Sinapic Acid Ameliorates Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats by Suppressing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis

Dihydroartemisinin attenuates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats: Suppression of inflammation and modulation of NFκβ/TNF-α/RIPK1-mediated necroptosis and apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of inflammatory mediators. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a semi-synthetic active metabolite of artemisinin that has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic properties.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the therapeutic benefits of DHA on acetic acid(AA) -induced UC in rats, with particular emphasis on its anti-inflammatory effects and its influence on NFκB/TNF-α/RIPK1 necroptotic pathways.

METHODS

Eighteen rats were allocated into control, acetic acid-induced colitis (AA), and DHA-treated (AA+DHA) groups. Colitis was caused by rectal instillation of 5 % acetic acid. DHA was supplied via intraperitoneal injection. Histological, biochemical studies of oxidative stress, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, Western blotting for TNF-α, RIPK1, and caspase 3, and immunohistochemical assessment of NFκB, TNF-α, and RIPK1, were conducted.

RESULTS

DHA treatment markedly diminished macroscopic damage, disease activity index, histopathology scores, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, enhancing glutathione (GSH) levels. Additionally, DHA decreased serum TNF-α and IL-6 and increased IL-10. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry investigations validated the reduced expression of TNF-α, RIPK1, and caspase 3 in DHA-treated rats.

CONCLUSION

DHA demonstrates protective properties against acetic acid-induced UC by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation, modifying TNF-α activity to regulate apoptotic and necroptotic pathways. So, DHA may be a favorable therapeutic alternative for the management of ulcerative colitis.

Bacillus clausii spores maintain gut homeostasis in murine ulcerative colitis via modulating microbiota, apoptosis, and the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome cascade

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a persistent immune-mediated disorder lacking effective treatment, is distinguished by gut microbiota dysbiosis, abnormal activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and apoptosis. Despite growing attention to these factors, understanding their significance in UC pathogenesis remains a challenge. The present study explores the potential therapeutic impact of Bacillus clausii (Bc) spores in a murine UC model induced by drinking 4 % (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in C57BL/6 mice. Subsequently, the DSS-induced mice were orally administered either Bc at varying concentrations (105 and 1010 Colony forming unit, CFU) or sulfasalazine (SSZ) at a dosage of 200 mg/kg for 7 days. The disease-specific activity index (DAI) was calculated daily utilizing parameters such as body weight, diarrhea, and bloody stool. Changes in fecal Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundance, colonic TXNIP and NLRP3 contents, as well as colonic caspase-1, IL-1β, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression, were investigated. Additionally, markers related to oxidative stress and inflammation, histopathological changes and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry testing were conducted. DSS-treated mice had significantly higher DAI scores compared to controls, indicating severe colitis. However, SSZ treatment or Bc (105 CFU) dramatically lowered DAI scores, with the highest Bc dosage (1010 CFU) producing the greatest improvement. Furthermore, Bc (1010 CFU) substantially (p < 0.05) boosted fecal Firmicutes while decreased Bacteroidetes, indicating reversal of gut dysbiosis. Bc effectively reduced colonic oxidative stress and inflammation by replenishing GSH and catalase and modulating the NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1, and TXNIP/NLRP3 pathways. Additionally, Bc (1010 CFU) exhibited histologically almost normal mucosa, with maintained architecture and reduced apoptosis, as seen by normalization of Bcl2 and Bax with decreased caspase-3. Collectively, these findings point to the potential usefulness of Bc spores in preventing and treating DSS-induced colitis, positioning them as a promising candidate for UC management.

Protective effect of Dulaglutide, a GLP1 agonist, on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats: involvement of GLP-1, TFF-3, and TGF-β/PI3K/NF-κB signaling pathway

A chronic inflammatory condition of the colon called ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by mucosal surface irritation that extends from the rectum to the near proximal colon portions. The rationale of this work was to conclude if dulaglutide (Dula) could protect rats from developing colitis caused by exposure to acetic acid (AA). Rats were randomly divided into seven groups (each with eight rats): Normal control, Dula control, AA (received 2 milliliters of 3% v/v AA through the rectum), Sulfasalazine (SLZ); given SLZ (100 mg/kg) orally from day 11 to day 21 then AA intrarectally on day 22 and Dula groups ( pretreated with 50, 100 or 150 μg/kg subcutaneous injection of Dula - once weekly for three weeks and AA on day 22 to induce ulcerative colitis, colon tissues and blood samples were taken on day 23. By generating colonic histological deviations such as inflammatory processes, goblet cell death, glandular hyperplasia, and mucosa ulcers, Dula dropped AA-induced colitis. Additionally, these modifications diminished blood lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), colon weight, and the weight/length ratio of the colon. In addition, Dula decreased the oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the antioxidant enzymes (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations). Dula also significantly reduced the expression of transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-β1), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, and the inflammatory cytokines: nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in colonic cellular structures. In addition, Dula enforced the levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3) that were crucial to intestinal mucosa regeneration and healing of wounds. By modulating TGF-β1 in conjunction with other inflammatory pathways like PI3K/AKT and NF-κB, regulating the oxidant/antioxidant balance, and improving the integrity of the intestinal barrier, Dula prevented AA-induced colitis in rats.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Spexin on Acetic Acid‑Induced Colitis in Rats via Modulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum. Spexin is a novel peptide with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to elucidate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of spexin in mitigating acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to control (n = 14) and colitis (n = 21) groups. Colitis was induced via 5% acetic acid (AA) administration (1 mL, intrarect). Post-induction, rats received subcutaneous saline (1 mL/kg), spexin (50 µg/kg/day), or oral sulfasalazine (500 mg/kg) for 5 days. Control groups received saline or spexin. After 24 h of the final treatment, colons were evaluated macroscopically, and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 were determined by ELISA, oxidative stress markers myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured spectrophotometrically and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), caspase-1 proteins were analyzed with Western Blot alongside histopathological assessments. Colitis induction significantly elevated macroscopic damage scores, stool consistency, inflammatory cytokines, MDA, MPO, and NLRP3, NF-κB, caspase-1, while reducing GSH levels (p < 0.001-0.01). Microscopic evaluations confirmed increased necrosis, submucosal edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration (p < 0.001). Spexin reversed these effects by enhancing GSH levels (p < 0.01), reducing macroscopic/microscopic scores, cytokines, MDA, and MPO levels (p < 0.05-0.001), and suppressing NLRP3, NF-κB, and caspase-1 activation (p < 0.01-0.001). For the first time that spexin ameluates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats by modulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, reducing oxidative damage, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and suppressing inflammation.

