Pien Tze Huang alleviates Concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis by regulating intestinal microbiota and memory regulatory T cells

BACKGROUND

Traditional Chinese medicine has used the drug Pien Tze Huang (PTH), a classic prescription, to treat autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). However, the precise mode of action is still unknown.

AIM

To investigate the mechanism of PTH in an AIH mouse model by determining the changes in gut microbiota structure and memory regulatory T (mTreg) cells functional levels.

METHODS

Following induction of the AIH mouse model induced by Concanavalin A (Con A), prophylactic administration of PTH was given for 10 d. The levels of mTreg cells were measured by flow cytometry, and intestinal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA analysis, while western blotting was used to identify activation of the toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and CXCL16/CXCR6 signaling pathways.

RESULTS

In the liver of mice with AIH, PTH relieved the pathological damage and reduced the numbers of T helper type 17 cells and interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-21 expression. Simultaneously, PTH stimulated the abundance of helpful bacteria, promoted activation of the TLR2 signal, which may enhance Treg/mTreg cells quantity to produce IL-10, and suppressed activation of the TLR4/NF-κB and CXCL16/CXCR6 signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

PTH regulates intestinal microbiota balance and restores mTreg cells to alleviate experimental AIH, which is closely related to the TLR/CXCL16/CXCR6/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Curcumin alleviated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by recovering memory Th/Tfh subset balance

BACKGROUND

Restoration of immune homeostasis by targeting the balance between memory T helper (mTh) cells and memory follicular T helper (mTfh) cells is a potential therapeutic strategy against ulcerative colitis (UC). Because of its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, curcumin (Cur) is a promising drug for UC treatment. However, fewer studies have demonstrated whether Cur can modulate the mTh/mTfh subset balance in mice with colitis.

AIM

To explore the potential mechanism underlying Cur-mediated alleviation of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice by regulating the mTh and mTfh immune homeostasis.

METHODS

Balb/c mice were administered 3% and 2% DSS to establish the UC model and treated with Cur (200 mg/kg/d) by gavage on days 11-17. On the 18th d, all mice were anesthetized and euthanized, and the colonic length, colonic weight, and colonic weight index were evaluated. Histomorphological changes in the mouse colon were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining. Levels of Th/mTh and Tfh/mTfh cell subsets in the spleen were detected through flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to detect SOCS-1, SOCS-3, STAT3, p-STAT3, JAK1, p-JAK1, and NF-κB p65 protein expression levels in colon tissues.

RESULTS

Cur effectively mitigates DSS-induced colitis, facilitates the restoration of mouse weight and colonic length, and diminishes the colonic weight and colonic weight index. Simultaneously, it hinders ulcer development and inflammatory cell infiltration in the colonic mucous membrane. While the percentage of Th1, mTh1, Th7, mTh7, Th17, mTh17, Tfh1, mTfh1, Tfh7, mTfh7, Tfh17, and mTfh17 cells decreased after Cur treatment of the mice for 7 d, and the frequency of mTh10, Th10, mTfh10, and Tfh10 cells in the mouse spleen increased. Further studies revealed that Cur administration prominently decreased the SOCS-1, SOCS-3, STAT3, p-STAT3, JAK1, p-JAK1, and NF-κB p65 protein expression levels in the colon tissue.

CONCLUSION

Cur regulated the mTh/mTfh cell homeostasis to reduce DSS-induced colonic pathological damage, potentially by suppressing the JAK1/STAT3/SOCS signaling pathway.

[Research progress on the comorbidity between hepatitis B virus infection and noncommunicable diseases]

With the decline in hepatitis B virus (HBV) incidence and the increase in the life expectancy of infected individuals, the population infected with HBV is experiencing rapid aging, leading to an escalating risk of co-morbid chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This study summarizes research related to the comorbidity between HBV and NCDs, discussing the aging of the HBV-infected population, the mechanisms, prevalence, and management of this comorbidity. This study provides insights into potential directions for future research on the comorbidity between HBV and NCDs and aims to provide a basis for further research and the development of prevention and treatment strategies for the comorbidity of NCDs among HBV-infected individuals in China.

