Environmentally Safe Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Plant Water Extracts

UV-Vis detection of E. coli 0157:H7 using Vitis vinifera and Musa paradaisica modified Au-NPs

Herein, we demonstrate the simple one-pot novel green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) functionalised with a combination of banana peel (Musa paradaisica) and grape (Vitis vinifera) fruit extracts. The reaction mixture of aqueous gold chloride, banana peel and grape extracts revealed a purple colour after a reaction time of one hour, an indication of the presence and the successful synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The optical and structural properties of the green synthesized nanoparticles were analysed using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) while their surface morphology was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Microscopy (HRTEM) and Small Angle X-Ray (SAX). Furthermore, a quick and simple surface plasmon resonance (SPR) study in the form of an optical sensor for the detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strain was also achieved using UV-Vis. The obtained limit of detection (LOD) value for SPR for the GBPE|Au-NPs|GCE-based system was found to be 1 × 102 CFU/mL, a value well in the range for detection in seawater.•Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) was functionalised using banana peel (Musa paradaisica) and grape (Vitis vinifera) fruit extracts as capping and stabilizing agents.•Structural characterization of the Au-NPs was achieved using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) while their surface morphology was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Microscopy (HRTEM) and Small Angle X-Ray (SAX).•The green synthesized Au-NPs were used to detect Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (E. coli 0157:H7) strain using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) where the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was studied.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decrease the viability of cervical cancer cells by inducing the BAX gene and activating antioxidant enzymes

BACKGROUND

Cervical Cancer (CC), a leading cause of female mortality worldwide, demonstrates a direct association with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. However, not all CC patients exhibit HPV infection, suggesting additional predisposing factors. Recently, disturbances in the oxidant-antioxidant balance have been implicated in CC development. This study explores the impact of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the survival and antioxidant capacity of HeLa cells, aiming to contribute to novel CC therapy approaches.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Synthesized and characterized AuNPs (25.5 nm, uniform distribution according to the DLS analysis) were administered to HeLa cells at varying concentrations. After 24 h, cell viability was assessed using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay. Real-time PCR measured expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (BCL2 associated X (BAX) and p53). Catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, key antioxidant enzymes, were also evaluated post-AuNP treatment. AuNPs dose-dependently reduced HeLa cell viability, with an IC50 value of 113 µg/ml. BAX gene expression significantly increased, indicating pro-apoptotic effects. Moreover, enzyme activities significantly rose under AuNP influence.

CONCLUSIONS

AuNPs demonstrated the potential to induce HeLa cell death by upregulating pro-apoptotic BAX gene expression and altering antioxidant system enzyme activities. These findings underscore the promise of AuNPs as a therapeutic avenue for CC, emphasizing their impact on crucial cellular processes involved in cancer progression.

A novel biopolymer technique for encapsulation of Bacillus velezensis BV9 into double coating biopolymer made by in alginate and natural gums to biocontrol of wheat take-all disease

Bacillus velezensis has been known for its high potential in controlling agricultural diseases. Technological advances have opened new perspectives for producing effective formulations by reducing some of the obstacles to their use, such as instability and loss of activity due to exposure to adverse environmental conditions. Encapsulation is one of the new approaches in agricultural science. This research describes discoveries related to processes for the microencapsulation of B. velezensis with natural gums. The efficiency, survival, and controlled release of B. velesensis BV9 encapsulated with alginate mixed with zedo gum, mastic gum, and tragacanth gum were evaluated for this aim. Furthermore, under greenhouse conditions, the encapsulated cells were assessed to control Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in wheat. The results indicated that all tested microcapsules protected >60 % of the bacterial cells. The Alginate-Zedo Gum (Alg-ZG) microcapsules showed a better-controlled release over two months. The greenhouse study indicated that treating wheat plants with Alg-ZG microcapsules was the most efficient treatment, suppressing 100 % of the pathogen. The results indicated that Alg-ZG is the most promising mixture to improve the survivability of B. velezensis BV9. Also, using natural gums and great potential of this formulation provides an effective and affordable fertilizers for agriculture.