Sinapic Acid Ameliorates Cadmium-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

Background/Objectives: Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful metal commonly used in industry. Numerous clinical diseases, including osteomalacia, testicular damage, renal and hepatic failure, and pulmonary edema, are associated with Cd exposure. The current study evaluated the protective effect of Sinapic acid (SA) against Cd-induced hepatotoxicity by investigating different mechanistic pathways interfering with Cd-related liver injury. Methods: Forty rats were randomly assigned to four groups as follows; group 1 served as negative control and received saline, group 2 received saline for 14 days and CdCl2 (3.5 mg/kg IP) as a single dose on day 14, groups 3 and 4 were treated with SA (20, 40 mg/kg PO), respectively, for 14 days and injected with CdCl2 (3.5 mg/kg IP) on day 14. Serum was collected to evaluate liver function. Liver samples were collected for histopathological examination and the assessment of markers related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Results: Acute Cd administration elevated liver enzymes and induced pathological changes in liver specimens, with the concurrent release of inflammatory markers and reduced antioxidant capabilities. Pretreatment with SA improved liver function and Cd-induced histopathological changes and elevated the activities of antioxidant enzymes. SA ameliorated inflammation, as evidenced by decreased expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, TLR-4, and COX-2, iNOS, and IL-1β levels along with suppression of mTOR, JNK, ERK, BAX, and Bcl-2. Conclusions: The present data suggest that SA represents a promising protective agent against Cd-induced hepatic injury by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Collagen Peptides and Saccharomyces boulardiiCNCM I-745 Attenuate Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats by Modulating Inflammation and Barrier Permeability

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation and tissue damage, with limited treatment options. This study aimed to investigate the effects of collagen peptides and Saccharomyces boulardii on acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: normal control (NC), colitis control (CC), collagen peptide (CP; 0.6 g/kg/day), and S. boulardii (SB; 250 mg/day). Colitis was induced by an intrarectal administration of AA in all groups except NC, and treatments were administered daily for 7 days. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by assessing the disease activity index (DAI), colon mass index, macroscopic and microscopic tissue damage, histopathological changes, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 protein expression, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The results showed that CP and SB treatments substantially alleviated DAI scores (p < 0.05) and reduced the colon mass index. Colon macroscopic and microscopic damages improved compared to the CC group (p < 0.01). Histologically, both treatments reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, crypt damage, and ulceration, with CP showing a slightly more pronounced effect. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant restoration of ZO-1 protein expression in the treated groups, indicating improvement in intestinal barrier integrity (p < 0.01). Furthermore, MPO activity was reduced in both CP and SB groups, significantly in the SB group (p < 0.01). These findings are consistent with previous studies that highlight the anti-inflammatory and barrier-enhancing effects of collagen peptides and probiotics in UC models.

Production of secondary metabolites in callus cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis L. and assessment of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy in ulcerative colitis rats

Baikal skullcap or Chinese (Scutellaria baicalensis L.) is an interesting plant with promising medicinal properties; however, traditional cultivation methods are time-consuming, and yield variations can be significant; callus culture is considered one of the solutions to overcome these limitations because the callus culture provides an effective, alternative for the consistent production of secondary metabolites. For callus production of S. baicalensis L., the in vitro germinating seedlings were cultured on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BAP) and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Three culture lines were established, and the best growth index represented in fresh and dry weight was obtained from line No. 1. S. baicalensis L. callus extract was performed on the best callus line in the stationary phase for in vitro assays. The chemical analysis, antioxidant tests, proline, flavonoids, phenolics, and macronutrient content were assessed. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of secondary metabolites in S. baicalensis L. callus and to study its biological effect on recurrent ulcerative colitis (UC). Conventional treatment of UC has focused on suppressing immunological responses instead of addressing which are (UC) underlying causes. Recurrent UC is caused by oxidative stress and inflammation that lead to chronic inflammation of the inner lining of the colon and rectum. According to the findings, secondary metabolites in S. baicalensis L. callus cultures increased antioxidant activity. This improvement in oxidative activity was positively correlated with the potential to reduce UC in vivo.

Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on ulcerative colitis model in rats: The gut-brain axis

Study objectives

The impact of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on the TLR4/MYD88/NF-kB signaling pathway in the colon in the ulcerative colitis model, as well as the incidence of anxiety behaviors caused by the colitis model was investigated.

Methods

Twenthy four ats were induced with ulcerative colitis using a 4 % acetic acid solution administered intrarectally and were subsequently treated with prednisolone and FMT. The study examined several indicators, such as TLR4, MYD88, and NF-κB mRNA expression, along with oxidative stress factors. Additionally, it examined the relationship between anxiety-related behaviors and colitis and assessed the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus.

Results

FMT led to lower disease score index and improved colon tissue pathology findings. This was associated with reduced mRNA expression of TLR4, MYD88, and NF-κB, as well as lower levels of TOS, and higher levels of TAC, GSH, and GSSG in colon tissues. FMT was found to reduce anxiety in both the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Additionally, levels of IL-6 and TNF-a were decreased in the hippocampus.

Conclusions

FMT suppressed acetic acid-induced colitis by inhibiting the TLR4/MYD88/NF-kB signaling pathway. FMT reduced anxiety in open field and plus maze tests, and resulted in decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-a in the hippocampus.

Promising protective treatment potential of endophytic bacterium Rhizobium aegyptiacum for ulcerative colitis in rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory condition of the intestine, resulting from an increase in oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators. In this study, the extract of endophytic bacterium Rhizobium aegyptiacum was prepared for the first time using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition, also for the first time, the protective potential of R. aegyptiacum was revealed using an in vivo rat model of UC. The animals were grouped into four categories: normal control (group I), R. aegyptiacum (group II), acetic acid (AA)‍-induced UC (group III), and R. aegyptiacum-treated AA-induced UC (group IV). In group IV, R. aegyptiacum was administered at 0.2 mg/kg daily for one week before and two weeks after the induction of UC. After sacrificing the rats on the last day of the experiment, colon tissues were collected and subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical investigations. There was a remarkable improvement in the histological findings of the colon tissues in group IV, as revealed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Normal mucosal surfaces covered with a straight, intact, and thin brush border were revealed. Goblet cells appeared magenta in color, and there was a significant decrease in the distribution of collagen fibers in the mucosa and submucosal connective tissues. All these findings were comparable to the respective characteristics of the control group. Regarding cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immunostaining, a weak immune reaction was shown in most cells. Moreover, the colon tissues were examined using a scanning electron microscope, which confirmed the results of histological assessment. A regular polygonal unit pattern was seen with crypt orifices of different sizes and numerous goblet cells. Furthermore, the levels of catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interlukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined in the colonic tissues of the different groups using colorimetric assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In comparison with group III, group IV exhibited a significant rise (P<0.05) in the CAT level but a substantial decline (P<0.05) in the NO, MPO, and inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-1β) levels. Based on reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the tumor necrosis factor-‍α (TNF-‍α) gene expression was upregulated in group III, which was significantly downregulated (P<0.05) by treatment with R. aegyptiacum in group IV. On the contrary, the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene was substantially upregulated in group IV. Our findings imply that the oral consumption of R. aegyptiacum ameliorates AA-induced UC in rats by restoring and reestablishing the mucosal integrity, in addition to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, R. aegyptiacum is potentially effective and beneficial in human UC therapy, which needs to be further investigated in future work.

