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García-Rodríguez A, Gutiérrez J, Villacorta A, Arribas Arranz J, Romero-Andrada I, Lacoma A, Marcos R, Hernández A, Rubio L. Polylactic acid nanoplastics (PLA-NPLs) induce adverse effects on an in vitro model of the human lung epithelium: The Calu-3 air-liquid interface (ALI) barrier. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134900. [PMID: 38878440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The expected increments in the production/use of bioplastics, as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics, require a deep understanding of their potential environmental and health hazards, mainly as nanoplastics (NPLs). Since one important exposure route to NPLs is through inhalation, this study aims to determine the fate and effects of true-to-life polylactic acid nanoplastics (PLA-NPLs), using the in vitro Calu-3 model of bronchial epithelium, under air-liquid interphase exposure conditions. To determine the harmful effects of PLA-NPLs in a more realistic scenario, both acute (24 h) and long-term (1 and 2 weeks) exposures were used. Flow cytometry results indicated that PLA-NPLs internalized easily in the barrier (∼10 % at 24 h and ∼40 % after 2 weeks), which affected the expression of tight-junctions formation (∼50 % less vs control) and the mucus secretion (∼50 % more vs control), both measured by immunostaining. Interestingly, significant genotoxic effects (DNA breaks) were detected by using the comet assay, with long-term effects being more marked than acute ones (7.01 vs 4.54 % of DNA damage). When an array of cellular proteins including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were used, a significant over-expression was mainly found in long-term exposures (∼20 proteins vs 5 proteins after acute exposure). Overall, these results described the potential hazards posed by PLA-NPLs, under relevant long-term exposure scenarios, highlighting the advantages of the model used to study bronchial epithelium tissue damage, and signaling endpoints related to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba García-Rodríguez
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Javier Gutiérrez
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Aliro Villacorta
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jéssica Arribas Arranz
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Lacoma
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Laura Rubio
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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2
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Lee CE, Rezaee F. Nanoparticles and Airway Epithelial Cells: Exploring the Impacts and Methodologies in Toxicity Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7885. [PMID: 39063127 PMCID: PMC11277209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of nanoparticles has recently surged due to their varied applications in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, textile, and electronic sectors. However, this rapid increase in nanoparticle manufacturing has raised concerns about environmental pollution, particularly its potential adverse effects on human health. Among the various concerns, inhalation exposure to nanoparticles poses significant risks, especially affecting the respiratory system. Airway epithelial cells play a crucial role as the primary defense against inhaled particulate matter and pathogens. Studies have shown that nanoparticles can disrupt the airway epithelial barrier, triggering inflammatory responses, generating reactive oxygen species, and compromising cell viability. However, our understanding of how different types of nanoparticles specifically impact the airway epithelial barrier remains limited. Both in vitro cell culture and in vivo murine models are commonly utilized to investigate nanoparticle-induced cellular responses and barrier dysfunction. This review discusses the methodologies frequently employed to assess nanoparticle toxicity and barrier disruption. Furthermore, we analyze and compare the distinct effects of various nanoparticle types on the airway epithelial barrier. By elucidating the diverse responses elicited by different nanoparticles, we aim to provide insights that can guide future research endeavors in assessing and mitigating the potential risks associated with nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Lee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Cognitive Science, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children’s, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Grytting VS, Skuland T, Ballangby J, Refsnes M, Låg M, Øvrevik J, Mariussen E. The effects of fine particulate matter (SRM 2786) on three different 3D lung models exposed at the air-liquid interface - A comparative study. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105841. [PMID: 38729454 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
3D cell culture models exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI) represent a potential alternative to animal experiments for hazard and risk assessment of inhaled compounds. This study compares cocultures composed of either Calu-3, A549 or HBEC3-KT lung epithelial cells, cultured together with THP-1-derived macrophages and EA.hy926 endothelial cells, in terms of barrier capacity and responses to a standard reference sample of fine particulate matter (SRM 2786). High-content imaging analysis revealed a similar cellular composition between the different cell models. The 3D cell cultures with Calu-3 cells showed the greatest barrier capacity, as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance and permeability to Na-fluorescein. Mucus production was detected in 3D cell cultures based on Calu-3 and A549 cells. Exposure to SRM 2786 at ALI increased cytokine release and expression of genes associated with inflammation and xenobiotic metabolism. Moreover, the presence of THP-1-derived macrophages was central to the cytokine responses in all cell models. While the different 3D cell culture models produced qualitatively similar responses, more pronounced pro-inflammatory responses were observed in the basolateral compartment of the A549 and HBEC3-KT models compared to the Calu-3 model, likely due to their reduced barrier capacity and lower retention of secreted mediators in the apical compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Sæter Grytting
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway.
| | - Tonje Skuland
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway
| | - Jarle Ballangby
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, Oslo 0213, Norway.