[Study on the correlation between ceramic and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Foshan City]

Objective: To study the correlation between ceramic and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and explore its related risk factors. Methods: In January 2021, five representative ceramic enterprises were selected from Chancheng District, Nanhai District, Gaoming District and Sanshui District of Foshan City. The ceramic workers who came to Chancheng Hospital of Foshan First People's Hospital for physical examination from January to October 2021 were selected as the research objects, and 525 people were included. Conduct questionnaire survey and pulmonary function test. Logistic regresion was performed to analyze the influencing facters of COPD among ceramic workers. Results: The subjects were (38.51±1.25) years old, 328 males and 197 females, and the detection rate of COPD was 9.52% (50/525). The incidence of respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, chronic cough, wheezing and chest tightness, the detection rates of abnormal lung age, abnormal lung function and COPD in males were higher than those in females (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that male, age, working years, smoking status and family history of COPD were the risk factors for COPD among ceramic workers (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The ceramic workers are the high risk population of COPD. We should do a good job in health education, and do a regular physical examination to find the changes of lung function in time, and prevent the occurrence of COPD as soon as possible.

Venous thromboembolism in patients with severe lung cancer: a narrative review

OBJECTIVE

At present, there are several guidelines for cancer complicated with VTE, but there is no specific recommendation for the treatment of lung cancer complicated with VTE. Whether is necessary to explore treatment and prevention of VTE in lung cancer.

BACKGROUND

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication of severe lung cancer that can entail many adverse effects for patients. The incidence of VTE is higher in patients with lung cancer than in those with other kinds of solid tumors, and it is especially high among patients with lung adenocarcinoma, at advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages, or with a history of central venous catheter (CVC) or chemotherapy. However, the clinical symptoms of VTE in patients with lung cancer are not typical and cannot be detected easily, and the clinical prevention rate is low. In the acute phase of VTE in lung cancer, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of patients typically ranges from 2 to 4 points, leaving end-stage maintenance therapy as the only treatment option.

METHODS

Here, we analyze the existing literature and discuss the current status (including epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and risk factors), risk assessment tools, and the treatment and prevention of VTE in severe lung cancer. We focus particularly on the use of low-molecular-weight heparin and new oral anticoagulants (including in the management of thrombocytopenia after antitumor therapy) in lung cancer patients with VTE.

CONCLUSIONS

Large-scale prospective multicenter studies on the treatment and prevention of VTE in lung cancer are necessary.

Intrinsic Spin Susceptibility and Pseudogaplike Behavior in Infinite-Layer LaNiO_{2}

The recent discovery of superconductivity in doped infinite-layer nickelates has stimulated intensive interest, especially for similarities and differences compared to that in cuprate superconductors. In contrast to cuprates, although earlier magnetization measurement reveals a Curie-Weiss-like behavior in undoped infinite-layer nickelates, there is no magnetic ordering observed by elastic neutron scattering down to liquid helium temperature. Until now, the nature of the magnetic ground state in undoped infinite-layer nickelates was still elusive. Here, we perform a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment through ^{139}La nuclei to study the intrinsic spin susceptibility of infinite-layer LaNiO_{2}. First, the signature for magnetic ordering or freezing is absent in the ^{139}La NMR spectrum down to 0.24 K, which unambiguously confirms a paramagnetic ground state in LaNiO_{2}. Second, a pseudogaplike behavior instead of Curie-Weiss-like behavior is observed in both the temperature-dependent Knight shift and nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T_{1}), which is widely observed in both underdoped cuprates and iron-based superconductors. Furthermore, the scaling behavior between the Knight shift and 1/T_{1}T has also been discussed. Finally, the present results imply a considerable exchange interaction in infinite-layer nickelates, which sets a strong constraint for the proposed theoretical models.