Immuno-therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis antigens for inflammatory bowel diseases

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a severe chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon, is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that affects humans and several domestic animal species, including cats and dogs. Helminth infections and autoimmune diseases are inversely correlated, as explained by the hygiene hypothesis, which suggests that IBD is infrequent in countries where helminth infections are common but more prevalent in developed nations. This study investigated the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) antigens in an experimental colitis model for IBD. Mice were divided into eight groups: normal model, colitis model, larval antigen prophylaxis, adult antigen prophylaxis, larval antigen therapeutic, adult antigen therapeutic, larval antigen prophylaxis and therapeutic, and adult antigen prophylaxis and therapeutic. Colitis was induced intrarectally by administering a single dose of 0.2 ml of acetic acid, except in the healthy group, which received PBS (0.2 ml). The mice were euthanized 12 days after colitis induction. The therapeutic and prophylactic potential of T. spiralis antigens were assessed through colitis severity and histopathological, immunological, and immunohistochemical examinations. The results showed a significant reduction in Disease Activity Index (DAI), an increase in goblet cells' acidic mucin levels, reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression, and decreased serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines in Groups IV-VIII compared to the colitis model, particularly in the group that received adult worm antigen both prophylactically and therapeutically. This study demonstrated that T. spiralis antigens, especially from adult worms, had protective and therapeutic effects on experimental colitis, with a superior effect when administered both before and after colitis induction by reducing inflammation and modulating the immune response. Thus, T. spiralis antigens may improve disease outcomes and provide a novel treatment approach for ulcerative colitis.

Beneficial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, immune status, antioxidant function and intestinal microbiota in broilers

Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) has been globally regarded as antibiotic alternative in animal farming in the past few years. However, the potential function of L. plantarum in broilers has not been systemically explored. In this study, a total of 560 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups, fed with basal diet and drank with L. plantarum HJZW08 (LP) at the concentration of 0 (CON), 1000 × 10^5 (LP1000), and 2000 × 10^5 CFU/L (LP2000) for 70 d. Results showed that the body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgY, and anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL-10) were markedly improved (P < 0.05), while the levels of pro-inflammatory IL-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were decreased (P < 0.05) in the LP2000 group comparing with the CON group. Besides, LP treatment groups prominently increased the levels and activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Additionally, the levels of isobutyric acid in the LP1000 and LP2000 groups and isovaleric acid in the LP2000 group were significantly improved. More importantly, the α-diversity and microbial structure of intestinal microbiota were pronounced altered by LP supplementation. The results showed that only the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota was significantly increased in the LP2000 group, while 6 kinds of bacteria on genus level were significantly changed. For further validation, linear discriminant analysis with effect size (LEfSe) plots revealed that 8 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were predominant in the CON group, while Bacteroides and other beneficial species such as Lactimicrobium massiliense (ASV4 and ASV36), Intestinimonas butyriciproducens (ASV71), and Barnesiella viscericola (ASV152 and ASV571) were enriched in the LP groups. Taken together, dietary supplementation with LP obviously enhanced the immune status, antioxidant capacity, and stabilized the cecal microbiota and SCFAs, contributing to the improvement of growth performance of broilers. Our study laid good foundation for the application of probiotic Lactobacillus in animal industry in the future.

Impact of Lyophilized Milk Kefir-Based Self-Nanoemulsifying System on Cognitive Enhancement via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Chronic inflammatory bowel disorders (IBDs) are characterized by altered intestinal permeability, prompting inflammatory, oxidative stress, and immunological factors. Gut microbiota disorders impact brain function via the bidirectional gut-brain axis, influencing behavior through inflammatory cascades, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter levels. This study highlights the potential effect of integrating lyophilized milk kefir alone and lyophilized milk kefir as solid carriers loaded with a self-nanoemulsifying self-nanosuspension (SNESNS) of licorice extract on an induced chronic IBD-like model in rats. Licorice-SNESNS was prepared by the homogenization of 30 mg of licorice extract in 1 g of the selected SNEDDS (30% Caraway oil, 60% Tween 20, and 10% propylene glycol (w/w)). Licorice-SNESNS was mixed with milk kefir and then freeze-dried. Dynamic TEM images and the bimodal particle size curve confirmed the formation of the biphasic nanosystems after dilution (nanoemulsion and nanosuspension). Daily oral administration of lyophilized milk kefir (100 mg/kg) loaded with SNESNS (10 mg/kg Caraway oil and 1 mg/kg licorice) restored normal body weight and intestinal mucosa while significantly reducing submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration in induced rats. Importantly, this treatment demonstrated superior efficacy compared to lyophilized milk kefir alone by leading to a more significant alleviation of neurotransmitter levels and improved memory functions, thereby addressing gut-brain axis disorders. Additionally, it normalized fecal microbiome constituents, inflammatory cytokine levels, and oxidative stress in examined tissues and serum. Moreover, daily administration of kefir-loaded SNESNS normalized the disease activity index, alleviated histopathological changes induced by IBD induction, and partially restored the normal gut microbiota. These alterations are associated with improved cognitive functions, attributed to the maintenance of normal neurotransmitter levels and the alleviation of triggered inflammatory factors and oxidative stress levels.

Harnessing nature's pharmacy: investigating natural compounds as novel therapeutics for ulcerative colitis

Backgrounds

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and UC diagnosis rates continue to rise throughout the globe. The research and development of new drugs for the treatment of UC are urgent, and natural compounds are an important source. However, there is a lack of systematic summarization of natural compounds and their mechanisms for the treatment of UC.

Methods

We reviewed the literature in the databases below from their inception until July 2023: Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data, to obtain information on the relationship between natural compounds and UC.

Results

The results showed that 279 natural compounds treat UC through four main mechanisms, including regulating gut microbiota and metabolites (Mechanism I), protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier (Mechanism II), regulating intestinal mucosal immune response (Mechanism III), as well as regulating other mechanisms (Mechanism Ⅳ) such as cellular autophagy modulation and ferroptosis inhibition. Of these, Mechanism III is regulated by all natural compounds. The 279 natural compounds, including 62 terpenoids, 57 alkaloids, 52 flavonoids, 26 phenols, 19 phenylpropanoids, 9 steroids, 9 saponins, 8 quinonoids, 6 vitamins, and 31 others, can effectively ameliorate UC. Of these, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids have the greatest potential for treating UC. It is noteworthy to highlight that a total of 54 natural compounds exhibit their therapeutic effects by modulating Mechanisms I, II, and III.

Conclusion

This review serves as a comprehensive resource for the pharmaceutical industry, researchers, and clinicians seeking novel therapeutic approaches to combat UC. Harnessing the therapeutic potential of these natural compounds may significantly contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of patients with UC and promotion of disease-modifying therapies in the future.

Ameliorative impacts of Sinapic acid against monosodium urate crystal-induced gouty arthritis and inflammation through different signaling pathways

As known, gout a metabolic disease due to the urate crystals deposition in the joints and affect human health and state. Humans are looking for safe natural remedies from plants with safe, low cost and high effect on their health. Sinapic acid (SA) is found in plants and used as phytoconstituent in human diets. SA has strong antioxidant activity, bone-regenerative, anti-cancer, anti-allergic, and antidiabetic effects. The current study was outlined to confirm the anti-gout potential of SA against monosodium urate crystals (MSU)-induced gouty arthritis in mice. Positive gouty arthritis was conducted by administration of colchicine and MSU in the hind paw. SA was orally administered to negative and positive MSU arthritic mice at 25 and 50 mg/kg, one-hour before MSU injection (100 μg/kg intra-articular). At the end of the experiment, sampling was done for serum, histopathology, oxidative stress and gene expression analysis. The results showed that SA significantly recovered the joint edema and recovered MSU crystals-showed histopathological changes. The production of cytokines, leukocyte recruitment, oxidative stress, and nucleotide-binding domain, leucinerich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome genes expressions were increased in positive arthritic mice and ameliorated significantly by SA administration. Moreover, SA showed ameliorative impacts on air pouch model of mice as reported by the down regulation in the expression of inflammation related blood cells, proinflammatory cytokines and other transcriptional genes. In conclusion, sinapic acid showed a potential therapeutic use against side effects accompanying gouty arthritis and is good as a supplement against inflammation associated disorders.