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Eberhard T, Casillas G, Zarus GM, Barr DB. Systematic review of microplastics and nanoplastics in indoor and outdoor air: identifying a framework and data needs for quantifying human inhalation exposures. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:185-196. [PMID: 38184724 PMCID: PMC11142917 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are likely exposed to microplastics (MPs) in a variety of places including indoor and outdoor air. Research to better understand how exposure to MPs correlates to health is growing. To fully understand the possible impacts of MPs on human health, it is necessary to quantify MP exposure and identify what critical data gaps exist. OBJECTIVES The current paper provides a human exposure assessment of microplastics in the air using systematically reviewed literature that provided concentration of MPs in air as well as doses used in toxicology studies to calculate inhalation exposure dose. METHODS All published peer-reviewed journal articles, non-published papers, and grey literature that focused on micro- or nano-plastics in indoor and outdoor air were systematically searched using PRISMA guidelines. Literature that defined specific concentrations and size of MPs in air or exposed to human lung cells, animals, or humans with measurable health impacts were included in data extraction. Inhalational exposures were calculated for different age groups using published MP concentrations from the included literature using exposure dose equations and values from U.S. ATSDR and EPA. RESULTS Calculated mean indoor inhalational exposures from passive sampling methods were higher than those calculated from active sampling methods. When comparing indoor and outdoor sampling, calculated inhalation exposures from indoor samples were greater than those from outdoor samples. Inhalation exposures of MPs differed between age groups with infants having the highest calculated dose values for all locations followed by preschool age children, middle-school aged children, pregnant women, adolescents, and non-pregnant adults. MP doses used in toxicology studies produced higher calculated mean inhalational exposures than those from environmental samples. IMPACT This study is the first known systematic review of inhalational MP exposure from indoor and outdoor air. It also provides inhalational exposures calculated from previously published environmental samples of MPs as well as from toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Eberhard
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Gaston Casillas
- Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Office of Innovation and Analytics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory M Zarus
- Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Office of Innovation and Analytics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Chang JHM, Xue Z, Bauer J, Wehle B, Hendrix DA, Catalano T, Hurowitz JA, Nekvasil H, Demple B. Artificial Space Weathering to Mimic Solar Wind Enhances the Toxicity of Lunar Dust Simulants in Human Lung Cells. GEOHEALTH 2024; 8:e2023GH000840. [PMID: 38312735 PMCID: PMC10835080 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
During NASA's Apollo missions, inhalation of dust particles from lunar regolith was identified as a potential occupational hazard for astronauts. These fine particles adhered tightly to spacesuits and were unavoidably brought into the living areas of the spacecraft. Apollo astronauts reported that exposure to the dust caused intense respiratory and ocular irritation. This problem is a potential challenge for the Artemis Program, which aims to return humans to the Moon for extended stays in this decade. Since lunar dust is "weathered" by space radiation, solar wind, and the incessant bombardment of micrometeorites, we investigated whether treatment of lunar regolith simulants to mimic space weathering enhanced their toxicity. Two such simulants were employed in this research, Lunar Mare Simulant-1 (LMS-1), and Lunar Highlands Simulant-1 (LHS-1), which were added to cultures of human lung epithelial cells (A549) to simulate lung exposure to the dusts. In addition to pulverization, previously shown to increase dust toxicity sharply, the simulants were exposed to hydrogen gas at high temperature as a proxy for solar wind exposure. This treatment further increased the toxicity of both simulants, as measured by the disruption of mitochondrial function, and damage to DNA both in mitochondria and in the nucleus. By testing the effects of supplementing the cells with an antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine), we showed that a substantial component of this toxicity arises from free radicals. It remains to be determined to what extent the radicals arise from the dust itself, as opposed to their active generation by inflammatory processes in the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H M Chang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - Z Xue
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - J Bauer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - B Wehle
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - D A Hendrix
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - T Catalano
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - J A Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - H Nekvasil
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - B Demple
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and of Radiation Oncology Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
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6
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Le VG, Nguyen MK, Nguyen HL, Lin C, Hadi M, Hung NTQ, Hoang HG, Nguyen KN, Tran HT, Hou D, Zhang T, Bolan NS. A comprehensive review of micro- and nano-plastics in the atmosphere: Occurrence, fate, toxicity, and strategies for risk reduction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166649. [PMID: 37660815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) have received considerable attention over the past 10 years due to their environmental prevalence and potential toxic effects. With the increase in global plastic production and disposal, MNP pollution has become a topic of emerging concern. In this review, we describe MNPs in the atmospheric environment, and potential toxicological effects of exposure to MNPs. Studies have reported the occurrence of MNPs in outdoor and indoor air at concentrations ranging from 0.0065 items m-3 to 1583 items m-3. Findings have identified plastic fragments, fibers, and films in sizes predominantly <1000 μm with polyamide (PA), polyester (PES), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), rayon, polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) as the major compounds. Exposure through indoor air and dust is an important pathway for humans. Airborne MNPs pose health risks to plants, animals, and humans. Atmospheric MNPs can enter organism bodies via inhalation and subsequent deposition in the lungs, which triggers inflammation and other adverse health effects. MNPs could be eliminated through source reduction, policy/regulation, environmental awareness and education, biodegradable materials, bioremediation, and efficient air-filtration systems. To achieve a sustainable society, it is crucial to implement effective strategies for reducing the usage of single-use plastics (SUPs). Further, governments play a pivotal role in addressing the pressing issue of MNPs pollution and must establish viable solutions to tackle this significant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Giang Le
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University (CRES-VNU), Hanoi, 111000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh-Ky Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Hoang-Lam Nguyen
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Mohammed Hadi
- Department of Ocean Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Nguyen Tri Quang Hung
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Hong-Giang Hoang
- Faculty of Medicine, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai 810000, Viet Nam
| | - Khoi Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 270000, Viet Nam
| | - Huu-Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
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Shahzadi C, Di Serafino A, Aruffo E, Mascitelli A, Di Carlo P. A549 as an In Vitro Model to Evaluate the Impact of Microplastics in the Air. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1243. [PMID: 37759642 PMCID: PMC10525880 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Airborne microplastics raise significant concerns due to their potential health impacts. Having a small size, larger surface area, and penetrative ability into the biological system, makes them hazardous to health. This review article compiles various studies investigating the mechanism of action of polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics affecting lung epithelial cells A549. These inhalable microplastics damage the respiratory system, by triggering a proinflammatory environment, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, morphological changes, and cytotoxic accumulation in A549 cells. PS-NP lung toxicity depends on various factors such as size, surface modifications, concentration, charge, and zeta potential. However, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity mechanisms depend on the cell type. For A549 cells, PS-NPs are responsible for energy imbalance by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity, immunomodulation, and apoptosis. Additionally, PS-NPs have the ability to traverse the placental barrier, posing a risk to offspring. Despite the advancements, the precise mechanisms underlying how prolonged exposure to PS-NPs leads to the development and progression of lung diseases have unclear points, necessitating further investigations to unravel the root cause. This review also sheds light on data gaps, inconsistencies in PS-Nos research, and provides recommendations for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chman Shahzadi
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Serafino
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
| | - Eleonora Aruffo
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mascitelli
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Di Carlo
- Center of Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (C.S.); (A.D.S.); (E.A.); (P.D.C.)
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of “G. d’ Annunzio” Chieti Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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8
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Forest V, Pourchez J. Can the impact of micro- and nanoplastics on human health really be assessed using in vitro models? A review of methodological issues. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108115. [PMID: 37542783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of the many advantages they offer (strength, low cost, durability, lightweight, resistance, etc.), plastics are integral part of our daily life with a production constantly rising. However, their waste management is still inadequate, resulting in their release and accumulation in the environment, representing a main source of pollution. Their degradation results in debris of variable size including microplastics (0.1 μm-5 mm) and even nanoplastics (<0.1 μm), whose potential impact on ecosystems and human health have raised concerns. The potential adverse effects they may cause have been evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo models. However, due to some specific characteristics of micro- and nanoplastics, there are challenging questions about whether conventional in vitro tests are appropriate for evaluating their toxicity. For example, low-density plastics float on the surface of the culture medium and cannot come into contact with cells adhering to the bottom of the culture plates, which prevents proper evaluation of potential adverse effects and leads to misinterpretation of toxicological assays. In this review, we discuss the main issues related to the evaluation of micro- and nanoplastics toxicity using conventional in vitro assays. A literature survey has allowed to propose some solutions to circumvent these issues including the use of mathematical models to accurately determine the dose of particles delivered to cells, advanced 3D models (organoids), inverted cell culture models, cell cultures at the air-liquid interface or under dynamic conditions. Finally, we propose some perspectives and recommendations for further research on the in vitro evaluation of micro- and nanoplastics toxicity, underlining the importance of using standardized protocols for comparison purposes and samples and experimental conditions more representative of real-life exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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9
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Gerbolés AG, Galetti M, Rossi S, lo Muzio FP, Pinelli S, Delmonte N, Caffarra Malvezzi C, Macaluso C, Miragoli M, Foresti R. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Organoid-Based Scaffolds (OBST) for Long-Term Nanoparticle Toxicology Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076595. [PMID: 37047568 PMCID: PMC10095512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of nanoparticles absorbed through contact or inhalation is one of the major concerns for public health. It is mandatory to continually evaluate the toxicity of nanomaterials. In vitro nanotoxicological studies are conventionally limited by the two dimensions. Although 3D bioprinting has been recently adopted for three-dimensional culture in the context of drug release and tissue regeneration, little is known regarding its use for nanotoxicology investigation. Therefore, aiming to simulate the exposure of lung cells to nanoparticles, we developed organoid-based scaffolds for long-term studies in immortalized cell lines. We printed the viscous cell-laden material via a customized 3D bioprinter and subsequently exposed the scaffold to either 40 nm latex-fluorescent or 11–14 nm silver nanoparticles. The number of cells significantly increased on the 14th day in the 3D environment, from 5 × 105 to 1.27 × 106, showing a 91% lipid peroxidation reduction over time and minimal cell death observed throughout 21 days. Administered fluorescent nanoparticles can diffuse throughout the 3D-printed scaffolds while this was not the case for the unprinted ones. A significant increment in cell viability from 3D vs. 2D cultures exposed to silver nanoparticles has been demonstrated. This shows toxicology responses that recapitulate in vivo experiments, such as inhaled silver nanoparticles. The results open a new perspective in 3D protocols for nanotoxicology investigation supporting 3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maricla Galetti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority-INAIL, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Pinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Delmonte
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Macaluso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Miragoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy
- CERT, Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Ruben Foresti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- CERT, Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research, 43126 Parma, Italy
- CNR-IMEM, Italian National Research Council, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, 43124 Parma, Italy
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10
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Meindl C, Absenger-Novak M, Jeitler R, Roblegg E, Fröhlich E. Assessment of Carbon Nanotubes on Barrier Function, Ciliary Beating Frequency and Cytokine Release in In Vitro Models of the Respiratory Tract. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:682. [PMID: 36839050 PMCID: PMC9962067 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to inhaled carbon nanotubes (CNT) may have adverse effects on workers upon chronic exposure. In order to assess the toxicity of inhaled nanoparticles in a physiologically relevant manner, an air-liquid interface culture of mono and cocultures of respiratory cells and assessment in reconstructed bronchial and alveolar tissues was used. The effect of CNT4003 reference particles applied in simulated lung fluid was studied in bronchial (Calu-3 cells, EpiAirway™ and MucilAir™ tissues) and alveolar (A549 +/-THP-1 and EpiAlveolar™ +/-THP-1) models. Cytotoxicity, transepithelial electrical resistance, interleukin 6 and 8 secretion, mucociliary clearance and ciliary beating frequency were used as readout parameters. With the exception of increased secretion of interleukin 6 in the EpiAlveolar™ tissues, no adverse effects of CNT4003 particles, applied at doses corresponding to the maximum estimated lifetime exposure of workers, in the bronchial and alveolar models were noted, suggesting no marked differences between the models. Since the doses for whole-life exposure were applied over a shorter time, it is not clear if the interleukin 6 increase in the EpiAlveolar™ tissues has physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Meindl
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Absenger-Novak
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Jeitler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
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11
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Busch M, Brouwer H, Aalderink G, Bredeck G, Kämpfer AAM, Schins RPF, Bouwmeester H. Investigating nanoplastics toxicity using advanced stem cell-based intestinal and lung in vitro models. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1112212. [PMID: 36777263 PMCID: PMC9911716 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic particles in the nanometer range-called nanoplastics-are environmental contaminants with growing public health concern. As plastic particles are present in water, soil, air and food, human exposure via intestine and lung is unavoidable, but possible health effects are still to be elucidated. To better understand the Mode of Action of plastic particles, it is key to use experimental models that best reflect human physiology. Novel assessment methods like advanced cell models and several alternative approaches are currently used and developed in the scientific community. So far, the use of cancer cell line-based models is the standard approach regarding in vitro nanotoxicology. However, among the many advantages of the use of cancer cell lines, there are also disadvantages that might favor other approaches. In this review, we compare cell line-based models with stem cell-based in vitro models of the human intestine and lung. In the context of nanoplastics research, we highlight the advantages that come with the use of stem cells. Further, the specific challenges of testing nanoplastics in vitro are discussed. Although the use of stem cell-based models can be demanding, we conclude that, depending on the research question, stem cells in combination with advanced exposure strategies might be a more suitable approach than cancer cell lines when it comes to toxicological investigation of nanoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Busch
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hugo Brouwer
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Germaine Aalderink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Bredeck
- IUF—Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Roel P. F. Schins
- IUF—Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Hans Bouwmeester,
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12
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Elje E, Mariussen E, McFadden E, Dusinska M, Rundén-Pran E. Different Sensitivity of Advanced Bronchial and Alveolar Mono- and Coculture Models for Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:407. [PMID: 36770370 PMCID: PMC9921680 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For the next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) of chemicals and nanomaterials, new approach methodologies (NAMs) are needed for hazard assessment in compliance with the 3R's to reduce, replace and refine animal experiments. This study aimed to establish and characterize an advanced respiratory model consisting of human epithelial bronchial BEAS-2B cells cultivated at the air-liquid interface (ALI), both as monocultures and in cocultures with human endothelial EA.hy926 cells. The performance of the bronchial models was compared to a commonly used alveolar model consisting of A549 in monoculture and in coculture with EA.hy926 cells. The cells were exposed at the ALI to nanosilver (NM-300K) in the VITROCELL® Cloud. After 24 h, cellular viability (alamarBlue assay), inflammatory response (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), DNA damage (enzyme-modified comet assay), and chromosomal damage (cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay) were measured. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by NM-300K were dependent on both the cell types and model, where BEAS-2B in monocultures had the highest sensitivity in terms of cell viability and DNA strand breaks. This study indicates that the four ALI lung models have different sensitivities to NM-300K exposure and brings important knowledge for the further development of advanced 3D respiratory in vitro models for the most reliable human hazard assessment based on NAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Elje
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erin McFadden
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department for Environmental Chemistry, NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
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Pantzke J, Offer S, Zimmermann EJ, Kuhn E, Streibel T, Oeder S, Di Bucchianico S, Zimmermann R. An alternative in vitro model considering cell-cell interactions in fiber-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022:1-16. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2156008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J. Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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14
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Saadati F, da Silva Brito WA, Emmert S, Bekeschus S. Optimized High-Content Imaging Screening Quantifying Micronuclei Formation in Polymer-Treated HaCaT Keratinocytes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4463. [PMID: 36558315 PMCID: PMC9788386 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Research on nano- and micro-plastic particles (NMPPs) suggests their potential threat to human health. Some studies have even suggested genotoxic effects of NMPP exposure, such as micronuclei (MN) formation, while others found the opposite. To clarify the ability of NMPP to induce MN formation, we used non-malignant HaCaT keratinocytes and exposed these to a variety of polystyrene (PS) and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) particle types at different concentrations and three different sizes. Investigations were performed following acute (one day) and chronic exposure (five weeks) against cytotoxic (amino-modified NMPPs) and genotoxic (methyl methanesulfonate, MMS) positive controls. An optimized high-content imaging workflow was established strictly according to OECD guidelines for analysis. Algorithm-based object segmentation and MN identification led to computer-driven, unsupervised quantitative image analysis results on MN frequencies among the different conditions and thousands of cells per condition. This could only be realized using accutase, allowing for partial cell detachment for optimal identification of bi-nucleated cells. Cytotoxic amino-modified particles were not genotoxic; MMS was both. During acute and long-term studies, PS and PMMA particles were neither toxic nor increased MN formation, except for 1000 nm PS particles at the highest concentration of unphysiological 100 µg/mL. Interestingly, ROS formation was significantly decreased in this condition. Hence, most non-charged polymer particles were neither toxic nor genotoxic, while aminated particles were toxic but not genotoxic. Altogether, we present an optimized quantitative imaging workflow applied to a timely research question in environmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Saadati
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Walison Augusto da Silva Brito
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina 86057970, Brazil
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venereology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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15
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Xu JL, Lin X, Wang JJ, Gowen AA. A review of potential human health impacts of micro- and nanoplastics exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158111. [PMID: 35987230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to summarize the current knowledge on biological effects of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) on human health based on mammalian systems. An extensive search of the literature led to a total of 133 primary research articles on the health relevance of MNPs. Our findings revealed that although the study of MNP cytotoxicity and inflammatory response represents a major research theme, most studies (105 articles) focused on the effects of polystyrene MNPs due to their wide availability as a well characterised research material that can be manufactured with a large range of particle sizes, fluorescence labelling as well as various surface modifications. Among the 133 studies covered in this review, 117 articles reported adverse health effects after being exposed to MNPs. Mammalian in vitro studies identified multiple biological effects including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, embryotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, renal toxicity and even carcinogenicity, while rodent in vivo models confirmed the bioaccumulation of MNPs in the liver, spleen, kidney, brain, lung and gut, presenting adverse effects at different levels including reproductive toxic effects and trans-generational toxicity. In contrast, the remaining 16 studies indicated an insignificant impact of MNPs on humans. A few studies attempted to investigate the mechanisms or factors driving the toxicity of MNPs and identified several determining factors including size, concentration, shape, surface charge, attached pollutants and weathering process, which, however, were not benchmarked or considered by most studies. This review demonstrates that there are still many inconsistencies in the evaluation of the potential health effects of MNPs due to the lack of comparability between studies. Current limitations hindering the attainment of reproducible conclusions as well as recommendations for future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Xu
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- AMBER Research Centre and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aoife A Gowen
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Meldrum K, Moura JA, Doak SH, Clift MJD. Dynamic Fluid Flow Exacerbates the (Pro-)Inflammatory Effects of Aerosolised Engineered Nanomaterials In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193431. [PMID: 36234557 PMCID: PMC9565225 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of in vitro studies focusing upon particle-lung cell interactions use static models at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Advancing the physiological characteristics of such systems allows for closer resemblance of the human lung, in turn promoting 3R strategies. PATROLS (EU Horizon 2020 No. 760813) aimed to use a well-characterised in vitro model of the human alveolar epithelial barrier to determine how fluid-flow dynamics would impact the outputs of the model following particle exposure. Using the QuasiVivoTM (Kirkstall Ltd., York, UK) system, fluid-flow conditions were applied to an A549 + dTHP-1 cell co-culture model cultured at the ALI. DQ12 and TiO2 (JRCNM01005a) were used as model particles to assess the in vitro systems' sensitivity. Using a quasi- and aerosol (VitroCell Cloud12, VitroCell Systems, Waldkirch, Germany) exposure approach, cell cultures were exposed over 24 h at IVIVE concentrations of 1 and 10 (DQ12) and 1.4 and 10.4 (TiO2) µg/cm2, respectively. We compared static and fluid flow conditions after both these exposure methods. The co-culture was subsequently assessed for its viability, membrane integrity and (pro-)inflammatory response (IL-8 and IL-6 production). The results suggested that the addition of fluid flow to this alveolar co-culture model can influence the viability, membrane integrity and inflammatory responses dependent on the particle type and exposure.
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17
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Lehner R, Zanoni I, Banuscher A, Costa AL, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Fate of engineered nanomaterials at the human epithelial lung tissue barrier in vitro after single and repeated exposures. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:918633. [PMID: 36185318 PMCID: PMC9524228 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.918633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the engineered nanomaterials (NMs) potential interaction with tissue barriers is important to predict their accumulation in cells. Herein, the fate, e.g., cellular uptake/adsorption at the cell membrane and translocation, of NMs with different physico-chemical properties across an A549 lung epithelial tissue barrier, cultured on permeable transwell inserts, were evaluated. We assessed the fate of five different NMs, known to be partially soluble, bio-persistent passive and bio-persistent active. Single exposure measurements using 100 µg/ml were performed for barium sulfate (BaSO4), cerium dioxide (CeO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) NMs and non-nanosized crystalline silica (DQ12). Elemental distribution of the materials in different compartments was measured after 24 and 80 h, e.g., apical, apical wash, intracellular and basal, using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. BaSO4, CeO2, and TiO2 were mainly detected in the apical and apical wash fraction, whereas for ZnO a significant fraction was detected in the basal compartment. For DQ12 the major fraction was found intracellularly. The content in the cellular fraction decreased from 24 to 80 h incubation for all materials. Repeated exposure measurements were performed exposing the cells on four subsequent days to 25 µg/ml. After 80 h BaSO4, CeO2, and TiO2 NMs were again mainly detected in the apical fraction, ZnO NMs in the apical and basal fraction, while for DQ12 a significant concentration was measured in the cell fraction. Interestingly the cellular fraction was in a similar range for both exposure scenarios with one exception, i.e., ZnO NMs, suggesting a potential different behavior for this material under single exposure and repeated exposure conditions. However, we observed for all the NMs, a decrease of the amount detected in the cellular fraction within time, indicating NMs loss by cell division, exocytosis and/or possible dissolution in lysosomes. Overall, the distribution of NMs in the compartments investigated depends on their composition, as for inert and stable NMs the major fraction was detected in the apical and apical wash fraction, whereas for partially soluble NMs apical and basal fractions were almost similar and DQ12 could mainly be found in the cellular fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lehner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Zanoni
- CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Anne Banuscher
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anna Luisa Costa
- CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
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18
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Camassa LMA, Elje E, Mariussen E, Longhin EM, Dusinska M, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Rundén-Pran E. Advanced Respiratory Models for Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials—Performance of Mono-, Co- and Tricultures. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152609. [PMID: 35957046 PMCID: PMC9370172 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro models are needed to support next-generation risk assessment (NGRA), moving from hazard assessment based mainly on animal studies to the application of new alternative methods (NAMs). Advanced models must be tested for hazard assessment of nanomaterials (NMs). The aim of this study was to perform an interlaboratory trial across two laboratories to test the robustness of and optimize a 3D lung model of human epithelial A549 cells cultivated at the air–liquid interface (ALI). Potential change in sensitivity in hazard identification when adding complexity, going from monocultures to co- and tricultures, was tested by including human endothelial cells EA.hy926 and differentiated monocytes dTHP-1. All models were exposed to NM-300K in an aerosol exposure system (VITROCELL® cloud-chamber). Cyto- and genotoxicity were measured by AlamarBlue and comet assay. Cellular uptake was investigated with transmission electron microscopy. The models were characterized by confocal microscopy and barrier function tested. We demonstrated that this advanced lung model is applicable for hazard assessment of NMs. The results point to a change in sensitivity of the model by adding complexity and to the importance of detailed protocols for robustness and reproducibility of advanced in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, FHI, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Shan Zienolddiny-Narui
- National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, 0033 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.-N.); (E.R.-P.); Tel.: +47-2319-5284 (S.Z.-N.); +47-6389-8237 (E.R.-P.)
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.-N.); (E.R.-P.); Tel.: +47-2319-5284 (S.Z.-N.); +47-6389-8237 (E.R.-P.)
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Replacement Strategies for Animal Studies in Inhalation Testing. SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sci3040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal testing is mandatory in drug testing and is the gold standard for toxicity and efficacy evaluations. This situation is expected to change in the future as the 3Rs principle, which stands for the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in science, is reinforced by many countries. On the other hand, technologies for alternatives to animal testing have increased. The need to develop and use alternatives depends on the complexity of the research topic and also on the extent to which the currently used animal models can mimic human physiology and/or exposure. The lung morphology and physiology of commonly used animal species differs from that of human lungs, and the realistic inhalation exposure of animals is challenging. In vitro and in silico methods can assess important aspects of the in vivo effects, namely particle deposition, dissolution, action at, and permeation through, the respiratory barrier, and pharmacokinetics. This review discusses the limitations of animal models and exposure systems and proposes in vitro and in silico techniques that could, when used together, reduce or even replace animal testing in inhalation testing in the future.
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20
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Lee SH, Won H, Kim SH, Jeon S, Jeong J, Lee DK, Yang JY, Seok JH, Jung K, Oh JH, Lee JH, Cho WS. Six-well plate-based colony-forming efficacy assay and Co-Culture application to assess toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 128:105085. [PMID: 34800565 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of a universal, label-free, and reliable in vitro toxicity testing method for nanoparticles is urgent because most nanoparticles can interfere with toxicity assays. In this regard, the colony-forming efficacy (CFE) assay has been suggested as a suitable in vitro toxicity assay for testing nanoparticles without such interference. Recently, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) developed a 60 × 15 mm Petri dish-based CFE assay for testing nanoparticles in MDCK-1 cells. However, further investigations are needed, including testing with other cell types, at a smaller scale for greater efficiency, and the application of the co-culture technique. In this study, we selected TiO2, CuO, CeO2, and SiO2 as test nanoparticles and successfully developed a 6-well plate-based CFE assay using HepG2 and A549 cells and a co-culture assay for combinations of HepG2 cells and THP-1 macrophages or A549 cells and THP-1 monocytes. The results suggest that the 6-wellplate-based CFE assay for HepG2 and A549 cells can be applied to nanoparticles, but the co-culture CFE assay has limitations in that it is not different from the single culture study, and it inhibits colony-formation by A549 cells in the presence of macrophages; this warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Han Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Won
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeon
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jeong
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Yang
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeun Seok
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kikyung Jung
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Oh
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 Beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Arezki Y, Cornacchia J, Rapp M, Lebeau L, Pons F, Ronzani C. A Co-Culture Model of the Human Respiratory Tract to Discriminate the Toxicological Profile of Cationic Nanoparticles According to Their Surface Charge Density. TOXICS 2021; 9:210. [PMID: 34564361 PMCID: PMC8470030 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at discriminating with sensitivity the toxicological effects of carbon dots (CDs) with various zeta potential (ζ) and charge density (Qek) in different cellular models of the human respiratory tract. One anionic and three cationic CDs were synthetized as follows: CD-COOH (ζ = -43.3 mV); CD-PEI600 (Qek = 4.70 µmol/mg; ζ = +31.8 mV); CD-PEHA (Qek = 3.30 µmol/mg; ζ = +29.2 mV) and CD-DMEDA (Qek = 0.01 µmol/mg; ζ = +11.1 mV). Epithelial cells (A549) and macrophages (THP-1) were seeded alone or as co-cultures with different A549:THP-1 ratios. The obtained models were characterized, and multiple biological responses evoked by CDs were assessed in the mono-cultures and the best co-culture model. With 14% macrophages, the 2:1 ratio co-culture best mimicked the in vivo conditions and responded to lipopolysaccharides. The anionic CD did not induce any effect in the mono-cultures nor in the co-culture. Among the cationic CDs, the one with the highest charge density (CD-PEI600) induced the most pronounced responses whatever the culture model. The cationic CDs of low charge density (CD-PEHA and CD-DMEDA) evoked similar responses in the mono-cultures, whereas in the co-culture, the three cationic CDs ranked according to their charge density (CD-PEI600 > CD-PEHA > CD-DMEDA), when taking into account their inflammatory effect. Thus, the co-culture system developed in this study appears to be a sensitive model for finely discriminating the toxicological profile of cationic nanoparticles differing by the density of their surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carole Ronzani
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7199, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France; (Y.A.); (J.C.); (M.R.); (L.L.); (F.P.)
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