Preformed Cooper Pairs in Layered FeSe-Based Superconductors

Superconductivity arises from two distinct quantum phenomena: electron pairing and long-range phase coherence. In conventional superconductors, the two quantum phenomena generally take place simultaneously, while in the underdoped high- T_{c} cuprate superconductors, the electron pairing occurs at higher temperature than the long-range phase coherence. Recently, whether electron pairing is also prior to long-range phase coherence in single-layer FeSe film on SrTiO_{3} substrate is under debate. Here, by measuring Knight shift and nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate, we unambiguously reveal a pseudogap behavior below T_{p}∼60  K in two kinds of layered FeSe-based superconductors with quasi2D nature. In the pseudogap regime, a weak diamagnetic signal and a remarkable Nernst effect are also observed, which indicates that the observed pseudogap behavior is related to superconducting fluctuations. These works confirm that strong phase fluctuation is an important character in the 2D iron-based superconductors as widely observed in high-T_{c} cuprate superconductors.

Field Evaluation of Different Wavelengths Light-Emitting Diodes as Attractants for Adult Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

In recent years, light traps with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used in integrated pest management. The spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, a highly invasive pest which causes heavy damage to fruit trees and ornamental plants, exhibits positive phototaxis, and light trap is the most appropriate tool for monitoring. We evaluated the use of LEDs as an inexpensive light source and examined the relationship between the captured number and the population density of adult A. dispersus in the field. We found that the violet (405 nm) LED traps captured the most adults of A. dispersus, and the captured numbers were significantly higher than those of blue (460 nm), green (520 nm), yellow (570 nm), and red (650 nm) LED traps. The adults of A. dispersus captured by light traps equipped with violet LEDs and smeared with liquid paraffin had a significant positive correlation with the population density of adult A. dispersus in a guava orchard, with a correlation coefficient of 0.828. In general, the light traps with 15 violet LED bulbs hung into 550-mL plastic bottles and smeared with liquid paraffin were the portable devices for attraction of adult A. dispersus. The results have potential use for improving the efficiency of light traps at attracting and trapping the adult spiralling whitefly.

Nymphal antennae and antennal sensilla in Aleurodicus dispersus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Whiteflies have distinct nymphal stages: their first stage is mobile, whereas the later immature stages are sessile. The developmental and structural changes of antennae and antennal sensilla in whiteflies during these stages have rarely been investigated. This paper describes the morphology of antennae and antennal sensilla in four nymphal stages of Aleurodicus dispersus based on scanning electron microscopy. There were significant differences found in shape and length of the antennae, and differences in type, number, morphological structure and distributional pattern of antennal sensilla in the four nymphal stages of A. dispersus. We found two types of sensilla on the antennae of first-instar nymph, three types on the third-instar nymphal antennae, four types on the second-instar and seven types on the fourth-instar nymphal antennae. Sensilla trichoidea (ST) and elevated sensilla placodea were found on the antennae of each nymphal stage, sensilla chaetica only occurred on the antennae of fourth-instar nymph. Sensilla furcatea occurred on the antennae of second- and third-instar nymphs, and sensilla basiconica were found on the antennae of second- and fourth-instar nymphs. In addition, there were sensilla campaniform and sensilla coeloconica found only on the antennae of fourth-instar nymph, whereas the ST of fourth-instar nymphs included sensilla trichoidea 1 and sensilla trichoidea 2. The possible functions of antennal sensilla are discussed. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the development of the olfactory system of whitefly nymphal stages, and provide a basis for further exploration of chemical communication mechanisms between whiteflies and host plants.

Ultralong single-wall carbon nanotubes

Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991 by Iijima, there has been great interest in creating long, continuous nanotubes for applications where their properties coupled with extended lengths will enable new technology developments. For example, ultralong nanotubes can be spun into fibres that are more than an order of magnitude stronger than any current structural material, allowing revolutionary advances in lightweight, high-strength applications. Long metallic nanotubes will enable new types of micro-electromechanical systems such as micro-electric motors, and can also act as a nanoconducting cable for wiring micro-electronic devices. Here we report the synthesis of 4-cm-long individual single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at a high growth rate of 11 microm s(-1) by catalytic chemical vapour deposition. Our results suggest the possibility of growing SWNTs continuously without any apparent length limitation.

[Effect of 4-aminopyridine on taurine-regulated release of amino acid from rat cortical synaptosomes]

AIM

To elucidate the mechanism of taurine-regulated amino acid release from synaptosomes.

METHODS

Endogenous aspartate, glutamate and GABA release from cortical synaptosomes were measured by high performance liquid chromatography using stepwise elution system, Glutamate release was monitored by continuous fluorometry.

RESULTS

4-Aminopyridine (3.0 x 10(-2) mol.L-1) counteracted the taurine-induced inhibition of glutamate overflow (P < 0.05), while aspartate and GABA release was not affected. Nimodipine (10(-5) mol.L-1) combined with 4-aminopyridine was shown to decrease glutamate release (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Taurine may regulate glutamate release through presynaptic L-type calcium channel and also act on Asp- and GABA-nereve terminal to regulate Asp and GABA release in rat cortex.

Characterization of the histone H1-binding protein, NASP, as a cell cycle-regulated somatic protein

Nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (NASP), initially described as a highly autoimmunogenic testis and sperm-specific protein, is a histone-binding protein that is a homologue of the N1/N2 gene expressed in oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Here, we report a somatic form of NASP (sNASP) present in all mitotic cells examined, including mouse embryonic cells and several mouse and human tissue culture cell lines. Affinity chromatography and histone isolation demonstrate that NASP from myeloma cells is complexed only with H1, linker histones. Somatic NASP is a shorter version of testicular NASP (tNASP) with two deletions in the coding region arising from alternative splicing and differs from tNASP in its 5' untranslated regions. We examined the relationship between NASP mRNA expression and the cell cycle and report that in cultures of synchronized mouse 3T3 cells and HeLa cells sNASP mRNA levels increase during S-phase and decline in G(2), concomitant with histone mRNA levels. NASP protein levels remain stable in these cells but become undetectable in confluent cultures of nondividing CV-1 cells and in nonmitotic cells in various body tissues. Expression of sNASP mRNA is regulated during the cell cycle and, consistent with a role as a histone transport protein, NASP mRNA expression parallels histone mRNA expression.

Observation of "Ghost" islands and surfactant effect of surface gallium atoms during GaN growth by molecular beam epitaxy

We observe "ghost" islands formed on terraces during homoepitaxial nucleation of GaN. We attribute the ghost islands to intermediate nucleation states, which can be driven into "normal" islands by scanning tunneling microscopy. The formation of ghost islands is related to excess Ga atoms on the surface. The excess Ga also affect island number density: by increasing Ga coverage, the island density first decreases, reaching a minimum at about 1 monolayer (ML) Ga and then increases rapidly for coverages above 1 ML. This nonmonotonic behavior points to a surfactant effect of the Ga atoms.

Stem-loop binding protein, the protein that binds the 3' end of histone mRNA, is cell cycle regulated by both translational and posttranslational mechanisms

The expression of the replication-dependent histone mRNAs is tightly regulated during the cell cycle. As cells progress from G(1) to S phase, histone mRNA levels increase 35-fold, and they decrease again during G(2) phase. Replication-dependent histone mRNAs are the only metazoan mRNAs that lack polyadenylated tails, ending instead in a conserved stem-loop. Much of the cell cycle regulation is posttranscriptional and is mediated by the 3' stem-loop. A 31-kDa stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) binds the 3' end of histone mRNA. The SLBP is necessary for pre-mRNA processing and accompanies the histone mRNA to the cytoplasm, where it is a component of the histone messenger RNP. We used synchronous CHO cells selected by mitotic shakeoff and HeLa cells synchronized at the G(1)/S or the M/G(1) boundary to study the regulation of SLBP during the cell cycle. In each system the amount of SLBP is regulated during the cell cycle, increasing 10- to 20-fold in the late G(1) and then decreasing in the S/G(2) border. SLBP mRNA levels are constant during the cell cycle. SLBP is regulated at the level of translation as cells progress from G(1) to S phase, and the protein is rapidly degraded as they progress into G(2). Regulation of SLBP may account for the posttranscriptional component of the cell cycle regulation of histone mRNA.