Rutin mitigates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis: novel coloprotective mechanism

Background

Ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease, is characterized by a status of oxidative stress and inflammation. Rutin is a natural flavonoid with many pharmacological activities and its role in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis through the high mobility group B1 (HMGB1)/ toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)/ myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MYD88)/ nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) signaling pathway needs to be explored.

Methods

Four experimental groups were divided into control group, rutin group: treated with 100 mg/kg/day rutin orally for 10 days, acetic acid (AA) group: given intracolonic instillation of AA to induce ulcerative colitis, and acetic acid with rutin treatment (AA/Rutin) group.

Results

Acetic acid caused a marked increase in the colon weight/length ratio and induced colonic histopathological changes, leading to a marked rise in the colonic histopathological scores. Acetic acid exhibited a significant rise in LDH and CRP serum levels as well as TOS colonic levels, accompanied by a marked decline in TAS colonic contents compared to the control group. Moreover, AA-induced activation of the HMGB1/TLR4/MYD88/NF-kB signaling pathway. Rutin demonstrated a significant decrease in the colon weight/length ratio, ameliorated the colonic histopathological changes induced by AA, and exhibited a marked decline in the colonic histopathological scores. Rutin showed a significant decrease in serum LDH, and CRP levels as well as colonic TOS contents when compared with the AA group. Rutin suppressed the colonic activation of the HMGB1/TLR4/MYD88/NF-kB signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Rutin could be a promising coloprotective agent against AA-induced ulcerative colitis by targeting the HMGB1/TLR4/MYD88/NF-kB signaling pathway.

Aspergillus awamori: potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic colonic inflammation with a significant health hazard. Aspergillus awamori (A. awamori) is a microorganism with various bioactive compounds with natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present work aimed to elucidate the protective and therapeutic effects of varying concentrations of A. awamori against acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats. Nine groups of albino male rats were established: a control negative group (G1), a control positive group (G2,AA), and preventive protocol groups (including G3A, G4A, and G5A) that received 100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg/kg b.w, respectively, of A. awamori orally and daily from the 1st day of the experiment and for 7 consecutive days. Then, they were subjected to one dose of AA intrarectally on day 8th. G3B, G4B, and G5B were termed as curative protocol groups that received one dose of AA on day 8th and then administered 100 mg, 50 mg, and 25 mg/kg b.w. of A. awamori, respectively, on day 9th and continued receiving these doses daily until day 16th. Rats in the AA group exhibited marked histopathological alterations of the distal colon, with an exaggeration of the DAI. In addition, a remarkable increase in oxidative stress was represented by the elevation of MDA and NO levels with a decline in SOD and GPx activities. In addition, upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA expressions and downregulation of Muc2 and Nrf2 levels were detected. Unambiguously, a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect was noticed either in A. awamori prevented or treated groups expounded by reducing and regulating TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β with improved pathological lesion scoring. The Muc2, Nrf2, and bcl-2 gene levels were upregulated and restored also. In summary, the findings in this work reveal that A. awamori supplementation successfully alleviated the UC induced by AA, which had a better effect when administered before colitis induction.

Investigating the effects of solvent polarity and temperature on the molecular, photophysical, and thermodynamic properties of sinapic acid using DFT and TDDFT

Sinapic acid (SA) is widely used in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. However, environmental factors such as solvent polarity and temperature can influence its biological activity. This work determined how solvent polarity and temperature affected the molecular, photophysical, and thermodynamic properties of SA in gas and various solvents using semi-empirical (MP6), Hartree-Fock (HF) with the B3LYP method and a 6-311++G(d,p) basis set, and density functional theory (DFT) with various basis sets, such as 3TO-3G*, 3-21G+, 6-31G++G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), aug-CC-PVDZ, LanL2DZ, SDD, and DGD2VP. The results indicated that solvent polarity influences molecular and spectroscopic properties, such as bond angles, dihedral angles, bond lengths, FTIR spectra, solvation energy, dipole moments, HOMO-LUMO band gaps, chemical reactivity, and thermodynamic properties, resulting from interactions between the drug and solvent molecules. The findings suggested that increasing the temperature within the range of 100 to 1000 Kelvin leads to an increase in heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy due to molecular vibrations, ultimately causing degradation and instability in SA. Furthermore, the results showed that SA underwent a redshift in the absorption peak (from 320.18 to 356.26 nm) and a shift in the fluorescence peak (from 381 to 429 nm) in the solvent phase compared to those in the gas phase. Overall, this study provides background knowledge on how solvent polarity and temperature affect the properties of SA molecules.

Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone Ameliorates Experimental Colitis via Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidative, and Antiapoptosis Effects

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) is a citrus-originated, seminatural sweetener. There is no investigation concerning the effect of NHDC on ulcerative colitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic and protective effects of NHDC in Wistar Albino rats. NHDC was given for 7 days after or before colitis induction. The results showed that NHDC significantly reduced the interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels. Catalase levels did not show a significant difference between the groups. NHDC provided a remarkable decrease in the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were significantly elevated in NHDC treatment groups, while total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were significantly decreased. NHDC provided remarkable improvement in histological symptoms such as epithelial erosion, edema, mucosal necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hemorrhage. Also, caspase-3 expression levels were statistically decreased in NHDC treatment groups. The results indicated that NHDC might be a protection or alternative treatment for ulcerative colitis.

Persicaria lanigera (Polygonaceae) leaf extract exhibits antiulcerogenic and antiproliferative activities against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis and cotton pellet-induced granuloma tissue in rats

Objective:

To assess the effect of leaf extract of Persicaria lanigera on cotton pellet-induced granuloma tissue formation and acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis.

Methods:

Rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal control, negative control, positive control (dexamethasone or sulfasalazine) as well as Persicaria lanigera (100-600 mg/kg)-treated groups. The effects of the extracts on body weight, antioxidant, and hematological parameters, as well as mast cell proliferation, were assessed. In addition, a histological evaluation was conducted.

Results:

Persicaria lanigera extract significantly decreased the mean exudate amount and suppressed granuloma tissue formation in a concentration-dependent manner in rats (P<0.05). Additionally, the extract significantly increased body weight, improved hematological profile, reduced the disease activity index score and malondialdehyde level, as well as enhanced catalase and superoxide dismutase activities (P<0.05). Histological evaluation showed Persicaria lanigera extract alleviated acetic acid-induced colonic damages, as evidenced by decreased cell necrosis, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration.

Conclusions:

Persicaria lanigera extract possesses antiproliferative, antioxidative, and anti-colitis activities. However, its underlying mechanisms of action need further investigation.

