A Comprehensive Review on the Benefits and Problems of Curcumin with Respect to Human Health

Unveiling the role of gut microbiota in curcumin metabolism using antibiotic-treated mice

Curcumin might exert its therapeutic effects by interacting with gut microbiota. However, the role of gut microbiota in curcumin metabolism in vivo remains poorly understood. To address this, we used antibiotics to deplete gut microbiota and compared curcumin metabolism in control and antibiotic-treated mice. Using Q-TOF and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, we identified and quantified curcumin metabolites, revealing distinct metabolic pathways in these two mice groups. The novel metabolites, hexahydro-dimethyl-curcumin and hexahydro-didemethyl-curcumin were exclusively derived from gut microbiota. Additionally, gut bacteria deconjugated curcumin metabolites back into their bioactive forms. Moreover, control mice exhibited significantly lower curcumin degradation, suggesting a protective role of gut microbiota against degradation. In conclusion, our results indicated that gut microbiota might enhance the effectiveness of curcumin by deconjugation, production of active metabolites, and protection against degradation in the large intestine. This study enhances our understanding of the interactions between curcumin and gut microbiota.

Hypolipidemic activity of phytochemical combinations: A mechanistic review of preclinical and clinical studies

Hyperlipidemia, a condition characterized by elevated levels of lipids in the blood, poses a significant risk factor for various health disorders, notably cardiovascular diseases. Phytochemical compounds are promising alternatives to the current lipid-lowering drugs, which cause many undesirable effects. Based on in vivo and clinical studies, combining phytochemicals with other phytochemicals, prebiotics, and probiotics and their encapsulation in nanoparticles is more safe and effective for managing hyperlipidemia than monotherapy. To this end, the results obtained and the mechanisms of action of these combinations were examined in detail in this review.

The relationships between biological novel biomarkers Lp-PLA2 and CTRP-3 and CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is recognized as a primary and severe comorbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is also identified as a leading cause of mortality within this population. Consequently, the identification of novel biomarkers for the risk stratification and progression of CVD in individuals with T2DM is of critical importance.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study encompassed 979 patients diagnosed with T2DM, of whom 116 experienced CVD events during the follow-up period. Clinical assessments and comprehensive blood laboratory analyses were conducted. Age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was utilized to evaluate the association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP-3), and the incidence of CVD in T2DM. The diagnostic performance of these biomarkers was assessed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the computation of the area under the curve (AUC).

RESULTS

Over a median follow-up of 84 months (interquartile range: 42 [32-54] months), both novel inflammatory markers, Lp-PLA2 and CTRP-3, and traditional lipid indices, such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, exhibited aberrant expression in the CVD-afflicted subset of the T2DM cohort. Age- and sex-adjusted Cox regression analysis delineated that Lp-PLA2 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.007 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.005-1.009], p < 0.001) and CTRP-3 (HR = 0.943 [95% CI: 0.935-0.954], p < 0.001) were independently associated with the manifestation of CVD in T2DM. ROC curve analysis indicated a substantial predictive capacity for Lp-PLA2 (AUC = 0.81 [95% CI: 0.77-0.85], p < 0.001) and CTRP-3 (AUC = 0.91 [95% CI: 0.89-0.93], p < 0.001) in forecasting CVD occurrence in T2DM. The combined biomarker approach yielded an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.93-0.96), p < 0.001, indicating enhanced diagnostic accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that the biomarkers Lp-PLA2 and CTRP-3 are dysregulated in patients with T2DM who develop CVD and that each biomarker is independently associated with the occurrence of CVD. The combined assessment of Lp-PLA2 and CTRP-3 may significantly augment the diagnostic precision for CVD in the T2DM demographic.

Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Derived Compounds and Plant Extracts in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Comprehensive Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune disorder that is characterized by joint inflammation, discomfort, and impairment. Despite the existence of several therapeutic approaches, their effectiveness is often restricted and may be linked to unfavorable side effects. Consequently, there has been growing interest in investigating naturally derived compounds as plausible therapeutic agents for RA disease. The objective of this review is to summarize the existing preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of naturally extracted compounds and plant extracts in the treatment of RA, focusing on their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and immunomodulatory properties. Some of the problems with using natural chemicals are the uneven quality of commercially available preparations and the poor bioavailability of these compounds. Future investigations should focus on improving the formulations, conducting thorough clinical trials, and exploring different techniques to fully utilize the intrinsic potential of naturally derived chemicals in treating RA.