Stem-loop binding protein facilitates 3'-end formation by stabilizing U7 snRNP binding to histone pre-mRNA

The 3' end of histone mRNA is formed by an endonucleolytic cleavage of the primary transcript after a conserved stem-loop sequence. The cleavage reaction requires at least two trans-acting factors: the stem-loop binding protein (SLBP), which binds the stem-loop sequence, and the U7 snRNP that interacts with a sequence downstream from the cleavage site. Removal of SLBP from a nuclear extract abolishes 3'-end processing, and the addition of recombinant SLBP restores processing activity of the depleted extract. To determine the regions of human SLBP necessary for 3' processing, various deletion mutants of the protein were tested for their ability to complement the SLBP-depleted extract. The entire N-terminal domain and the majority of the C-terminal domain of human SLBP are dispensable for processing. The minimal protein that efficiently supports cleavage of histone pre-mRNA consists of 93 amino acids containing the 73-amino-acid RNA-binding domain and 20 amino acids located immediately next to its C terminus. Replacement of these 20 residues with an unrelated sequence in the context of the full-length SLBP reduces processing >90%. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with the anti-SLBP antibody demonstrated that SLBP and U7 snRNP form a stable complex only in the presence of pre-mRNA substrates containing a properly positioned U7 snRNP binding site. One role of SLBP is to stabilize the interaction of the histone pre-mRNA with U7 snRNP.

Differential TCR signaling regulates apoptosis and immunopathology during antigen responses in vivo

Clonal selection theories postulate that lymphocyte fate is regulated by antigen receptor specificity. However, lymphocyte apoptosis is induced through nonantigen-specific receptors such as Fas (CD95/APO-1) or TNFR. We define a selective TCR that controls apoptosis by Fas or TNFR stimulation. Variant ligands can deliver this "competence to die" signal without the full TCR signals necessary for cytokine synthesis. These partial agonists regulate T cell deletion in vivo even when Fas or TNF is provided by T cells of unrelated specificity, but they do not cause the liver necrosis that is associated with T cell elimination by the full agonist. Thus, selective signaling ligands regulate T cell deletion and immune damage in vivo and may be important for peripheral T cell tolerance.

Acyl chain unsaturation and vesicle curvature alter outer leaflet packing and promote poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated membrane fusion

The poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-induced fusion of sonicated, unilamellar vesicles (SUV) and large, unilamellar vesicles (LUV) composed of a variety of phosphatidylcholine species was compared using two assays for the mixing and leakage of internal vesicle contents. In the first [Lentz et al. (1992) Biochemistry, 31, 2643], disodium 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (ANTS) fluorescence is quenched by co-encapsulated N,N'-p-xylylenebis(pyridinium bromide) (DPX). For this assay, interference by the fluorescence of impurities in PEG demands that the PEG content of the sample be reduced by dilution before measurements are taken. The second assay [Viguera et al. (1993) Biochemistry, 32, 3708] monitors the fluorescence of Tb3+ complexed with dipicolinic acid (DPA) directly in concentrated PEG solutions. The two assays gave identical fusion profiles for egg PC SUVs treated with increasing concentrations of PEG, demonstrating that fusion occurs in the dehydrated state in the presence of PEG and does not require dilution. Comparison of results obtained with lipid species of varying degrees of unsaturation incorporated into either SUV or LUV suggested that acyl chain unsaturation and high membrane curvature combine to favor fusion of pure phosphatidylcholine membranes. There was a clear correlation between the fluorescence lifetime or the order parameter of the membrane probe 1-(4-trimethylammonium)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH) in different membranes and the concentration of PEG needed to induce fusion of these membranes. However, the ratios of TMA-DPH lifetimes measured in D2O versus H2O buffers were the same for different lipid species, indicating that probe penetration was not very different for different lipid species. The results suggest that the combined effect of high membrane curvature and extensive chain unsaturation is an enhanced rate of lipid motion in the upper region of the bilayer, reflective of decreased packing density in the outer leaflet of unsaturated SUV bilayers, probably allowing for enhanced water penetration leading to an enhanced probability of fusion.

Transbilayer lipid redistribution accompanies poly(ethylene glycol) treatment of model membranes but is not induced by fusion

Small, unilamellar vesicles (SUV) or large, unilamellar vesicles (LUV) containing a small amount of N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-PE) or the corresponding phosphatidylserine (NBD-PS) were made asymmetric in labeled lipid by reduction of outer leaflet probe with externally added sodium dithionite. Following removal of dithionite, transbilayer lipid redistribution (presumably due to lipid flip-flop) was indicated by a loss of fluorescence intensity upon readdition of dithionite. Vesicle rupture and fusion in the presence of PEG were measured by changes in the fluorescence of trapped Tb3+ complexed with dipicolinic acid (DPA) or by the increase of fluorescence from 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (ANTS) coencapsulated with a quenching agent. NBD-PE redistributed slowly (approximately 2%/h) in all symmetrically labeled vesicles examined, while NBD-PS did not. NBD-PE redistribution was not accelerated by treatment of vesicles with PEG below concentrations that induced vesicle rupture or fusion, but was enhanced at or above these PEG concentrations. SUV prepared from hen egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) or from dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC)/dilinolenoylphosphatidylcholine (diC(18:3)PC) (85/15) mixtures were shown to fuse without rupturing in the presence of appropriate concentrations of PEG. Matching the osmolalities inside and outside the vesicle mitigated against rupture but did not prevent fusion. Under these conditions, NBD-PE flip-flop was proportional to the amount of fusion, but with different proportionality constants for the two lipid systems, while NBD-PS flip-flop did not occur. Redistribution of total mass from the outer to the inner leaflet during the fusion process could be detected in terms of a change in the ratio of dithionite-reducible probe to total probe. Both probes detected inwardly directed redistribution of lipid mass under conditions that induced fusion of SUV. We conclude that inward mass redistribution must accompany PEG-mediated SUV fusion, but that lipid flip-flop is not mechanistically related to the fusion process.

Effect of propensity of hexagonal II phase formation on the activity of mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase and H(+)-ATPase

The propensity of hexagonal II phase formation plays an important role in the activity of mitochondrial ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase or H(+)-ATPase. The respiratory control ratio of reconstituted ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase or the ATP-induced membrane potential of reconstituted H(+)-ATPase became higher as the non-bilayer phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine content of proteoliposomes increased. The highest respiratory control ratio or ATP-induced membrane potential was obtained in the case of 60-80% phosphatidylethanolamine-containing proteoliposomes. Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine could significantly enhance the respiratory control ratio of ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase and ATP-induced membrane potential of H(+)-ATPase, while no obvious change could be observed when dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine was used. The bilayer to hexagonal II phase transition temperature of ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase-containing proteoliposomes reconstituted with phosphatidylcholine+phosphatidylethanolamine increases with decreasing content of phosphatidylethanolamine. Several additives such as the bilayer stabilizers, cholesterol 3-sulfate and carbobenzoxy-D-Phe-L-PheGly, or hexagonal II phase-forming promoters, such as diolein or eicosane, can decrease or increase the activity of these two enzyme complexes.

Appearance of two-level CNV and extrication wave and the explanation of psychological factors of CNV

Three paradigms of CNV were recorded on twelve subjects aged 19 to 23, as follows: (1) Usual CNV (U.CNV): warning stimulus--imperative stimulus--motor response. (2) Nonmotor Two-Level CNV (NmTL.CNV): warning stimulus--warning stimulus--weak click (random presence or absence)--discrimination. (3) Nonmotor CNV (Nm.CNV): warning stimulus--weak click (random presence or absence)--discrimination. The CNV rise, level by level, was observed. Analysis of the results of this experiment indicates that the positive wave after discrimination is essentially different from the positive-going wave after the usual CNV motor response. It is a pure, mental-related wave and is related to the extrication from mental load (EML). These phenomena suggest that the psychological factors in CNV are the increase of mental load which is synthetically composed of expectancy, conation, motivation, orientation, attention and arousal, etc., while engaging in an identical task.