Leucaena leucocephala succinate based polyelectrolyte complexes for colon delivery of synbiotic in management of inflammatory bowel disease

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed by the interaction between oppositely charged polymers have emerged as promising carriers for accomplishing colon-specific release. In this study, we have explored the potential of polyelectrolyte complexes between a succinate derivative of Leucaena leucocephala galactomannan and cationic guar gum for colon delivery of synbiotic. The PECs were prepared using a polyelectrolyte complexation method and characterized. The PECs exhibited excellent stability, with high encapsulation efficiency for both probiotics (95.53 %) and prebiotics (83.33 %). In vitro studies demonstrated enhanced survivability and proliferation of the encapsulated probiotics in the presence of prebiotics (93.29 %). The SEM images revealed a smooth and firm structure with reduced number of pores when both prebiotic and probiotic were encapsulated together. The treatment with synbiotic PECs in acetic acid induced IBD rats significantly relieves colitis symptoms as was evident from colon/body ratio, DAI score and histopathology studies. An increase in the protein and reduced glutathione levels and reduction in superoxide dismutase activity was observed in colitic rats that received synbiotic treatment as compared to colitic rats. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Leucaena leucocephala succinate-cationic guar gum PECs as a promising system for colon-specific synbiotic delivery, with implications for improved gut health and the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders.

Therapeutic Implications of Phenolic Acids for Ameliorating Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disorder, and its complex etiology makes prevention and treatment challenging. Research on new drugs and treatment strategies is currently a focal point. Phenolic acids are widely present in plant-based diets and have demonstrated the potential to alleviate colitis due to their powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we provide an overview of the structures and main dietary sources of phenolic acids, encompassing benzoic acid and cinnamic acid. Additionally, we explore the potential of phenolic acids as a nutritional therapy for preventing and treating IBD. In animal and cell experiments, phenolic acids effectively alleviate IBD induced by drug exposure or genetic defects. The mechanisms include improving intestinal mucosal barrier function, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting excessive activation of the immune response, and regulating the balance of the intestinal microbiota. Our observation points towards the need for additional basic and clinical investigations on phenolic acids and their derivatives as potential novel therapeutic agents for IBD.

Utilizing sinapic acid as an inhibitory antiviral agent against MERS-CoV PLpro

Concerns about the social and economic collapse, high mortality rates, and stress on the healthcare system are developing due to the coronavirus onslaught in the form of various species and their variants. In the recent past, infections brought on by coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) as well as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been reported. There is a severe lack of medications to treat various coronavirus types including MERS-CoV which is hazard to public health due to its ability for pandemic spread by human-to-human transmission. Here, we utilized sinapic acid (SA) against papain-like protease (PLpro), a crucial enzyme involved in MERS-CoV replication, because phytomedicine derived from nature has less well-known negative effects. The thermal shift assay (TSA) was used in the current study to determine whether the drug interact with the recombinant MERS-CoV PLpro. Also, inhibition assay was conducted as the hydrolysis of fluorogenic peptide from the Z-RLRGG-AMC-peptide bond in the presence of SA to determine the level of inhibition of the MERS-CoV PLpro. To study the structural binding efficiency Autodock Vina was used to dock SA to the MERS-CoV PLpro and results were analyzed using PyMOL and Maestro Schrödinger programs. Our results show a convincing interaction between SA and the MERS protease, as SA reduced MERS-CoV PLpro in a dose-dependent way IC50 values of 68.58 μM (of SA). The TSA showed SA raised temperature of melting to 54.61 °C near IC50 and at approximately 2X IC50 concentration (111.5 μM) the Tm for SA + MERS-CoV PLpro was 59.72 °C. SA was docked to MERS-CoV PLpro to identify the binding site. SA bound to the blocking loop (BL2) region of MERS-CoV PLpro interacts with F268, E272, V275, and P249 residues of MERS-CoV PLpro. The effectiveness of protease inhibitors against MERS-CoV has been established and SA is already known for broad range biological activity including antiviral properties; it can be a suitable candidate for anti-MERS-CoV treatment.

Diosmin alleviates ulcerative colitis in mice by increasing Akkermansia muciniphila abundance, improving intestinal barrier function, and modulating the NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways

Ulcerative colitis is a common type of inflammatory bowel disease that affects millions of individuals around the world. Traditional UC treatment has focused on suppressing immune responses rather than treating the underlying causes of UC, which include oxidative stress, inflammation, and microbiota dysbiosis. Diosmin (DIO), a naturally occurring flavonoid, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of DIO in treating dextran-sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, and to investigate some of its underlying mechanisms, with an emphasis on Akkermansia muciniphila abundance, inflammatory markers, and intestinal barrier function. C57BL/6 mice were given 4% (w/v) DSS to induce colitis. DSS-induced mice were administered DIO (100 and 200 mg/kg) or sulfasalazine orally for 7 days. Every day, the disease activity index (DAI) was determined by recording body weight, diarrhea, and bloody stool. Changes in fecal A. muciniphila abundance, colonic MUC1 and MUC2 expression, as well as oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were all assessed. Histopathological changes, colonic PIK3PR3 and ZO-1 levels, and immunohistochemical examinations of occludin and claudin-1, were investigated. DIO administration resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in DAI, as well as increase in A. muciniphila abundance and MUC2 expression while decreasing MUC1 expression. DIO also dramatically reduced colonic oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating the NF-κB and Nrf2 cascades, restored intestinal barrier integrity by inhibiting PIK3R3 and inducing ZO-1, and improved occludin/claudin-1 gene expression and immunostaining. This study provides the first evidence that DIO preserves intestinal barrier integrity and increases A. muciniphila abundance in DSS-induced colitis. However, more research is required to explore the impact of DIO on the overall composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. Likewise, it will be important to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which A. muciniphila maintains intestinal barrier function and its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of UC.

Anti-ulcerative colitis effects of chemically characterized extracts from Calliandra haematocephala in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease that involves inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. To date, no definite cure for this disease is available. Objective: The objective of the current study was to assess the effect of Calliandra haematocephala on inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers for the exploration of its anti-ulcerative colitis activity in rat models of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis. Methods: Methanolic and n-hexane extracts of areal parts of the plant were prepared by cold extraction method. Phytochemical analysis of both extracts was performed by qualitative analysis, quantitative methods, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Prednisone at 2 mg/kg dose and plant extracts at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg doses were given to Wistar rats for 11 days, which were given acetic acid on 8th day through the trans-rectal route for the induction of ulcerative colitis. A comparison of treatment groups was done with a normal control group and a colitis control group. To evaluate the anti-ulcerative colitis activity of Calliandra haematocephala, different parameters such as colon macroscopic damage, ulcer index, oxidative stress markers, histopathological examination, and mRNA expression of pro and anti-inflammatory mediators were evaluated. mRNA expression analysis was carried out by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The phytochemical evaluation revealed polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and sterols in both extracts of the plant. Results of the present study exhibited that both extracts attenuated the large bowel inflammation and prevented colon ulceration at all tested doses. Macroscopic damage and ulcer scoreswere significantly decreased by both extracts. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and nitrite/nitrate concentrations in colon tissues were returned to normal levels while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly improved by all doses. Histopathological examination exhibited that both extracts prevented the inflammatory changes, cellular infiltration, and colon thickening. Gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR revealed the downregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) were found to be upregulated in treated rats. Conclusion: It was concluded based on study outcomes that methanolic and n-hexane extracts of Calliandra haematocephala exhibited anti-ulcerative colitis activity through modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and the immune system. In this context, C. haematocephala can be considered as a potential therapeutic approach for cure of ulcerative colitis after bioassay-directed isolation of bioactive phytochemicals and clinical evaluation.