Nanotechnology-based delivery systems to overcome drug resistance in cancer

Cancer nanomedicine is defined as the application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials for the formulation of cancer therapeutics that can overcome the impediments and restrictions of traditional chemotherapeutics. Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells can be defined as a decrease or abrogation in the efficacy of anticancer drugs that have different molecular structures and mechanisms of action and is one of the primary causes of therapeutic failure. There have been successes in the development of cancer nanomedicine to overcome MDR; however, relatively few of these formulations have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer. This is primarily due to the paucity of knowledge about nanotechnology and the fundamental biology of cancer cells. Here, we discuss the advances, types of nanomedicines, and the challenges regarding the translation of in vitro to in vivo results and their relevance to effective therapies.

Streptomyces monashensis MSK03-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles: characterization and antibacterial activity

Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge field with diverse applications, particularly in the utilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) due to their stability and biocompatibility. AuNPs serve as pivotal components in medical applications, with a specific emphasis on their significant antibacterial efficacy. This study focuses on synthesizing AuNPs using the cell-free supernatant of Streptomyces monashensis MSK03, isolated from terrestrial soil in Thailand. The biosynthesis process involved utilizing the cell-free supernatant of S. monashensis MSK03 and hydrogen tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) under controlled conditions of 37 °C and 200 rpm agitation. Characterization studies revealed spherical AuNPs with sizes ranging from 7.1 to 40.0 nm (average size: 23.2 ± 10.7 nm), as confirmed by TEM. UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band at 545 nm, while XRD analysis confirmed a crystalline structure with characteristics of cubic lattice surfaces. The capping molecules on the surface of AuNPs carry a negative charge, indicated by a Zeta potential of -26.35 mV, and FTIR analysis identified functional groups involved in reduction and stabilization. XANES spectra further confirmed the successful reduction of Au3+ to Au0. Moreover, the synthesized AuNPs demonstrated antibacterial activity against drug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Interestingly, the AuNPs showed non-toxicity to Vero cell lines. These significant antibacterial properties of the produced nanoparticles mean they hold great promise as new antimicrobial treatments for tackling the increasing issue of antibiotic resistance.

Nanoparticles in plant resistance against bacterial pathogens: current status and future prospects

Nanoparticles (NPs) serve immense roles in various fields of science. They have vastly upgraded conventional methods in the fields of agriculture and food sciences to eliminate growing threats of crop damage and disease, caused by various phytopathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and some insects. Bacterial diseases resulted in mass damage of crops by adopting antibacterial resistance, which has proved to be a major threat leading to food scarcity. Therefore, numerous NPs with antibacterial potentials have been formulated to overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance alongside an increase in crop yield and boosting plant immunity. NPs synthesized through green synthesis techniques have proved to be more effective and environment-friendly than those synthesized via chemical methods. NPs exhibit great roles in plants ranging from enhanced crop yield to disease suppression, to targeted drug and pesticide deliveries inside the plants and acting as biosensors for pathogen detection. NPs serves major roles in disruption of cellular membranes, ROS production, altering of DNA and protein entities and changing energy transductions. This review focuses on the antibacterial effect of NPs on several plant bacterial pathogens, mostly, against Pseudomonas syringe, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Clavibacter michiganensisand Pantoea ananatis both in vivo and ex vivo, thereby minimizing their antibacterial resistance and enhancing the plants acquired immunity. Therefore, NPs present a safer and more reliable bactericidal activity against various disease-causing bacteria in plants.

Advancements in coating technologies: Unveiling the potential of chitosan for the preservation of fruits and vegetables

Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables pose a significant challenge to the agriculture industry worldwide. To address this issue, researchers have turned to natural and eco-friendly solutions such as chitosan coatings. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has gained considerable attention due to its unique properties such as non-toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility and potential applications in post-harvest preservation. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on chitosan coatings for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. Moreover, it highlights the advantages of using chitosan coatings, including its antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, as well as its ability to enhance shelf-life and maintain the quality attributes of fresh product. Furthermore, the review discusses the mechanisms by which chitosan interacts with fruits and vegetables, elucidating its antimicrobial activity, modified gas permeability, enhanced physical barrier and induction of host defense responses. It also examines the factors influencing the effectiveness of chitosan coatings, such as concentration, molecular weight, deacetylation degree, pH, temperature, and application methods.

Advancing agriculture through bioresource technology: The role of cellulose-based biodegradable mulches

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in meeting the world's ever-growing food demands. However, traditional agricultural practices often have negative consequences for the environment, such as soil erosion and chemical runoff. Recently, there has been a pressing need for advance agricultural practices. Cellulose-based mulches offer a solution by optimizing agricultural productivity while minimizing harm. These mulches are made from renewable bioresources derived from cellulose-rich materials. Compared to plastic mulches, cellulose-based alternatives show potential in improving nutrient retention, soil health, weed suppression, water conservation, and erosion mitigation. The article investigates the characteristics and application methods of cellulose-based mulches, highlighting their biodegradability, water retention, crop protection, and weed suppression capabilities. It also evaluates their economic feasibility, emphasizing their potential to transform sustainable farming practices. Overall, cellulose-based mulches have the potential to revolutionize agriculture, addressing environmental concerns while optimizing productivity. They represent a significant step toward a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system.

Biogenic synthesis of AuNPs using Solanum virginianum L. and their antibacterial, antioxidant and catalytic applications

Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is gaining popularity worldwide because of being ecofriendly as well as economical, with minimal production of hazardous by-products. The present study was targeted to determine the antibacterial, free radical scavenging and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Solanum virginianum L. (Sv-AuNPs). After addition of auric chloride, the color of aqueous plant extract changed from light yellow to purple-red, indicating the formation of nanoparticles. A strong peak at 536 nm affirmed synthesis of Sv-AuNPs, and negative zeta potential (- 30.7) indicated their being wrapped in anions. They exhibited face-centered cubic and crystalline nature as revealed by X-ray diffraction. Elemental composition of Sv-AuNPs was ascertained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and a sharp peak at 2.2 keV confirmed the presence of gold. The shape of Sv-AuNPs synthesized was spherical with size ranging from 29.1 ± 1 nm to 51.2 ± 0.7 nm. Antibacterial potential was evaluated against E. coli, C. violaceum, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, M. smegmatis, and S. aureus and was found to be greater than aqueous plant extract. Sv-AuNPs exhibited antioxidant potential comparable to ascorbic acid, demonstrating their vital role in the prevention of reactive oxygen species related diseases. Apart from their pharmaceutical potential, these nanoparticles also exhibited promising catalytic efficacy. They degraded harmful dyes i.e. 4-nitro phenol (4-NP) and congo red (CR) at a very low concentration of 50 µg/ml. This is the first report on the antibacterial, antioxidant, and catalytic properties of Sv-AuNPs and we hope it will lead the way for nanoparticles multifunctionality.

Graphical abstract

Curcumin-functionalized gold nanoparticles attenuate AAPH-induced acute cardiotoxicity via reduction of lipid peroxidation and modulation of antioxidant parameters in a chicken embryo model

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained considerable attention due to their biocompatibility, customizable optical properties and ease of synthesis. In this study, an environmentally friendly method was used for synthesize curcumin-functionalized AuNPs (AuNP-C). AuNP-C exhibited a spherical shape, uniformity, and an average diameter of 6 nm. The in vitro antioxidant activity was analyzed, and cytotoxicity properties of AuNP-C were assessed in fibroblast and macrophage cells. Additionally, the effects of AuNP-C on oxidative stress in chicken embryo liver and hearts were investigated. AuNP-C demonstrated potent free radical scavenging properties without exhibiting cytotoxicity and hepatotoxicity effects. Administration of 300 µg/mL of AuNP-C in chicken embryos, subjected to oxidative damage induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels in the cardiac tissue. Moreover, the activities of cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase were restored, accompanied by an increase in overall antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, at higher concentrations, AuNP-C normalized the reduced glutathione content. AuNP-C preserved the normal structure of blood vessels; however, it resulted in an increase in protein carbonylation. This study provides initial evidence for the modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms by green-synthesized AuNPs and underscores the importance of investigating the in vivo safety of phytoantioxidant-functionalized nanoparticles.

