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Kouzalis A, Antoniou A, Rossides N, Panaoura R, Yadav P. Advanced technologies and mathematical metacognition: The present and future orientation. Biosystems 2024; 245:105312. [PMID: 39182715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The intersection of mathematical cognition, metacognition, and advanced technologies presents a frontier with profound implications for human learning and artificial intelligence. This paper traces the historical roots of these concepts from the Pythagoreans and Aristotle to modern cognitive science and explores their relevance to contemporary technological applications. We examine how the Pythagoreans' view of mathematics as fundamental to understanding the universe and Aristotle's contributions to logic and categorization have shaped our current understanding of mathematical cognition and metacognition. The paper investigates the role of Boolean logic in computational processes and its relationship to human logical reasoning, as well as the significance of Bayesian inference and fuzzy logic in modelling uncertainty in human cognition and decision-making. We also explore the emerging field of Chemical Artificial Intelligence and its potential applications. We argue for unifying mathematical metacognition with advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence and robotics, while identifying the multifaceted benefits and challenges of such unification. The present paper examines essential research directions for integrating cognitive sciences and advanced technologies, discussing applications in education, healthcare, and business management. We provide suggestions for developing cognitive robots using specific cognitive tasks and explore the ethical implications of these advancements. Our analysis underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to realize the full potential of this integration while mitigating potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonios Antoniou
- European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nicos Rossides
- European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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Kim S, Ji H, Park K, So H, Kim H, Kim S, Choi WY. Memristive Architectures Exploiting Self-Compliance Multilevel Implementation on 1 kb Crossbar Arrays for Online and Offline Learning Neuromorphic Applications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:25128-25143. [PMID: 39167108 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
This paper suggests the practical implications of utilizing a high-density crossbar array with self-compliance (SC) at the conductive filament (CF) formation stage. By limiting the excessive growth of CF, SC functions enable the operation of a crossbar array without access transistors. An AlOx/TiOy, internal overshoot limitation structure, allows the SC to have resistive random-access memory. In addition, an overshoot-limited memristor crossbar array makes it possible to implement vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) capability in neuromorphic systems. Furthermore, AlOx/TiOy structure optimization was conducted to reduce overshoot and operation current, verifying uniform bipolar resistive switching behavior and analog switching properties. Additionally, extensive electric pulse stimuli are confirmed, evaluating long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), and other forms of synaptic plasticity. We found that LTP and LTD characteristics for training an online learning neural network enable MNIST classification accuracies of 92.36%. The SC mode quantized multilevel in offline learning neural networks achieved 95.87%. Finally, the 32 × 32 crossbar array demonstrated spiking neural network-based VMM operations to classify the MNIST image. Consequently, weight programming errors make only a 1.2% point of accuracy drop to software-based neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjoon Kim
- Department of AI Semiconductor Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseung Ji
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungchul Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin So
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Gentili PL, Zurlo MP, Stano P. Neuromorphic engineering in wetware: the state of the art and its perspectives. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1443121. [PMID: 39319313 PMCID: PMC11420143 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1443121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Zurlo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Gentili PL. Determining Chemical Microheterogeneity from the Analysis of Absorption and Luminescence Transient Signals. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8259-8271. [PMID: 39148451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The characterization of chemical microheterogeneity is compelling due to its relevant role in soft materials, high-entropy materials, and systems chemistry, to cite just a few instances. This work investigates the microheterogeneity of photochromic samples and metal oxide solid solutions by fitting time-resolved absorption and luminesce signals recorded after photoexcitation. The transient spectroscopic signals have been analyzed using polyexponential functions determined through the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) and discrete exponential, Kohlrausch, and Becquerel functions through the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The outputs of the different fitting functions and algorithms are compared and exploited to characterize chemical microheterogeneity quantitatively. The practical relevance of chemical microheterogeneity is supported by the demonstration that photochromic samples are transformed from binary to multistate systems, capable of encoding much more information, and that microheterogeneous photocatalysts are provided with several structural defects that guarantee the coexistence of many active sites and higher catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Gentili PL, Stano P. Living cells and biological mechanisms as prototypes for developing chemical artificial intelligence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150060. [PMID: 38754164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a revolutionary impact on our societies. It is helping humans in facing the global challenges of this century. Traditionally, AI is developed in software or through neuromorphic engineering in hardware. More recently, a brand-new strategy has been proposed. It is the so-called Chemical AI (CAI), which exploits molecular, supramolecular, and systems chemistry in wetware to mimic human intelligence. In this work, two promising approaches for boosting CAI are described. One regards designing and implementing neural surrogates that can communicate through optical or chemical signals and give rise to networks for computational purposes and to develop micro/nanorobotics. The other approach concerns "bottom-up synthetic cells" that can be exploited for applications in various scenarios, including future nano-medicine. Both topics are presented at a basic level, mainly to inform the broader audience of non-specialists, and so favour the rise of interest in these frontier subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
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Naidoo M. Open optimism as an "embodied-health" ethic for the information era. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1331237. [PMID: 38953106 PMCID: PMC11215117 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1331237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This article forms part of a series on "openness," "non-linearity," and "embodied-health" in the post-physical, informational (virtual) era of society. This is vital given that the threats posed by advances in artificial intelligence call for a holistic, embodied approach. Typically, health is separated into different categories, for example, (psycho)mental health, biological/bodily health, genetic health, environmental health, or reproductive health. However, this separation only serves to undermine health; there can be no separation of health into subgroups (psychosomatics, for example). Embodied health contains no false divisions and relies on "optimism" as the key framing value. Optimism is only achieved through the mechanism/enabling condition of openness. Openness is vital to secure the embodied health for individuals and societies. Optimism demands that persons become active participants within their own lives and are not mere blank slates, painted in the colors of physical determinism (thus a move away from nihilism-which is the annihilation of freedom/autonomy/quality). To build an account of embodied health, the following themes/aims are analyzed, built, and validated: (1) a modern re-interpretation and validation of German idealism (the crux of many legal-ethical systems) and Freud; (2) ascertaining the bounded rationality and conceptual semantics of openness (which underlies thermodynamics, psychosocial relations, individual autonomy, ethics, and as being a central constitutional governmental value for many regulatory systems); (3) the link between openness and societal/individual embodied health, freedom, and autonomy; (4) securing the role of individualism/subjectivity in constituting openness; (5) the vital role of nonlinear dynamics in securing optimism and embodied health; (6) validation of arguments using the methodological scientific value of invariance (generalization value) by drawing evidence from (i) information and computer sciences, (ii) quantum theory, and (iii) bio-genetic evolutionary evidence; and (7) a validation and promotion of the inalienable role of theoretic philosophy in constituting embodied health, and how modern society denigrates embodied health, by misconstruing and undermining theoretics. Thus, this paper provides and defends an up-to-date non-physical account of embodied health by creating a psycho-physical-biological-computational-philosophical construction. Thus, this paper also brings invaluable coherence to legal and ethical debates on points of technicality from the empirical sciences, demonstrating that each field is saying the same thing.
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Gentili PL. The Conformational Contribution to Molecular Complexity and Its Implications for Information Processing in Living Beings and Chemical Artificial Intelligence. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:121. [PMID: 38392167 PMCID: PMC10886813 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This work highlights the relevant contribution of conformational stereoisomers to the complexity and functions of any molecular compound. Conformers have the same molecular and structural formulas but different orientations of the atoms in the three-dimensional space. Moving from one conformer to another is possible without breaking covalent bonds. The interconversion is usually feasible through the thermal energy available in ordinary conditions. The behavior of most biopolymers, such as enzymes, antibodies, RNA, and DNA, is understandable if we consider that each exists as an ensemble of conformers. Each conformational collection confers multi-functionality and adaptability to the single biopolymers. The conformational distribution of any biopolymer has the features of a fuzzy set. Hence, every compound that exists as an ensemble of conformers allows the molecular implementation of a fuzzy set. Since proteins, DNA, and RNA work as fuzzy sets, it is fair to say that life's logic is fuzzy. The power of processing fuzzy logic makes living beings capable of swift decisions in environments dominated by uncertainty and vagueness. These performances can be implemented in chemical robots, which are confined molecular assemblies mimicking unicellular organisms: they are supposed to help humans "colonise" the molecular world to defeat diseases in living beings and fight pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Gentili PL, Szaciłowski K, Adamatzky A. Editorial: Approaching human intelligence through chemical systems: development of unconventional chemical artificial intelligence. Front Chem 2023; 11:1332647. [PMID: 38025075 PMCID: PMC10666623 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1332647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Konrad Szaciłowski
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrew Adamatzky
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Gentili PL, Stano P. Tracing a new path in the field of AI and robotics: mimicking human intelligence through chemistry. Part II: systems chemistry. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1266011. [PMID: 37915426 PMCID: PMC10616823 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1266011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by some traits of human intelligence, it is proposed that wetware approaches based on molecular, supramolecular, and systems chemistry can provide valuable models and tools for novel forms of robotics and AI, being constituted by soft matter and fluid states as the human nervous system and, more generally, life, is. Bottom-up mimicries of intelligence range from the molecular world to the multicellular level, i.e., from the Ångström (10 - 10 meters) to the micrometer scales (10 - 6 meters), and allows the development of unconventional chemical robotics. Whereas conventional robotics lets humans explore and colonise otherwise inaccessible environments, such as the deep oceanic abysses and other solar system planets, chemical robots will permit us to inspect and control the microscopic molecular and cellular worlds. This article suggests that systems made of properly chosen molecular compounds can implement all those modules that are the fundamental ingredients of every living being: sensory, processing, actuating, and metabolic networks. Autonomous chemical robotics will be within reach when such modules are compartmentalised and assembled. The design of a strongly intertwined web of chemical robots, with or without the involvement of living matter, will give rise to collective forms of intelligence that will probably reproduce, on a minimal scale, some sophisticated performances of the human intellect and will implement forms of "general AI." These remarkable achievements will require a productive interdisciplinary collaboration among chemists, biotechnologists, computer scientists, engineers, physicists, neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, and philosophers to be achieved. The principal purpose of this paper is to spark this revolutionary collaborative scientific endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Stano P. Chemical Systems for Wetware Artificial Life: Selected Perspectives in Synthetic Cell Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14138. [PMID: 37762444 PMCID: PMC10532297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent and important advances in bottom-up synthetic biology (SB), in particular in the field of the so-called "synthetic cells" (SCs) (or "artificial cells", or "protocells"), lead us to consider the role of wetware technologies in the "Sciences of Artificial", where they constitute the third pillar, alongside the more well-known pillars hardware (robotics) and software (Artificial Intelligence, AI). In this article, it will be highlighted how wetware approaches can help to model life and cognition from a unique perspective, complementary to robotics and AI. It is suggested that, through SB, it is possible to explore novel forms of bio-inspired technologies and systems, in particular chemical AI. Furthermore, attention is paid to the concept of semantic information and its quantification, following the strategy recently introduced by Kolchinsky and Wolpert. Semantic information, in turn, is linked to the processes of generation of "meaning", interpreted here through the lens of autonomy and cognition in artificial systems, emphasizing its role in chemical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Gentili PL, Stano P. Tracing a new path in the field of AI and robotics: mimicking human intelligence through chemistry. Part I: molecular and supramolecular chemistry. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1238492. [PMID: 37744185 PMCID: PMC10514506 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1238492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical Artificial Intelligence (CAI) is a brand-new research line that exploits molecular, supramolecular, and systems chemistry in wetware (i.e., in fluid solutions) to imitate some performances of human intelligence and promote unconventional robotics based on molecular assemblies, which act in the microscopic world, otherwise tough to be accessed by humans. It is undoubtedly worth spreading the news that AI researchers can rely on the help of chemists and biotechnologists to reach the ambitious goals of building intelligent systems from scratch. This article reports the first attempt at building a Chemical Artificial Intelligence knowledge map and describes the basic intelligent functions that can be implemented through molecular and supramolecular chemistry. Chemical Artificial Intelligence provides new tools and concepts to mimic human intelligence because it shares, with biological intelligence, the same principles and materials. It enables peculiar dynamics, possibly not accessible in software and hardware domains. Moreover, the development of Chemical Artificial Intelligence will contribute to a deeper understanding of the strict link between intelligence and life, which are two of the most remarkable emergent properties shown by the Complex Systems we call biological organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Ju D, Kim S, Kim S. Artificial Synapse Emulated by Indium Tin Oxide/SiN/TaN Resistive Switching Device for Neuromorphic System. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2477. [PMID: 37686985 PMCID: PMC10490079 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we fabricate an ITO/SiN/TaN memristor device and analyze its electrical characteristics for a neuromorphic system. The device structure and chemical properties are investigated using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Uniform bipolar switching is achieved through DC sweep under a compliance current of 5 mA. Also, the analog reset phenomenon is observed by modulating the reset voltage for long-term memory. Additionally, short-term memory characteristics are obtained by controlling the strength of the pulse response. Finally, bio-inspired synaptic characteristics are emulated using Hebbian learning rules such as spike-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP) and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). As a result, we believe that the coexistence of short-term and long-term memories in the ITO/SiN/TaN device can provide flexibility in device design in future neuromorphic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sungjun Kim
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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Da Silveira TBN, Lopes HS. Intelligence across humans and machines: a joint perspective. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1209761. [PMID: 37663348 PMCID: PMC10470035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1209761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to address the divergences and contradictions in the definition of intelligence across different areas of knowledge, particularly in computational intelligence and psychology, where the concept is of significant interest. Despite the differences in motivation and approach, both fields have contributed to the rise of cognitive science. However, the lack of a standardized definition, empirical evidence, or measurement strategy for intelligence is a hindrance to cross-fertilization between these areas, particularly for semantic-based applications. This paper seeks to equalize the definitions of intelligence from the perspectives of computational intelligence and psychology, and offer an overview of the methods used to measure intelligence. We argue that there is no consensus for intelligence, and the term is interchangeably used with similar, opposed, or even contradictory definitions in many fields. This paper concludes with a summary of its central considerations and contributions, where we state intelligence is an agent's ability to process external and internal information to find an optimum adaptation (decision-making) to the environment according to its ontology and then decode this information as an output action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Buatim Nion Da Silveira
- Computational Intelligence Laboratory (LABIC), Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Polytechnic School, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Heitor Silvério Lopes
- Computational Intelligence Laboratory (LABIC), Federal University of Technology – Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Stano P, Gentili PL, Damiano L, Magarini M. A Role for Bottom-Up Synthetic Cells in the Internet of Bio-Nano Things? Molecules 2023; 28:5564. [PMID: 37513436 PMCID: PMC10385758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential role of bottom-up Synthetic Cells (SCs) in the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) is discussed. In particular, this perspective paper focuses on the growing interest in networks of biological and/or artificial objects at the micro- and nanoscale (cells and subcellular parts, microelectrodes, microvessels, etc.), whereby communication takes place in an unconventional manner, i.e., via chemical signaling. The resulting "molecular communication" (MC) scenario paves the way to the development of innovative technologies that have the potential to impact biotechnology, nanomedicine, and related fields. The scenario that relies on the interconnection of natural and artificial entities is briefly introduced, highlighting how Synthetic Biology (SB) plays a central role. SB allows the construction of various types of SCs that can be designed, tailored, and programmed according to specific predefined requirements. In particular, "bottom-up" SCs are briefly described by commenting on the principles of their design and fabrication and their features (in particular, the capacity to exchange chemicals with other SCs or with natural biological cells). Although bottom-up SCs still have low complexity and thus basic functionalities, here, we introduce their potential role in the IoBNT. This perspective paper aims to stimulate interest in and discussion on the presented topics. The article also includes commentaries on MC, semantic information, minimal cognition, wetware neuromorphic engineering, and chemical social robotics, with the specific potential they can bring to the IoBNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Gentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Damiano