Tiron ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: Role of TGF-β/EGFR/PI3K/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC), an ongoing inflammatory disorder of the colon, is marked by persistent mucosal surface irritation extending from the rectum to the near-proximal colon. Tiron is a synthetic analogue of vitamin E which is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in various animal models, so the goal of this study was to find out whether Tiron had any preventive impacts on UC inflicted by acetic acid (A.A) exposure in rats.

METHOD

Tiron (235 and 470 mg/kg) was administered intra-peritoneally for 2 weeks, and A.A (2 ml, 3 % v/v) was injected intra-rectally to cause colitis. Colon tissues and blood samples were then collected for measurement of various inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.

RESULTS

Tiron administration significantly diminished lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), colon weight, and the weight/length ratio of the colon as compared to A.A-injected rats. Additionally, Tiron attenuated oxidative stress biomarkers. Tiron also enforced the levels of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3), while it greatly lowered the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor-1(TGF-β1), phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (P-EGFR), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) expression in colonic cellular structures. Furthermore, colonichistopathologic damages, revealed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Alcian Blue stain, were significantly decreased upon Tiron administration.

CONCLUSION

Tiron prevented A.A-induced colitis in rats via modulating inflammatory pathway TGF-β1/P-EGFR/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB, alongside managing the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium, and boosting the reliability of the intestinal barrier.

Natural compounds target programmed cell death (PCD) signaling mechanism to treat ulcerative colitis: a review

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease characterized by abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, and colon shortening. However, UC is difficult to cure due to its high drug resistance rate and easy recurrence. Moreover, long-term inflammation and increased disease severity can lead to the development of colon cancer in some patients. Programmed cell death (PCD) is a gene-regulated cell death process that includes apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. PCD plays a crucial role in maintaining body homeostasis and the development of organs and tissues. Abnormal PCD signaling is observed in the pathological process of UC, such as activating the apoptosis signaling pathway to promote the progression of UC. Targeting PCD may be a therapeutic strategy, and natural compounds have shown great potential in modulating key targets of PCD to treat UC. For instance, baicalin can regulate cell apoptosis to alleviate inflammatory infiltration and pathological damage. This review focuses on the specific expression of PCD and its interaction with multiple signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, Nrf2, MAPK, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, NLRP3, GPX4, Bcl-2, etc., to elucidate the role of natural compounds in targeting PCD for the treatment of UC. This review used (ulcerative colitis) (programmed cell death) and (natural products) as keywords to search the related studies in PubMed and the Web of Science, and CNKI database of the past 10 years. This work retrieved 72 studies (65 from the past 5 years and 7 from the past 10 years), which aims to provide new treatment strategies for UC patients and serves as a foundation for the development of new drugs.

Amelioration of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by cetirizine and loratadine via regulation of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signalling pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine release

Objectives

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers in the rectum and the innermost layer of the large intestine. Our study aimed to elucidate the ameliorative effect of cetirizine (CTZ) and loratadine (LOR) against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via assessment of the PI3K/p-Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway and proinflammatory cytokine release.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-two rats were allocated into four groups (n=8). Group (I) was considered normal control. Acetic acid (AA) was injected intrarectally in groups (2-4). Group (2) was kept untreated. Group (3) was administered CTZ (20 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Group (4) was administered LOR (10 mg/kg/day) for 7 days.

Results

AA showed severe macroscopic colonic lesions associated with increased ulcer number, area, and severity with significantly elevated PI3K, p-Akt, Nrf2, TNF-α, and IL-6 in colorectal tissue as compared to the normal control group. All the aforementioned indicators were greatly improved by CTZ and LOR therapy.

Conclusion

This is the first study to elucidate the ameliorative effect of CTZ and LOR against AA-induced UC in rats. CTZ and LOR treatment mitigates UC via amelioration of the PI3K/p-Akt/Nrf2 pathway and proinflammatory cytokine release.

Casuarina glauca branchlets' extract as a potential treatment for ulcerative colitis: chemical composition, in silico and in vivo studies

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that is often resistant to current treatment options, leading to a need for alternative therapies. Herbal products have shown promise in managing various conditions, including UC. However, the potential of Casuarina glauca branchlets ethanolic extract (CGBRE) in treating UC has not been explored. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of CGBRE and evaluate its efficacy in UC treatment through in silico and in vivo experiments. LC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify 86 compounds in CGBRE, with 21 potential bioactive compounds determined through pharmacokinetic analysis. Network pharmacology analysis revealed 171 potential UC targets for the bioactive compounds, including EGFR, LRRK2, and HSP90 as top targets, which were found to bind to key CGBRE compounds through molecular docking. Molecular docking findings suggested that CGBRE may be effective in the prevention or treatment of ulcerative colitis mediated by these proteins, where key CGBRE compounds exhibited good binding affinities through formation of numerous interactions. In vivo studies in rats with acetic acid-induced UC demonstrated that oral administration of 300 mg/kg CGBRE for 6 days reduced UC symptoms and colonic expression of EGFR, LRRK2, and HSP90. These findings supported the therapeutic potential of CGBRE in UC and suggested the need for further preclinical and clinical investigation.

Canagliflozin ameliorates ulcerative colitis via regulation of TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB and Nrf2/PPAR-γ/SIRT1 signaling pathways

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the most common subtypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the colon and is characterized by severe intestinal inflammation. Canagliflozin is a widely used antihyperglycemic agent, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that enhances urinary glucose excretion. This study aims to provide insights into the potential benefits of canagliflozin as a treatment for UC by addressing possible cellular signals. Acetic acid (AA; 4% v/v) was administered intrarectally to induce colitis. Canagliflozin is given orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. Canagliflozin attenuates inflammation in AA-induced colitis, evidenced by significant and dose-dependently downregulation of p38 MAPK, NF-κB-p65, IKK, IRF3, and NADPH-oxidase as well as colonic levels of IL-6 and IL-1β and MPO enzymatic activity. Canagliflozin mitigates colonic oxidative stress by decreasing MDA content and restoring SOD enzymatic activities and GSH levels mediated by co-activating of Nrf2, PPARγ, and SIRT1 pathways. Moreover, an in-silico study confirmed that canagliflozin was specific to all target proteins in this study. Canagliflozin's binding affinity with its target proteins indicates and confirms its effectiveness in regulating these pathways. Also, network pharmacology analysis supported that canagliflozin potently attenuates UC via a multi-target and multi-pathway approach.

