, Moroni L, Mota C, Berrettini S. Chitin Nanofibril Application in Tympanic Membrane Scaffolds to Modulate Inflammatory and Immune Response. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091440. [PMID: 34575515 PMCID: PMC8468799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin nanofibrils (CNs) are an emerging bio-based nanomaterial. Due to nanometric size and high crystallinity, CNs lose the allergenic features of chitin and interestingly acquire anti-inflammatory activity. Here we investigate the possible advantageous use of CNs in tympanic membrane (TM) scaffolds, as they are usually implanted inside highly inflamed tissue environment due to underlying infectious pathologies. In this study, the applications of CNs in TM scaffolds were twofold. A nanocomposite was used, consisting of poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer loaded with CN/polyethylene glycol (PEG) pre-composite at 50/50 (w/w %) weight ratio, and electrospun into fiber scaffolds, which were coated by CNs from crustacean or fungal sources via electrospray. The degradation behavior of the scaffolds was investigated during 4 months at 37 °C in an otitis-simulating fluid. In vitro tests were performed using cell types to mimic the eardrum, i.e., human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for connective, and human dermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) for epithelial tissues. HMSCs were able to colonize the scaffolds and produce collagen type I. The inflammatory response of HaCaT cells in contact with the CN-coated scaffolds was investigated, revealing a marked downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. CN-coated PEOT/PBT/(CN/PEG 50:50) scaffolds showed a significant indirect antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Danti
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Shivesh Anand
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Bahareh Azimi
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Milazzo
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fusco
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Ricci
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zavagna
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Linari Engineering s.r.l., 56121 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Stefano Berrettini
- Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; (B.A.); (M.M.); (A.F.); (C.R.); (L.Z.); (G.D.); (A.L.); (S.B.)
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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