- Department of Communication, Arts and Media, IULM University, 20143 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Magarini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Pinto-Bustamante BJ, Riaño-Moreno JC, Clavijo-Montoya HA, Cárdenas-Galindo MA, Campos-Figueredo WD. Bioethics and artificial intelligence: between deliberation on values and rational choice theory. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1140901. [PMID: 37457388 PMCID: PMC10338331 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1140901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work revisits how artificial intelligence, as technology and ideology, is based on the rational choice theory and the techno-liberal discourse, supported by large corporations and investment funds. Those that promote using different algorithmic processes (such as filter bubbles or echo chambers) create homogeneous and polarized spaces that reinforces people's ethical, ideological, and political narratives. These mechanisms validate bubbles of choices as statements of fact and contravene the prerequisites for exercising deliberation in pluralistic societies, such as the distinction between data and values, the affirmation of reasonable dissent, and the relevance of diversity as a condition indispensable for democratic deliberation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Julián Pinto-Bustamante
- Bioethics Department, Bioethics, Life Sciences Research Group, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Medical and Health Sciences Education Research Group, Bogotá, Colombia
- Member of the Regional Committee Number 1—Donation and Transplantation Network, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julián C. Riaño-Moreno
- Bioethics Department, Bioethics, Life Sciences Research Group, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, Cooperative University of Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
- Medical Subdirection, National Institute of Cancerology, Bogotá, Colombia
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Zukauskis RL. The contralateral organization of the human nervous system as a quantum unfolded, holographic-like, artifactual representation of the underlying dynamics of a fundamentally two-dimensional universe. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:987086. [PMID: 37325438 PMCID: PMC10264698 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.987086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A working hypothesis is put forward in this article that the contralateral organization of the human nervous system appears to function like a quantum unfolded holographic apparatus by appearing to invert and reverse quantum unfolded visual and non-visual spatial information. As such, the three-dimensional contralateral organization would be an artifactual representation of the underlying dynamics of a fundamentally two-dimensional universe. According to the holographic principle, nothing that is experienced as three-dimensional could have been processed in a three-dimensional brain. Everything we would experience at a two-dimensional level would appear as a three-dimensional holographic representation, including the architecture of our brains. Various research observations reported elsewhere are reviewed and interpreted here as they may be related in a process that is fundamental to the underlying two-dimensional dynamics of the contralateral organization. The classic holographic method and characteristics of image formation contained by a holograph are described as they relate to the working hypothesis. The double-slit experiment is described and its relevance to the working hypothesis.
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Gentili PL, Capaccioni A, Germani R, Fantacci S. The Versatile Photo-Thermal Behaviour of a 2-Hydroxyazobenzene. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031183. [PMID: 36770849 PMCID: PMC9920310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochromic compounds are employed in implementing neuron surrogates. They will boost the development of neuromorphic engineering in wetware. In this work, the photochromic behaviours of (E)-3,4,6-trichloro-2-(p-diazenil)-phenol (t-DZH) and its conjugated phenoxide base (t-DZ) have been investigated experimentally in three different media: (1) pure acetonitrile, (2) in water and acetonitrile mixed in a 1/1 volume ratio, and (3) in an aqueous micellar solution of 3-(N,N-Dimethylmyristylammonio)propanesulfonate (SB3-14). The analysis of the spectral and kinetic features of t-DZH and t-DZ has been supported by quantum-mechanical DFT calculations, the maximum entropy method, and the determination of their colourability (C). The versatility of t-DZH and t-DZ makes them promising molecular probes of micro-environments and potential ingredients of photochemical oscillators required for implementing pacemaker neurons capable of communicating through optical signals in wetware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0755855573
| | - Antonio Capaccioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Raimondo Germani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Fantacci