Effects of sinapic acid on lead acetate-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in testicular tissue

In this study, the effect of lead acetate (PbAc) and sinapic acid (SNP) administration on oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, sperm quality and histopathology in testicular tissue of rats was tried to be determined. PbAc was administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg/bw for 7 days to induce testicular toxicity in rats. Oral doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw SNP were administered to rats for 7 days after PbAc administration. According to our findings, while PbAc administration increased MDA content in rats, it decreased GPx, SOD, CAT activity and GSH content. NF-kB, IL-1β, TNF-α, and COX-2, which are among the inflammation parameters that increased due to PbAc, decreased with the administration of SNP. Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 mRNA transcript levels decreased with PbAc, but SNP treatments increased these mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. RAGE and NLRP3 gene expression were upregulated in PbAc treated rats. MAPK14, MAPK15, and JNK relative mRNA levels decreased with SNP treatment in PbAc treated rats. While the levels of apoptosis markers Bax, Caspase-3, and Apaf-1 increased in rats treated with PbAc, the level of Bcl-2 decreased, but SNP inhibited this apoptosis markers. PbAc caused histopathological deterioration in testis tissue and negatively affected spermatogenesis. When the sperm quality was examined, the decrease in sperm motility and spermatozoon density caused by PbAc, and the increase in the ratio of dead and abnormal spermatozoa were inhibited by SNP. As a result, while PbAc increased apoptosis and inflammation by inducing oxidative stress in testicles, SNP treatment inhibited these changes and increased sperm quality.

Ferulic acid ameliorates ulcerative colitis in a rat model via the inhibition of two LPS-TLR4-NF-κB and NF-κB-INOS-NO signaling pathways and thus alleviating the inflammatory, oxidative and apoptotic conditions in the colon tissue

INTRODUCTION

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation of the colon. However, the common treatment for it is accompanied by many complications. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the ameliorative effects of ferulic acid on acetic acid-induced colitis in rat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To induce ulcerative colitis, animals received 0.8 ml of 7% acetic acid intra-rectally. Ferulic acid in 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg doses was administered orally one hour after the ulcerative colitis induction. Animals received treatments for five consecutive days and then were euthanized on the sixth day. The colon was dissected out and macroscopic lesions were examined. Colon samples were evaluated for histopathological examination, biochemical analysis, determination of the expression of inflammatory, and apoptotic genes as well as total antioxidant capacity.

RESULTS

Ferulic acid significantly inhibited inflammatory and apoptotic genes mRNA expression, also production of MDA and NO. Ferulic acid significantly increased the activity of antioxidant factors (TAC content, and SOD and CAT activity), thereby preventing inflammation and histopathological damage in the colon tissue of colitis rats.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study confirmed the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of ferulic acid. About the mechanism of action of this compound, it can be concluded that the ability of ferulic acid in the amelioration of ulcerative colitis is related to the inhibition of two LPS-TLR4-NF-κB and NF-κB-INOS-NO signaling pathways.

Sinapic acid alleviates inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through localization of tight junction proteins by direct binding to TAK1 and improves intestinal microbiota

Introduction: Although sinapic acid is found in various edible plants and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties including colitis, its underlying mechanism and effects on the composition of the gut microbiota are largely unknown. We aimed to identify an early response kinase that regulates the localization of tight junction proteins, act at the onset of the inflammatory response, and is regulated by sinapic acid. Additionally, we analyzed the effects of sinapic acid on the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiome. Methods: We examined the aberrant alterations of early response genes such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activating transcription factor (ATF)-2 within 2 h of sinapic acid treatment in fully differentiated Caco-2 cells with or without lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation. To confirm the effect of sinapic acid on stimulus-induced delocalization of tight junction proteins, including zonula occludens (ZO)-1, occludin, and claudin-2, all tight junction proteins were investigated by analyzing a fraction of membrane and cytosol proteins extracted from Caco-2 cells and mice intestines. Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice using 2% dextran sulfate sodium and sinapic acid (2 or 10 mg/kg/day) was administrated for 15 days. Furthermore, the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical activities of sinapic acid for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) evaluated. Results: We confirmed that sinapic acid significantly suppressed the stimulus-induced delocalization of tight junction proteins from the intestinal cell membrane and abnormal intestinal permeability as well as the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and TNF-α in vitro and in vivo. Sinapic acid was found to bind directly to transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and inhibit the stimulus-induced activation of NF-κB as well as MAPK/ATF-2 pathways, which in turn regulated the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MLCK). Dietary sinapic acid also alleviated the imbalanced of gut microbiota and symptoms of IBD, evidenced by improvements in the length and morphology of the intestine in mice with colitis. Discussion: These findings indicate that sinapic acid may be an effective nutraceutical and pharmaceutical agent for IBD treatment as it targets TAK1 and inhibits subsequent NF-κB and ATF-2 signaling.

Biological Activities of p-Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Maintaining Gut Barrier Integrity and Function

It is well established that p-Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), including ferulic, caffeic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids, possess a characteristic phenylpropanoid C6-C3 backbone and account for about one-third of the phenolic compounds in our diet. HCAs are typically associated with various plant cell wall components, including mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, sterols, polyamines, glycoproteins, and lignins. Interestingly, enzymes produced by intestinal microbes liberate HCAs from these associations. HCAs are completely absorbed in their free form upon ingestion and undergo specific reactions upon absorption in the small intestine or liver. The gut epithelium, composed of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), acts as a physical barrier against harmful bacteria and a site for regulated interactions between bacteria and the gut lumen. Thus, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier is essential for establishing a physiochemical environment conducive to homeostasis. This review summarizes the protective effects of HCAs on the intestinal barrier, achieved through four mechanisms: preserving tight junction proteins (TJPs), modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, exerting antioxidant activity, and regulating the intestinal microbiota.

Sinapic acid alleviates 5-fluorouracil-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via Nrf2/HO-1 signalling

Fluoropyrimidine 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a DNA analogue broadly used in chemotherapy, though treatment-associated nephrotoxicity limits its widespread clinical use. Sinapic acid (SA) has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, we investigated its protective effects against 5-FU-induced nephrotoxicity in a rat model. We designated four treatment groups each Group I (control) received five intraperitoneal saline injections (once daily) from days 17 to 21; Group II received five intraperitoneal injections of 5-FU (50 mg/kg/day) from days 17 to 21; Group III received an oral administration of SA (40 mg/kg) for 21 days and five intraperitoneal injections of 5-FU (50 mg/kg/day) from days 17 to 21; and Group IV received an oral administration of SA (40 mg/kg) for 21 days (n-six rats in each group). blood samples were collected on day 22 from each group. Animals were sacrificed and their kidneys removed, and instantly frozen. 5-FU caused oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of the apoptotic pathway by upregulating Bax and Caspase-3 and downregulating Bcl-2. However, SA exposure reduced serum toxicity indicators, boosted antioxidant defences, and reduced kidney apoptosis, which was confirmed by histopathological analysis. Therefore, prophylactic administration of SA could inhibit 5-FU-induced renal injuries in rats via suppression of renal inflammation and oxidative stress, primarily through regulation of NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines, inhibition of renal apoptosis, and restoration of tubular epithelial antioxidant activities and cytoprotective defences.

The coumaric acid and syringic acid ameliorate acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via modulator of Nrf2/HO-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes uncontrolled inflammation and ulcers in your digestive tract. The coumaric acid and syringic acid are phenolic derivative found in many fruits and vegetables and is widely recognized for the ability of anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of coumaric acid and syringic acid on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.