Mechanisms of Phytoremediation by Resveratrol against Cadmium Toxicity

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity poses a significant threat to human health and the environment due to its widespread occurrence and persistence. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed towards exploring natural compounds with potential protective effects against Cd-induced toxicity. Among these compounds, resveratrol (RV) has emerged as a promising candidate, demonstrating a range of beneficial effects attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This literature review systematically evaluates the protective role of RV against Cd toxicity, considering the various mechanisms of action involved. A comprehensive analysis of both in vitro and in vivo studies is conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of RV efficacy in mitigating Cd-induced damage. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of phytoremediation strategies in addressing Cd contamination, emphasizing the potential of RV in enhancing the efficiency of such remediation techniques. Through the integration of diverse research findings, this review underscores the therapeutic potential of RV in combating Cd toxicity and underscores the need for further investigation to elucidate its precise mechanisms of action and optimize its application in environmental and clinical settings.

Occurrence and Prioritization of Human Androgen Receptor Disruptors in Sewage Sludges Across China

The global practice of reusing sewage sludge in agriculture and its landfill disposal reintroduces environmental contaminants, posing risks to human and ecological health. This study screened sewage sludge from 30 Chinese cities for androgen receptor (AR) disruptors, utilizing a disruptor list from the Toxicology in the 21st Century program (Tox21), and identified 25 agonists and 33 antagonists across diverse use categories. Predominantly, natural products 5α-dihydrotestosterone and thymidine emerged as agonists, whereas the industrial intermediate caprolactam was the principal antagonist. In-house bioassays for identified disruptors displayed good alignment with Tox21 potency data, validating employing Tox21 toxicity data for theoretical toxicity estimations. Potency calculations revealed 5α-dihydrotestosterone and two pharmaceuticals (17β-trenbolone and testosterone isocaproate) as the most potent AR agonists and three dyes (rhodamine 6G, Victoria blue BO, and gentian violet) as antagonists. Theoretical effect contribution evaluations prioritized 5α-dihydrotestosterone and testosterone isocaproate as high-risk AR agonists and caprolactam, rhodamine 6G, and 8-hydroxyquinoline (as a biocide and a preservative) as key antagonists. Notably, 16 agonists and 20 antagonists were newly reported in the sludge, many exhibiting significant detection frequencies, concentrations, and/or toxicities, demanding future scrutiny. Our study presents an efficient strategy for estimating environmental sample toxicity and identifying key toxicants, thereby supporting the development of appropriate sludge management strategies.

Ratiometric fluorescence method comprising carbon dots and rhodamine 6G encapsulated in metal-organic framework microcubes for curcumin detection

A ratiometric fluorescence method comprising carbon dots (CDs) and rhodamine 6G (Rh-6G) encapsulated in the microcubes of metal-organic framework (MOF-5) is introduced for the sensitive detection of curcumin (Cur) in condiments. CDs@MOF-5@Rh-6G, synthesized by the adsorption of Rh-6G on MOF-5 embedded with CDs, showed two distinct emission peaks at 435 and 560 nm under excitation at 335 nm, and could be used for Cur detection by ratiometric fluorescence. In the presence of Cur, the fluorescence of the CDs at 435 nm (F435) was quenched by Cur owing to internal filtering and dynamic quenching effects, whereas the emission of Rh-6G at 560 nm (F560) remained unchanged (335 nm is the excitation wavelength, 435 and 560 nm are the emission wavelengths, in which F435/F560 values are used as the output results). Under optimal conditions, a linear relationship was observed between the Cur concentration (in the range 0.1-5 μmol/L) and F435/F560 value for CDs@MOF-5@Rh-6G, with a detection limit of 15 nmol/L. Notably, the proposed method could accurately detect Cur in mustard, curry, and red pepper powders. Therefore, this study could improve the quality control of food and facilitate the development of sensitive ratiometric fluorescence probes.

Assessing the Effects of Curcumin and 450 nm Photodynamic Therapy on Oxidative Metabolism and Cell Cycle in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An In Vitro Study

Oral cancer is the 16th most common malignant tumor worldwide. The risk of recurrence and mortality is high, and the survival rate is low over the following five years. Recent studies have shown that curcumin causes apoptosis in tumor cells by affecting FoF1-ATP synthase (ATP synthase) activity, which, in turn, hinders cell energy production, leading to a loss of cell viability. Additionally, irradiation of curcumin within cells can intensify its detrimental effects on cancer cell viability and proliferation (photodynamic therapy). We treated the OHSU-974 cell line, a model for human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and primary human fibroblasts. The treatment involved a 1 h exposure of cells to 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM curcumin, followed or not by irradiation or the addition of the same concentration of pre-irradiated curcumin. Both instances involved a diode laser with a wavelength of 450 nm (0.25 W, 15 J, 60 s, 1 cm2, continuous wave mode). The treatment with non-irradiated 1 and 10 µM curcumin caused ATP synthase inhibition and a consequent reduction in the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ATP/AMP ratio, which was associated with a decrement in lipid peroxidation accumulation and a slight increase in glutathione reductase and catalase activity. By contrast, 60 s curcumin irradiation with 0.25 W-450 nm caused a further oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) metabolism impairment that induced an uncoupling between respiration and energy production, leading to increased oxidative damage, a cellular growth and viability reduction, and a cell cycle block in the G1 phase. These effects appeared to be more evident when the curcumin was irradiated after cell incubation. Since cells belonging to the HNSCC microenvironment support tumor development, curcumin's effects have been analyzed on primary human fibroblasts, and a decrease in cell energy status has been observed with both irradiated and non-irradiated curcumin and an increase in oxidative lipid damage and a slowing of cell growth were observed when the curcumin was irradiated before or after cellular administration. Thus, although curcumin displays an anti-cancer role on OHSU-974 in its native form, photoactivation seems to enhance its effects, making it effective even at low dosages.

Integrative Approaches for the Diagnosis and Management of Erosive Oral Lichen Planus

Erosive oral lichen planus (EOLP) represents a significant challenge in dental and medical management due to its chronic inflammatory nature, painful symptoms, and impact on quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the current diagnostic approach with novel non-invasive techniques, such as dermoscopy, and also the landscape of treatment options for EOLP, focusing on its efficacy, safety, and the challenges that it present in clinical practice. Through a comprehensive literature review, we explored the use of topical corticosteroids, systemic immunosuppressants, biologics, and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in treating EOLP, alongside examining patient compliance, psychological impacts, and the risk of adverse effects and recurrence. Our findings reveal that while topical corticosteroids are the cornerstone of EOLP treatment, offering symptomatic relief, their long-term use is limited by side effects and tolerance development. Systemic therapies and biologics provide alternatives for refractory cases but necessitate careful adverse effect monitoring. JAK inhibitors show promise as an innovative treatment avenue but require more evidence on long-term safety and efficacy. This study highlights the necessity of personalized treatment approaches due to the variable disease course and response to treatment, underscoring the importance of a multidisciplinary strategy in managing EOLP. The complexity of EOLP treatment, compounded by its psychological and quality of life impacts, demands ongoing research into targeted therapies, the establishment of standardized treatment protocols, and the development of effective outcome measures to improve patient care and treatment outcomes.

The effect of curcumin supplementation on functional strength outcomes and markers of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from the Curcuma longa L (turmeric) plant and has gained attention through its perceived anti-inflammatory characteristics. The potential interaction with exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has led to investigation of curcumin as a post-exercise strategy that may have the potential to lessen acute reductions in functional strength (FS) following physical activity. Aim: The purpose of this review is to assess the evidence examining curcumin in relation to four outcome measures: FS, EIMD, DOMS and inflammation. Methods: A Medline, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL database search was undertaken with no publication date limit. Sixteen papers met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Three meta-analyses were completed for EIMD, DOMS and inflammation, respectively, with FS being excluded due to limited research. Results: Effect sizes were as follows: EIMD (0.15, -0.12, -0.04, -0.2 and -0.61 corresponding to 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-exercise, respectively), DOMS (-0.64, -0.33, 0.06, -0.53 and -1.16 corresponding to 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-exercise, respectively) and inflammation (-0.10, 0.26, 0.15 and 0.26 corresponding to 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post-exercise, respectively). A 96 h post-exercise inflammation meta-analysis was not conducted due to limited data. Conclusion: No effect sizes were statistically significant for EIMD (p = 0.644, 0.739, 0.893, 0.601 and 0.134), DOMS (p = 0.054, 0.092, 0.908, 0.119 and 0.074) and inflammation (p = 0.729, 0.603, 0.611 and 0.396). Further research is needed to thoroughly examine whether an effect exists.

Mitochondrial-targeted curcumin inhibits T-cell activation via Nrf2 and inhibits graft-versus-host-disease in a mouse model

Anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive agents are required to moderate hyper-activation of lymphocytes under disease conditions or organ transplantation. However, selective disruption of mitochondrial redox has not been evaluated as a therapeutic strategy for suppression of T-cell-mediated pathologies. Using mitochondrial targeted curcumin (MitoC), we studied the effect of mitochondrial redox modulation on T-cell responses by flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, transcriptomics, and proteomics, and the role of Nrf2 was studied using Nrf2- /- mice. MitoC decreased mitochondrial TrxR activity, enhanced mitochondrial ROS (mROS) production, depleted mitochondrial glutathione, and suppressed activation-induced increase in mitochondrial biomass. This led to suppression of T-cell responses and metabolic reprogramming towards Treg differentiation. MitoC induced nuclear translocation and DNA binding of Nrf2, leading to upregulation of Nrf2-dependent genes and proteins. MitoC-mediated changes in mitochondrial redox and modulation of T-cell responses are abolished in Nrf2- /- mice. Restoration of mitochondrial thiols abrogated inhibition of T-cell responses. MitoC suppressed alloantigen-induced lymphoblast formation, inflammatory cytokines, morbidity, and mortality in acute graft-versus-host disease mice. Disruption of mitochondrial thiols but not mROS increase inculcates an Nrf2-dependent immune-suppressive disposition in T cells for the propitious treatment of graft-versus-host disease.

Phytocompounds-based therapeutic approach: Investigating curcumin and green tea extracts on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) has transcended lung cancer as the most common cancer in the world. Due to the disease's aggressiveness, rapid growth, and heterogeneity, it is crucial to investigate different therapeutic approaches for treatment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Plant-based therapeutics continue to be utilized as safe/non-toxic complementary or alternative treatments for cancer, even in developed countries, regardless of how cutting-edge conventional therapies are. Despite their low bioavailability, curcumin (CUR) and green tea (GT) represent safer therapeutic options. Due to their potent molecular-modulating properties on various cancer-related molecules and signaling pathways, they are considered gold-standard therapeutic agents and have been incorporated into the development of one or more therapeutic strategies of BC treatment.

METHODS

We investigated the modulatory role of CUR and GT extracts on significant multi molecular targets in MCF-7 BC cell line to assess their potential as BC multi-targeting agents. We analyzed the phytocompounds in GT leaves using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. The mRNA expression levels of Raf-1, Telomerase, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) genes in MCF-7 cells were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The cytotoxicity of the extracts was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the released Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a valuable marker for identifying the programmed necrosis (necroptosis). Additionally, the concentrations of the necroptosis-related proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-8) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

In contrast to the GT, the results showed the anticancer and cytotoxic properties of CUR against MCF-7 cells, with a relatively higher level of released LDH. The CUR extract downregulated the oncogenic Raf-1, suppressed the Telomerase and upregulated the TNF-α and IL-8 genes. Results from the ELISA showed a notable increase in IL-8 and TNF-α cytokines levels after CUR treatment, which culminated after 72 h.

CONCLUSIONS

Among both extracts, only CUR effectively modulated the understudy molecular targets, achieving multi-targeting anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells. Moreover, the applied dosage significantly increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, which represent a component of the cytokines-targeting-based therapeutic strategy. However, further investigations are recommended to validate this therapeutic approach.

Clinically Effective Molecules of Natural Origin for Obesity Prevention or Treatment

The prevalence and incidence of obesity and the comorbidities linked to it are increasing worldwide. Current therapies for obesity and associated pathologies have proven to cause a broad number of adverse effects, and often, they are overpriced or not affordable for all patients. Among the alternatives currently available, natural bioactive compounds stand out. These are frequently contained in pharmaceutical presentations, nutraceutical products, supplements, or functional foods. The clinical evidence for these molecules is increasingly solid, among which epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ellagic acid, resveratrol, berberine, anthocyanins, probiotics, carotenoids, curcumin, silymarin, hydroxy citric acid, and α-lipoic acid stand out. The molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of these molecules have been shown to interact with the endocrine, nervous, and gastroenteric systems. They can regulate the expression of multiple genes and proteins involved in starvation-satiety processes, activate the brown adipose tissue, decrease lipogenesis and inflammation, increase lipolysis, and improve insulin sensitivity. This review provides a comprehensive view of nature-based therapeutic options to address the increasing prevalence of obesity. It offers a valuable perspective for future research and subsequent clinical practice, addressing everything from the molecular, genetic, and physiological bases to the clinical study of bioactive compounds.

Evaluation of the protective effects of curcumin-rich turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract against isotretinoin-induced liver damage in rats

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of curcumin-rich turmeric (CRT) extract against isotretinoin (ISO)-induced liver damage through routine biochemical parameters and oxidative stress parameters that indicate liver damage.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

42 albino Wistar rats of 200 g were randomly grouped as Group I: Healthy control, Group II: Sunflower oil, Group III: Curcumin 200 mg/kg, Group IV: ISO control groups (7.5 mg/kg), Group V: Curcumin 50 mg/kg + ISO 7.5 mg/kg, Group VI: Curcumin 100 mg/kg + ISO 7.5 mg/kg, Group VII: Curcumin 200 mg/kg + ISO 7.5 mg/kg. At the end, after the rats were killed, their blood and liver tissues were collected. ALT and AST levels in serum; superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), GSH, and MDA levels in liver tissue were determined.

RESULTS

Our results showed that ALT, AST, and MDA levels increased, and SOD and GSH levels decreased in the ISO-administered group compared to the healthy control group. CRT 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg groups were compared to ISO group. A dose-dependent increase in protective effect was observed. A decrease in ALT, AST, and MDA levels, and an increase in SOD and GSH levels were determined. A protective effect was found at all doses. The best protective effect was in the CRT 200 mg/kg group.

CONCLUSION

CRT extract can be considered a candidate herbal medicine for the elimination of liver damage in individuals using ISO. However, further experimental and clinical validation should be studied.

Targeted therapies of curcumin focus on its therapeutic benefits in cancers and human health: Molecular signaling pathway-based approaches and future perspectives

The curry powder spices turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), which contains curcumin (diferuloylmethane), an orange-yellow chemical. Polyphenols are the most commonly used sources of curcumin. It combats oxidative stress and inflammation in diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, and depression. Most of these benefits are due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Curcumin consumption leads to decreased bioavailability, resulting in limited absorption, quick metabolism, and quick excretion, which hinders health improvement. Numerous factors can increase its bioavailability. Piperine enhances bioavailability when combined with curcumin in a complex. When combined with other enhancing agents, curcumin has a wide spectrum of health benefits. This review evaluates the therapeutic potential of curcumin with a specific emphasis on its approach based on molecular signaling pathways. This study investigated its influence on the progression of cancer, inflammation, and many health-related mechanisms, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Curcumin has a significant potential for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Curcumin modulates several biochemical pathways and targets involved in cancer growth. Despite its limited tissue accumulation and bioavailability when administered orally, curcumin has proven useful. This review provides an in-depth analysis of curcumin's therapeutic applications, its molecular signaling pathway-based approach, and its potential for precision medicine in cancer and human health.

Surface-Induced Hydrophobin Assemblies with Versatile Properties and Distinct Underlying Structures

Hydrophobins are remarkable proteins due to their ability to self-assemble into amphipathic coatings that reverse surface wettability. Here, the versatility of the Class I hydrophobins EASΔ15 and DewY in diverse nanosuspension and coating applications is demonstrated. The hydrophobins are shown to coat or emulsify a range of substrates including oil, hydrophobic drugs, and nanodiamonds and alter their solution and surface behavior. Surprisingly, while the coatings confer new properties, only a subset is found to be resistant to hot detergent treatment, a feature previously thought to be characteristic of the functional amyloid form of Class I hydrophobins. These results demonstrate that substrate surface properties can influence the molecular structures and physiochemical properties of hydrophobin and possibly other functional amyloids. Functional amyloid assembly with different substrates and conditions may be analogous to the propagation of different polymorphs of disease-associated amyloid fibrils with distinct structures, stability, and clinical phenotypes. Given that amyloid formation is not required for Class I hydrophobins to serve diverse applications, our findings open up new opportunities for their use in applications requiring a range of chemical and physical properties. In hydrophobin nanotechnological applications where high stability of assemblies is required, simultaneous structural and functional characterization should be carried out. Finally, while results in this study pertain to synthetic substrates, they raise the possibility that at least some members of the pseudo-Class I and Class III hydrophobins, reported to form assemblies with noncanonical properties, may be Class I hydrophobins adopting alternative structures in response to environmental cues.

Novel Biphasic In Vitro Dissolution Method Correctly Predicts the Oral Bioavailability of Curcumin in Humans

In vitro dissolution methods correctly predicting in vivo bioavailability of compounds from complex mixtures are lacking. We therefore used data on the in vivo performance of bioavailability-improved curcumin formulations to implement an in vivo predictive dissolution method (BiPHa+). BiPHa+ was applied for the characterization of eight curcumin formulations previously studied in a strictly controlled pharmacokinetic human trial. During dissolution, the dissolved proportion of curcumin in the aqueous medium underwent a formulation-dependent reduction, whereas the proportion remained stable in the organic layer. Compared with conventional dissolution systems, BiPHa+ was superior in terms of in vivo-relevant formulation characterization. All formulations could be precisely categorized according to their bioavailability in humans. In vitro-in vivo relationships for each dissolution method were established, with BiPHa+ providing the highest degree of linearity (r2 = 0.9975). The BiPHa+ assay correctly predicted the bioavailability of curcuminoids from complex mixtures and provided mechanistic information about formulation-dependent release characteristics.

Liposome-Derived Nanosystems for the Treatment of Behavioral and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Promise of Niosomes, Transfersomes, and Ethosomes for Increased Brain Drug Bioavailability

Psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are amongst the most prevalent and debilitating diseases, but current treatments either have low success rates, greatly due to the low permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and/or are connected to severe side effects. Hence, new strategies are extremely important, and here is where liposome-derived nanosystems come in. Niosomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes are nanometric vesicular structures that allow drug encapsulation, protecting them from degradation, and increasing their solubility, permeability, brain targeting, and bioavailability. This review highlighted the great potential of these nanosystems for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and depression. Studies regarding the encapsulation of synthetic and natural-derived molecules in these systems, for intravenous, oral, transdermal, or intranasal administration, have led to an increased brain bioavailability when compared to conventional pharmaceutical forms. Moreover, the developed formulations proved to have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, including brain neurotransmitter level restoration and brain oxidative status improvement, and improved locomotor activity or enhancement of recognition and working memories in animal models. Hence, albeit being relatively new technologies, niosomes, transfersomes, and ethosomes have already proven to increase the brain bioavailability of psychoactive drugs, leading to increased effectiveness and decreased side effects, showing promise as future therapeutics.

Curcumin alleviated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by recovering memory Th/Tfh subset balance

BACKGROUND

Restoration of immune homeostasis by targeting the balance between memory T helper (mTh) cells and memory follicular T helper (mTfh) cells is a potential therapeutic strategy against ulcerative colitis (UC). Because of its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, curcumin (Cur) is a promising drug for UC treatment. However, fewer studies have demonstrated whether Cur can modulate the mTh/mTfh subset balance in mice with colitis.

AIM

To explore the potential mechanism underlying Cur-mediated alleviation of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice by regulating the mTh and mTfh immune homeostasis.

METHODS

Balb/c mice were administered 3% and 2% DSS to establish the UC model and treated with Cur (200 mg/kg/d) by gavage on days 11-17. On the 18th d, all mice were anesthetized and euthanized, and the colonic length, colonic weight, and colonic weight index were evaluated. Histomorphological changes in the mouse colon were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining. Levels of Th/mTh and Tfh/mTfh cell subsets in the spleen were detected through flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to detect SOCS-1, SOCS-3, STAT3, p-STAT3, JAK1, p-JAK1, and NF-κB p65 protein expression levels in colon tissues.

RESULTS

Cur effectively mitigates DSS-induced colitis, facilitates the restoration of mouse weight and colonic length, and diminishes the colonic weight and colonic weight index. Simultaneously, it hinders ulcer development and inflammatory cell infiltration in the colonic mucous membrane. While the percentage of Th1, mTh1, Th7, mTh7, Th17, mTh17, Tfh1, mTfh1, Tfh7, mTfh7, Tfh17, and mTfh17 cells decreased after Cur treatment of the mice for 7 d, and the frequency of mTh10, Th10, mTfh10, and Tfh10 cells in the mouse spleen increased. Further studies revealed that Cur administration prominently decreased the SOCS-1, SOCS-3, STAT3, p-STAT3, JAK1, p-JAK1, and NF-κB p65 protein expression levels in the colon tissue.

CONCLUSION

Cur regulated the mTh/mTfh cell homeostasis to reduce DSS-induced colonic pathological damage, potentially by suppressing the JAK1/STAT3/SOCS signaling pathway.

Exploring the Contribution of Curcumin to Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Although the anticancer role of curcumin has been extensively addressed in preclinical research, only a few studies were carried out in humans, with conflicting results. The aim of this systematic review is to collate together the results of the therapeutic effect of curcumin in cancer patients. A literature search was carried out in Pubmed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to 29 January 2023. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) designed to evaluate the effects of curcumin on cancer progression, patient survival, or surgical/histological response were included. Seven out of 114 articles, published between 2016 and 2022, were analyzed. They evaluated patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic prostate, colorectal, and breast cancers, as well as multiple myeloma and oral leucoplakia. Curcumin was given as an add-on therapy in five studies. Cancer response was the most investigated primary endpoint and curcumin issued some positive results. On the contrary, curcumin was ineffective in improving overall or progression-free survival. The curcumin safety profile was favorable. In conclusion, available clinical evidence is not strong enough to support the therapeutic use of curcumin in cancer. New RCTs exploring the effects of different curcumin formulations in early-stage cancers would be welcome.

Application study of curcumin fluorescent complex coated with pharmaceutical excipients for cell imaging

Taking curcumin as the starting point, β-cyclodextrin was introduced on both sides, and lipid-soluble curcumin was coated by acrylic resin using oil-in-water strategy. Four different types of curcumin fluorescent complexes EPO-Curcumin (EPO-Cur), L100-55-Curcumin (L100-55-Cur), EPO -Curcumin-β-cyclodextrin (EPO-Cur-β-cd) and L100-55-Curcumin-β-cyclodextrin (L100-55-Cur-β-cd) were prepared to solve their own solubility and biocompatibility issues. The prepared curcumin fluorescent complexes were characterized and tested by spectroscopy. The characteristic peaks of 3446 cm−1 (hydroxyl group), 1735cm−1(carbonyl group) and 1455 cm−1 (aromatic group) were determined in the infrared spectrum. In the fluorescence emission spectrum, it was found that the emission intensity of different curcumin fluorescent complexes in polar solvents reached hundreds of times. Through the transmission electron microscopy shows that acrylic resin tightly coats curcumin into rods or clusters. In order to observe their compatibility with tumor cells more directly, live cell fluorescence imaging was carried out, and it was found that all four kinds of curcumin fluorescence complexes had good biocompatibility. In particular, the effect of EPO-Cur-β-cd and L100-55-Cur-β-cd is better than that of EPO-Cur and L100-55-Cur.

The Molecular Mechanism of Polyphenols in the Regulation of Ageing Hallmarks

Ageing is a complex process characterized mainly by a decline in the function of cells, tissues, and organs, resulting in an increased risk of mortality. This process involves several changes, described as hallmarks of ageing, which include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic changes, loss of proteostasis, dysregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell depletion, and altered intracellular communication. The determining role that environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle play on health, life expectancy, and susceptibility to diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, is wellestablished. In view of the growing interest in the beneficial effects of phytochemicals in the prevention of chronic diseases, several studies have been conducted, and they strongly suggest that the intake of dietary polyphenols may bring numerous benefits due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and their intake has been associated with impaired ageing in humans. Polyphenol intake has been shown to be effective in ameliorating several age-related phenotypes, including oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, impaired proteostasis, and cellular senescence, among other features, which contribute to an increased risk of ageing-associated diseases. This review aims to address, in a general way, the main findings described in the literature about the benefits of polyphenols in each of the hallmarks of ageing, as well as the main regulatory mechanisms responsible for the observed antiageing effects.

Impacts of turmeric and its principal bioactive curcumin on human health: Pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food applications: A comprehensive review

The yellow polyphenolic pigment known as curcumin, originating from the rhizome of the turmeric plant Curcuma longa L., has been utilized for ages in ancient medicine, as well as in cooking and food coloring. Recently, the biological activities of turmeric and curcumin have been thoroughly investigated. The studies mainly focused on their antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective impacts. This review seeks to provide an in-depth, detailed discussion of curcumin usage within the food processing industries and its effect on health support and disease prevention. Curcumin's bioavailability, bio-efficacy, and bio-safety characteristics, as well as its side effects and quality standards, are also discussed. Finally, curcumin's multifaceted uses, food appeal enhancement, agro-industrial techniques counteracting its instability and low bioavailability, nanotechnology and focused drug delivery systems to increase its bioavailability, and prospective clinical use tactics are all discussed.

What can traditional Chinese medicine do for adult neurogenesis?

Adult neurogenesis plays a crucial role in cognitive function and mood regulation, while aberrant adult neurogenesis contributes to various neurological and psychiatric diseases. With a better understanding of the significance of adult neurogenesis, the demand for improving adult neurogenesis is increasing. More and more research has shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including TCM prescriptions (TCMPs), Chinese herbal medicine, and bioactive components, has unique advantages in treating neurological and psychiatric diseases by regulating adult neurogenesis at various stages, including proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. In this review, we summarize the progress of TCM in improving adult neurogenesis and the key possible mechanisms by which TCM may benefit it. Finally, we suggest the possible strategies of TCM to improve adult neurogenesis in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Beneficial effects of curcumin in the diabetic rat ovary: a stereological and biochemical study

This study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin treatment on ovaries at different periods of the diabetes disease. Fifty-six female Wistar albino rats (250-300 g) aged 12 weeks were divided into seven groups. No treatment was applied to the control group. The sham group was given 5 mL/kg of corn oil, and the curcumin group 30 mg/kg curcumin. In the diabetes mellitus (DM) groups, diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal dose of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). The DM-treated groups received 30 mg/kg curcumin after either 7 days (DC1 group) or 21 days (DC2 group), or simultaneously with STZ injection (DC3 group). Number of follicles in the ovaries was estimated using stereological method. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and catalase (CAT) activity were measured in serum specimens. We found that follicle number and volume of corpus luteum, blood vessel, and cortex, gonadosomatic index, and FSH and SOD levels all decreased significantly in diabetic ovaries, while relative weight loss, connective tissue volume, and CAT activity increased (p < 0.01). Curcumin treatment had a protective effect on the number of primordial follicles in the DC2 group and on antral follicle numbers in the DC3 group. Curcumin also exhibited positive effects on CAT activity and SOD levels, blood glucose levels, and corpus luteum, connective tissue, and blood vessel volumes in the DC2 and DC3 groups. Curcumin also ameliorated FSH levels in the DC1 and DC3 groups (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that curcumin exhibits protective effects on ovarian structures and folliculogenesis, especially when used concurrently with the development of diabetes or in later stages of the disease.

Thermo-Sensitive Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-polyacrylamide) Hydrogel for pH-Responsive Therapeutic Delivery

Stimuli-response polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as a carrier system for various types of therapeutic delivery. In this study, we prepared a dual pH- and thermo-sensitive copolymer hydrogel (HG) system (PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG), using N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAm) and acrylamide (AAm) as comonomers. The synthesized PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG was characterized using various instrumental characterizations. Moreover, the PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG's thermoresponsive phase transition behavior was investigated, and the results showed that the prepared HG responds to temperature changes. In vitro drug loading and release behavior of PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG was investigated using Curcumin (Cur) as the model cargo under different pH and temperature conditions. The PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG showed pH and temperature-responsive drug release behavior and demonstrated about 65% Cur loading efficiency. A nearly complete release of the loaded Cur occurred from the PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG over 4 h at pH 5.5 and 40 °C. The cytotoxicity study was performed on a liver cancer cell line (HepG2 cells), which revealed that the prepared PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG showed good biocompatibility, suggesting that it could be applied as a drug delivery carrier. Moreover, the in vitro cytocompatibility test (MTT assay) results revealed that the PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG is biocompatible. Therefore, the PNIPAm-co-PAAm HG has the potential to be useful in the delivery of drugs in solid tumor-targeted therapy.

The Synergistic Effects of Curcumin and Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Inhibiting Metastatic, Invasive and Proliferative Pathways

Curcumin, the main phytochemical identified from the Curcuma longa L. family, is one of the spices used in alternative medicine worldwide. It has exhibited a broad range of pharmacological activities as well as promising effects in the treatment of multiple cancer types. Moreover, it has enhanced the activity of other chemotherapeutic drugs and radiotherapy by promoting synergistic effects in the regulation of various cancerous pathways. Despite all the literature addressing the molecular mechanism of curcumin on various cancers, no review has specifically addressed the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of curcumin in combination with therapeutic drugs on cancer metastasis. The current review assesses the synergistic effects of curcumin with multiple drugs and light radiation, from a molecular perspective, in the inhibition of metastasis, invasion and proliferation. A systemic review of articles published during the past five years was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus. The assessment of these articles evidenced that the combination therapy with various drugs, including doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, berberine, docetaxel, metformin, gemcitabine and light radiation therapy on various types of cancer, is capable of ameliorating different metastatic pathways that are presented and evaluated. However, due to the heterogeneity of pathways and proteins in different cell lines, more research is needed to confirm the root causes of these pathways.