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Herrera MG, Amundarain MJ, Nicoletti F, Drechsler M, Costabel M, Gentili PL, Dodero VI. Thin-Plate Superstructures of the Immunogenic 33-mer Gliadin Peptide. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200552. [PMID: 36161684 PMCID: PMC9828358 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gluten related-disorders have a prevalence of 1-5 % worldwide triggered by the ingestion of gluten proteins in wheat, rye, barley, and some oats. In wheat gluten, the most studied protein is gliadin, whose immunodominant 33-mer amino acid fragment remains after digestive proteolysis and accumulates in the gut mucosa. Here, we report the formation of 33-mer thin-plate superstructures using intrinsic tyrosine (Tyr) steady-state fluorescence anisotropy and cryo-TEM in combination with water tension measurements. Furthermore, we showed that fluorescence decay measurements of 33-mer intrinsic fluorophore Tyr provided information on the early stages of the formation of the thin-plate structures. Finally, conformational analysis of Tyr residues using minimalist models by molecular dynamic simulations (MD) demonstrated that changes in Tyr rotamer states depend on the oligomerization stage. Our findings further advance the understanding of the formation of the 33-mer gliadin peptide superstructures and their relation to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georgina Herrera
- Faculty of ChemistryOCIIIBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany,Faculty of Exact and Natural SciencesInstitute of BiosciencesBiotechnology and Translational Biology (iB3)University of Buenos AiresIntendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad UniversitariaC1428EGABuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Maria Julia Amundarain
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR)Departamento de FísicaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)CONICET Av. L. N. Alem1253, B8000CPB -Bahía BlancaArgentina
| | - Franscesco Nicoletti
- Faculty of ChemistryOCIIIBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany,Department of Chemistry, Biology, and BiotechnologyUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto 806123PerugiaItaly
| | - Marcus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity BayreuthUniversitaetsstr. 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Marcelo Costabel
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR)Departamento de FísicaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)CONICET Av. L. N. Alem1253, B8000CPB -Bahía BlancaArgentina
| | - Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and BiotechnologyUniversità degli Studi di PerugiaVia Elce di Sotto 806123PerugiaItaly
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Gentili PL, Perez-Mercader J. Quantitative estimation of chemical microheterogeneity through the determination of fuzzy entropy. Front Chem 2022; 10:950769. [PMID: 36110133 PMCID: PMC9468615 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.950769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical micro-heterogeneity is an attribute of all living systems and most of the soft and crystalline materials. Its characterization requires a plethora of techniques. This work proposes a strategy for quantifying the degree of chemical micro-heterogeneity. First of all, our approach needs the collection of time-evolving signals that can be fitted through poly-exponential functions. The best fit is determined through the Maximum Entropy Method. The pre-exponential terms of the poly-exponential fitting function are used to estimate Fuzzy Entropy. Related to the possibility of implementing Fuzzy sets through the micro-heterogeneity of chemical systems. Fuzzy Entropy becomes a quantitative estimation of the Fuzzy Information that can be processed through micro-heterogeneous chemical systems. We conclude that our definition of Fuzzy Entropy can be extended to other kinds of data, such as morphological and structural distributions, spectroscopic bands and chromatographic peaks. The chemical implementation of Fuzzy sets and Fuzzy logic will promote the development of Chemical Artificial Intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pier Luigi Gentili,
| | - Juan Perez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
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Gentili PL, Stano P. Chemical Neural Networks Inside Synthetic Cells? A Proposal for Their Realization and Modeling. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:927110. [PMID: 35733531 PMCID: PMC9208290 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.927110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pier Luigi Gentili, ; Pasquale Stano,
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pier Luigi Gentili, ; Pasquale Stano,
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Adamatzky A. Language of fungi derived from their electrical spiking activity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211926. [PMID: 35425630 PMCID: PMC8984380 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fungi exhibit oscillations of extracellular electrical potential recorded via differential electrodes inserted into a substrate colonized by mycelium or directly into sporocarps. We analysed electrical activity of ghost fungi (Omphalotus nidiformis), Enoki fungi (Flammulina velutipes), split gill fungi (Schizophyllum commune) and caterpillar fungi (Cordyceps militaris). The spiking characteristics are species specific: a spike duration varies from 1 to 21 h and an amplitude from 0.03 to 2.1 mV. We found that spikes are often clustered into trains. Assuming that spikes of electrical activity are used by fungi to communicate and process information in mycelium networks, we group spikes into words and provide a linguistic and information complexity analysis of the fungal spiking activity. We demonstrate that distributions of fungal word lengths match that of human languages. We also construct algorithmic and Liz-Zempel complexity hierarchies of fungal sentences and show that species S. commune generate the most complex sentences.
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