METHODS

A total of 64 male Wistar rats were divided into eight equal groups (n = 8). Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of acetic acid, and rats orally received coumaric acid (100 and 150 mg/kg), syringic acid (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) once per day for four days after colitis induction. Then, HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 mRNA expression were quantified by real time-PCR. Finally, the tissue levels of TNF-α and IL-1β protein were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

Colitis led to a decrease in HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 mRNA expression and an increase in the tissue levels of TNF-α and IL-1β protein in the colon tissue. Treatment with dexamethasone significantly increased HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 mRNA expression and decreased the tissue levels of TNF-α and IL-1β protein compared to the UC group. Treatment with 150 mg/kg of coumaric acid and 50 mg/kg of syringic acid significantly increased HO-1, Nrf2, and NQO1 mRNA expression compared to the UC group. Also, treatment with 100 and 150 mg/kg of coumaric acid and 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg of syringic acid significantly decreased the tissue levels of TNF-α and IL-1β protein compared to the UC group.

CONCLUSION

The coumaric acid and syringic acid, especially at high doses, may be an alternative strategy for the treatment of UC by the reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β levels and upregulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

The possible effect of lycopene in ameliorating experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in adult male albino rats (A histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study)

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is considered a long-term inflammatory disorder worldwide. Its pathogenesis is associated with reduced antioxidant capacity. Lycopene (LYC) is a powerful antioxidant with strong free radical scavenging property. The present work has done to assess changes of colonic mucosa in induced UC and the possible ameliorative effects of LYC. Forty-five adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: group I (control), group II was given 5 mg/kg/day (LYC) by oral gavage for 3 weeks. Group III (UC) was received single intra-rectal injection of acetic acid. Group IV (LYC+UC) received LYC in same dose and duration as before and acetic acid on 14th day of the experiment. UC group showed loss of surface epithelium with destructed crypts. Congested blood vessels with heavy cellular infiltration were observed. Significant decrease in goblet cell numbers and the mean area percentage of ZO-1 immunoexpression were noticed. Significant increase in the mean area percentage of collagen and the mean area percentage of COX-2 were also noticed. Ultrastructural changes were matched with light microscopic results that showed abnormal destructive columnar and goblet cells. Histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings in group IV supported the ameliorative role of LYC against destructive changes induced by UC.

Sinapic acid-loaded gel accelerates diabetic wound healing process by promoting re-epithelialization and attenuating oxidative stress in rats

Impaired wound healing is a critical health concern for individuals with diabetes. Sinapic acid, a phyto-compound, has wound-healing potential owing to its various bioactivities. In this study, we explored the wound-healing ability of sinapic acid in diabetes. Full-thickness excisional wounds were created in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sinapic acid-loaded gels (1%, 2%, and 3%) were prepared and applied topically to diabetic skin wounds. On day 7 post-wounding, rats were sacrificed, and macroscopic, histopathological, and oxidative markers of wound healing activity were evaluated in the collected wound tissues. Sinapic acid-loaded gels showed better recovery in re-epithelialization (p < 0.05) and angiogenesis (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control group. Sinapic acid-loaded gels (1%, 2%, and 3%) showed 87.46%, 79.53%, and 68.78% wound contraction, respectively. They increased collagen content (28.05 ± 1.66, 17.30 ± 2.19, and 11.64 ± 1.25, respectively) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (17.49 ± 1.61, 18.44 ± 1.24, and 19.16 ± 1.77, respectively) compared to the negative control group (6.76 ± 0.89, and 43.58 ± 3.70, respectively) (p < 0.05). Moreover, sinapic acid-loaded gel groups demonstrated enhanced antioxidant capacity (approximately 2-2.5-fold) compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). Sinapic acid 1% loaded gel showed the best effect on the diabetic healing process, whereas sinapic acid 2% loaded gel and reference drug showed similar effects. The results of this study, for the first time, suggest that the topical application of sinapic acid can promote diabetic wound healing, especially at low doses.

Identification of Doxorubicin as Repurposing Inhibitory Drug for MERS-CoV PLpro

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), belonging to the betacoronavirus genus can cause severe respiratory illnesses, accompanied by pneumonia, multiorgan failure, and ultimately death. CoVs have the ability to transgress species barriers and spread swiftly into new host species, with human-to-human transmission causing epidemic diseases. Despite the severe public health threat of MERS-CoV, there are currently no vaccines or drugs available for its treatment. MERS-CoV papain-like protease (PLpro) is a key enzyme that plays an important role in its replication. In the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory activities of doxorubicin (DOX) against the recombinant MERS-CoV PLpro by employing protease inhibition assays. Hydrolysis of fluorogenic peptide from the Z-RLRGG-AMC-peptide bond in the presence of DOX showed an IC50 value of 1.67 μM at 30 min. Subsequently, we confirmed the interaction between DOX and MERS-CoV PLpro by thermal shift assay (TSA), and DOX increased ΔTm by ~20 °C, clearly indicating a coherent interaction between the MERS-CoV PL protease and DOX. The binding site of DOX on MERS-CoV PLpro was assessed using docking techniques and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. DOX bound to the thumb region of the catalytic domain of the MERS-CoV PLpro. MD simulation results showed flexible BL2 loops, as well as other potential residues, such as R231, R233, and G276 of MERS-CoV PLpro. Development of drug repurposing is a remarkable opportunity to quickly examine the efficacy of different aspects of treating various diseases. Protease inhibitors have been found to be effective against MERS-CoV to date, and numerous candidates are currently undergoing clinical trials to prove this. Our effort follows a in similar direction.

Sishen Pill Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis with Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndromes: Role of Gut Microbiota, Fecal Metabolites, Inflammatory Dendritic Cells, and TLR4/NF-κB Pathway

Sishen pill (SSP) is an old Chinese medicine used to treat colitis with spleen-kidney-yang deficiency (SKYD) syndromes. However, its exact mechanism of action has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and potential mechanisms of SSP on colitis with SKYD syndromes in mice. Colitis with SKYD syndromes was induced by rhubarb, hydrocortisone, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and treatment was provided with SSP. Flow cytometry was performed to examine the inflammatory dendritic cell (infDC) regulations of SSP. The changes in the gut microbiota (GM) and fecal metabolites post-SSP treatment were investigated using the combination of 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. Additionally, we also examined whether SSPs could regulate the infDCs by modifying TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. Compared with the DSS group, the disease activity index, colonic weight, index of colonic weight, and colonic injury scores, as well as the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p70 decreased significantly in the DSS + SSP group, while free triiodothyronine (FT3), free tetraiodothyronine (FT4), testosterone (TESTO), body weight change, colonic length, and the levels of IL-10 increased. Also, SSP decreased the amounts of CD103+CD11c+iNOS+, CD103+CD11c+TNF-α +, CD11c+CD103+CD324+, CD103+CD11c+MHC-II+, and CD103+CD11c+CD115+. Interestingly, 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics showed that SSP treatment restored the dysbiosis of GM and improved the dysfunction in fecal metabolism in colitis mice with SKYD syndromes. Correlation analysis indicated that the modulatory effects of SSP on FT3, FT4, IL-10, colonic weight index, CD103+CD11c+TNF-α +, CD103+CD11c+MHC-II+, and 13 common differential metabolites were related to alterations in the abundance of Parvibacter, Aerococcus, norank_f_Lachnospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, Akkermansia, and Rhodococcus in the GM. In addition, SSP markedly inhibited the activation of the TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, TAB2, and NF-κBp65 proteins and activated IκB. These results indicate that SSP can effectively alleviate colitis mice with SKYD syndrome by regulating infDCs, GM, fecal metabolites, and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways.