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Olmos Liceaga D, Nunes SF, Saenz RA. Ex Vivo Experiments Shed Light on the Innate Immune Response from Influenza Virus. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:115. [PMID: 37833614 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response is recognized as a key driver in controlling an influenza virus infection in a host. However, the mechanistic action of such innate response is not fully understood. Infection experiments on ex vivo explants from swine trachea represent an efficient alternative to animal experiments, as the explants conserved key characteristics of an organ from an animal. In the present work we compare three cellular automata models of influenza virus dynamics. The models are fitted to free virus and infected cells data from ex vivo swine trachea experiments. Our findings suggest that the presence of an immune response is necessary to explain the observed dynamics in ex vivo organ culture. Moreover, such immune response should include a refractory state for epithelial cells, and not just a reduced infection rate. Our results may shed light on how the immune system responds to an infection event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Olmos Liceaga
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Luis Encinas S/N, Col Centro, 83000, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Sandro Filipe Nunes
- Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R &D, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Roberto A Saenz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, Bernal Díaz del Castillo 340, Col Villas de San Sebastián, 28045, Colima, COL, Mexico.
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2
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Rivière F, Burger J, Lefèvre F, Garnier A, Vigne C, Tournier JN, Billon-Denis E. Infection with Influenzavirus A in a murine model induces epithelial bronchial lesions and distinct waves of innate immune-cell recruitment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241323. [PMID: 37649477 PMCID: PMC10464834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory lesions after Influenza A viruses (IAV) are potential therapeutic target for which better understanding of post-infection immune mechanisms is required. Most studies to evaluate innate immune reactions induced by IAV are based on quantitative/functional methods and anatomical exploration is most often non-existent. We aimed to study pulmonary damage and macrophage recruitment using two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) after IAV infection. Methods We infected C57BL/6 CD11c+YFP mice with A/Puerto Ricco/8/34 H1N1. We performed immune cell analysis, including flow cytometry, cytokine concentration assays, and TPEM observations after staining with anti-F4/80 antibody coupled to BV421. We adapted live lung slice (LLS) method for ex-vivo intravital microscopy to analyze cell motility. Results TPEM provided complementary data to flow cytometry and cytokine assays by allowing observation of bronchial epithelium lesions and spreading of local infection. Addition of F4/80-BV421 staining allowed us to precisely determine timing of recruitment and pulmonary migration of macrophages. Ex-vivo LLS preserved cellular viability, allowing us to observe acceleration of macrophage motility. Conclusion After IAV infection, we were able to explore structural consequences and successive waves of innate immune cell recruitment. By combining microscopy, flow cytometry and chemokine measurements, we describe novel and precise scenario of innate immune response against IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Rivière
- Immunity and Pathogen Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Respiratory Department, Percy Military Teaching Hospital, Clamart, France
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
| | - Julien Burger
- Immunity and Pathogen Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - François Lefèvre
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de Recherche (UR) 0892 Virology and Molecular Immunology Unit, Centre de recherche Ile-de-France-Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annabelle Garnier
- Immunity and Pathogen Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Clarisse Vigne
- Immunity and Pathogen Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Tournier
- Immunity and Pathogen Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- Innovative Vaccine Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Billon-Denis
- Immunity and Pathogen Unit, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
- Innovative Vaccine Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Chludzinski E, Ciurkiewicz M, Stoff M, Klemens J, Krüger J, Shin DL, Herrler G, Beineke A. Canine Distemper Virus Alters Defense Responses in an Ex Vivo Model of Pulmonary Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040834. [PMID: 37112814 PMCID: PMC10144441 DOI: 10.3390/v15040834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), belonging to the genus Morbillivirus, is a highly contagious pathogen. It is infectious in a wide range of host species, including domestic and wildlife carnivores, and causes severe systemic disease with involvement of the respiratory tract. In the present study, canine precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs) were infected with CDV (strain R252) to investigate temporospatial viral loads, cell tropism, ciliary activity, and local immune responses during early infection ex vivo. Progressive viral replication was observed during the infection period in histiocytic and, to a lesser extent, epithelial cells. CDV-infected cells were predominantly located within the bronchial subepithelial tissue. Ciliary activity was reduced in CDV-infected PCLSs, while viability remained unchanged when compared to controls. MHC-II expression was increased in the bronchial epithelium on day three postinfection. Elevated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β) were observed in CDV-infected PCLSs on day one postinfection. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that PCLSs are permissive for CDV. The model reveals an impaired ciliary function and an anti-inflammatory cytokine response, potentially fostering viral replication in the lung during the early phase of canine distemper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Chludzinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Stoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Klemens
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Krüger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dai-Lun Shin
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Runft S, Färber I, Krüger J, Krüger N, Armando F, Rocha C, Pöhlmann S, Burigk L, Leitzen E, Ciurkiewicz M, Braun A, Schneider D, Baumgärtner L, Freisleben B, Baumgärtner W. Alternatives to animal models and their application in the discovery of species susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infectious pathogens: A review. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:565-577. [PMID: 35130766 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211073678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) inspired rapid research efforts targeting the host range, pathogenesis and transmission mechanisms, and the development of antiviral strategies. Genetically modified mice, rhesus macaques, ferrets, and Syrian golden hamsters have been frequently used in studies of pathogenesis and efficacy of antiviral compounds and vaccines. However, alternatives to in vivo experiments, such as immortalized cell lines, primary respiratory epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface, stem/progenitor cell-derived organoids, or tissue explants, have also been used for isolation of SARS-CoV-2, investigation of cytopathic effects, and pathogen-host interactions. Moreover, initial proof-of-concept studies for testing therapeutic agents can be performed with these tools, showing that animal-sparing cell culture methods could significantly reduce the need for animal models in the future, following the 3R principles of replace, reduce, and refine. So far, only few studies using animal-derived primary cells or tissues have been conducted in SARS-CoV-2 research, although natural infection has been shown to occur in several animal species. Therefore, the need for in-depth investigations on possible interspecies transmission routes and differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 is urgent. This review gives an overview of studies employing alternative culture systems like primary cell cultures, tissue explants, or organoids for investigations of the pathophysiology and reverse zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. In addition, future possibilities of SARS-CoV-2 research in animals, including previously neglected methods like the use of precision-cut lung slices, will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Runft
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris Färber
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Krüger
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Krüger
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Federico Armando
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheila Rocha
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Burigk
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Leitzen
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Ferren M, Favède V, Decimo D, Iampietro M, Lieberman NAP, Weickert JL, Pelissier R, Mazelier M, Terrier O, Moscona A, Porotto M, Greninger AL, Messaddeq N, Horvat B, Mathieu C. Hamster organotypic modeling of SARS-CoV-2 lung and brainstem infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5809. [PMID: 34608167 PMCID: PMC8490365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic of COVID-19 since its emergence in December 2019. The infection causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome and may also spread to central nervous system leading to neurological sequelae. We have developed and characterized two new organotypic cultures from hamster brainstem and lung tissues that offer a unique opportunity to study the early steps of viral infection and screening antivirals. These models are not dedicated to investigate how the virus reaches the brain. However, they allow validating the early tropism of the virus in the lungs and demonstrating that SARS-CoV-2 could infect the brainstem and the cerebellum, mainly by targeting granular neurons. Viral infection induces specific interferon and innate immune responses with patterns specific to each organ, along with cell death by apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Overall, our data illustrate the potential of rapid modeling of complex tissue-level interactions during infection by a newly emerged virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ferren
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France.
| | - Valérie Favède
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
- Département du Rhône, Lyon, France
| | - Didier Decimo
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Nicole A P Lieberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Weickert
- Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Rodolphe Pelissier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Magalie Mazelier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Anne Moscona
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Study of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France.
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6
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Krüger N, Rocha C, Runft S, Krüger J, Färber I, Armando F, Leitzen E, Brogden G, Gerold G, Pöhlmann S, Hoffmann M, Baumgärtner W. The Upper Respiratory Tract of Felids Is Highly Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10636. [PMID: 34638978 PMCID: PMC8508926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural or experimental infection of domestic cats and virus transmission from humans to captive predatory cats suggest that felids are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it is unclear which cells and compartments of the respiratory tract are infected. To address this question, primary cell cultures derived from the nose, trachea, and lungs of cat and lion were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Strong viral replication was observed for nasal mucosa explants and tracheal air-liquid interface cultures, whereas replication in lung slices was less efficient. Infection was mainly restricted to epithelial cells and did not cause major pathological changes. Detection of high ACE2 levels in the nose and trachea but not lung further suggests that susceptibility of feline tissues to SARS-CoV-2 correlates with ACE2 expression. Collectively, this study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently replicate in the feline upper respiratory tract ex vivo and thus highlights the risk of SARS-CoV-2 spillover from humans to felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Krüger
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Cheila Rocha
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Sandra Runft
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (J.K.); (I.F.); (F.A.); (E.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Johannes Krüger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (J.K.); (I.F.); (F.A.); (E.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Iris Färber
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (J.K.); (I.F.); (F.A.); (E.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (J.K.); (I.F.); (F.A.); (E.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (J.K.); (I.F.); (F.A.); (E.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Graham Brogden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (G.G.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.B.); (G.G.)
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (M.H.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (C.R.); (S.P.); (M.H.)
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.R.); (J.K.); (I.F.); (F.A.); (E.L.); (W.B.)
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Viana F, O'Kane CM, Schroeder GN. Precision-cut lung slices: A powerful ex vivo model to investigate respiratory infectious diseases. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:578-588. [PMID: 34570407 PMCID: PMC9298270 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Most of the research on the underlying disease mechanisms is based on cell culture, organoid, or surrogate animal models. Although these provide important insights, they have limitations. Cell culture models fail to recapitulate cellular interactions in the lung and animal models often do not permit high‐throughput analysis of drugs or pathogen isolates; hence, there is a need for improved, scalable models. Precision‐cut lung slices (PCLS), small, uniform tissue slices generated from animal or human lungs are increasingly recognized and employed as an ex vivo organotypic model. PCLS retain remarkable cellular complexity and the architecture of the lung, providing a platform to investigate respiratory pathogens in a near‐native environment. Here, we review the generation and features of PCLS, their use to investigate the pathogenesis of viral and bacterial pathogens, and highlight their potential to advance respiratory infection research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Viana
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Cecilia M O'Kane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gunnar N Schroeder
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections, with the most severe disease in young infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. HPIV-3 infections are currently untreatable with licensed therapeutics, and prophylactic and therapeutic options are needed for patients at risk. To complement existing human airway models of HPIV-3 infection and develop an animal model to assess novel intervention strategies, we evaluated infection and transmission of HPIV-3 in ferrets. A well-characterized human clinical isolate (CI) of HPIV-3 engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP) was passaged on primary human airway epithelial cells (HAE) or airway organoids (AO) to avoid tissue culture adaptations. rHPIV3 CI-1-EGFP infection was assessed in vitro in ferret AO and in ferrets in vivo. Undifferentiated and differentiated ferret AO cultures supported rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replication, but the ferret primary airway cells from AO were less susceptible and permissive than HAE. In vivo rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replicated in the upper and lower airways of ferrets and targeted respiratory epithelial cells, olfactory epithelial cells, type I pneumocytes, and type II pneumocytes. The infection efficiently induced specific antibody responses. Taken together, ferrets are naturally susceptible to HPIV-3 infection; however, limited replication was observed that led to neither overt clinical signs nor ferret-to-ferret transmission. However, in combination with ferret AO, the ferret model of HPIV-3 infection, tissue tropism, and neutralizing antibodies complements human ex vivo lung models and can be used as a platform for prevention and treatment studies for this important respiratory pathogen. IMPORTANCE HPIV-3 is an important cause of pediatric disease and significantly impacts the elderly. Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients suffer from HPIV-3 infections, often related to problems with viral clearance. There is a need to model HPIV-3 infections in vitro and in vivo to evaluate novel prophylaxis and treatment options. Currently existing animal models lack the potential for studying animal-to-animal transmission or the effect of immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we describe the use of the ferret model in combination with authentic clinical viruses to further complement human ex vivo models, providing a platform to study approaches to prevent and treat HPIV-3 infection. Although we did not detect ferret-to-ferret transmission in our studies, these studies lay the groundwork for further refinement of the ferret model to immunocompromised ferrets, allowing for studies of severe HPIV-3-associated disease. Such models for preclinical evaluation of prophylaxis and antivirals can contribute to reducing the global health burden of HPIV-3.
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Ouwendijk WJ, van den Ham HJ, Delany MW, van Kampen JJ, van Nierop GP, Mehraban T, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, van IJcken WF, van den Brand JM, de Vries RD, Andeweg AC, Verjans GM. Alveolar barrier disruption in varicella pneumonia is associated with neutrophil extracellular trap formation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138900. [PMID: 33021967 PMCID: PMC7710321 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection in adults is often complicated by severe pneumonia, which is difficult to treat and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Here, the simian varicella virus (SVV) nonhuman primate (NHP) model was used to investigate the pathogenesis of varicella pneumonia. SVV infection resulted in transient fever, viremia, and robust virus replication in alveolar pneumocytes and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. Clearance of infectious virus from lungs coincided with robust innate immune responses, leading to recruitment of inflammatory cells, mainly neutrophils and lymphocytes, and finally severe acute lung injury. SVV infection caused neutrophil activation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in vitro and in vivo. Notably, NETs were also detected in lung and blood specimens of varicella pneumonia patients. Lung pathology in the SVV NHP model was associated with dysregulated expression of alveolar epithelial cell tight junction proteins (claudin-2, claudin-10, and claudin-18) and alveolar endothelial adherens junction protein VE-cadherin. Importantly, factors released by activated neutrophils, including NETs, were sufficient to reduce claudin-18 and VE-cadherin expression in NHP lung slice cultures. Collectively, the data indicate that alveolar barrier disruption in varicella pneumonia is associated with NET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henk-Jan van den Ham
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,ENPICOM BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Mark W Delany
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tamana Mehraban
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Judith Ma van den Brand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arno C Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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