Advancing sustainable agriculture: a critical review of smart and eco-friendly nanomaterial applications

Undoubtedly, nanoparticles are one of the ideal choices for achieving challenges related to bio sensing, drug delivery, and biotechnological tools. After gaining success in biomedical research, scientists are exploring various types of nanoparticles for achieving sustainable agriculture. The active nanoparticles can be used as a direct source of micronutrients or as a delivery platform for delivering the bioactive agrochemicals to improve crop growth, crop yield, and crop quality. Till date, several reports have been published showing applications of nanotechnology in agriculture. For instance, several methods have been employed for application of nanoparticles; especially metal nanoparticles to improve agriculture. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles such as core metal used to synthesize the nanoparticles, their size, shape, surface chemistry, and surface coatings affect crops, soil health, and crop-associated ecosystem. Therefore, selecting nanoparticles with appropriate physicochemical properties and applying them to agriculture via suitable method stands as smart option to achieve sustainable agriculture and improved plant performance. In presented review, we have compared various methods of nanoparticle application in plants and critically interpreted the significant differences to find out relatively safe and specific method for sustainable agricultural practice. Further, we have critically analyzed and discussed the different physicochemical properties of nanoparticles that have direct influence on plants in terms of nano safety and nanotoxicity. From literature review, we would like to point out that the implementation of smaller sized metal nanoparticles in low concentration via seed priming and foliar spray methods could be safer method for minimizing nanotoxicity, and for exhibiting better plant performance during stress and non-stressed conditions. Moreover, using nanomaterials for delivery of bioactive agrochemicals could pose as a smart alternative for conventional chemical fertilizers for achieving the safer and cleaner technology in sustainable agriculture. While reviewing all the available literature, we came across some serious drawbacks such as the lack of proper regulatory bodies to control the usage of nanomaterials and poor knowledge of the long-term impact on the ecosystem which need to be addressed in near future for comprehensive knowledge of applicability of green nanotechnology in agriculture.

Selenium nanoparticles based on Amphipterygium glaucum extract with antibacterial, antioxidant, and plant biostimulant properties

BACKGROUND

In recent years, crop production has expanded due to the variety of commercially available species. This increase in production has led to global competition and the search for biostimulant products that improve crop quality and yield. At the same time, agricultural products that protect against diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms are needed. Thus, the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) is a proposal for achieving these needs. In this research, SeNPs were synthesized from methanolic extract of Amphipterygium glaucum leaves, and chemically and biologically characterized.

RESULTS

The characterization of SeNPs was conducted by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microscopy transmission (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) techniques. SeNPs with an average size of 40-60 nm and spherical and needle-shaped morphologies were obtained. The antibacterial activity of SeNPs against Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, and Alcaligenes faecalis was evaluated. The results indicate that the methanolic extracts of A. glaucum and SeNPs presented a high antioxidant activity. The biostimulant effect of SeNPs (10, 20, 50, and 100 µM) was evaluated in vinca (Catharanthus roseus), and calendula (Calendula officinalis) plants under greenhouse conditions, and they improved growth parameters such as the height, the fresh and dry weight of roots, stems, and leaves; and the number of flowers of vinca and calendula.

CONCLUSIONS

The antibacterial, antioxidant, and biostimulant properties of SeNPs synthesized from A. glaucum extract demonstrated in this study support their use as a promising tool in crop production.

Eucalyptus globulus Mediated Green Synthesis of Environmentally Benign Metal Based Nanostructures: A Review

The progress in nanotechnology has effectively tackled and overcome numerous global issues, including climate change, environmental contamination, and various lethal diseases. The nanostructures being a vital part of nanotechnology have been synthesized employing different physicochemical methods. However, these methods are expensive, polluting, eco-unfriendly, and produce toxic byproducts. Green chemistry having exceptional attributes, such as cost-effectiveness, non-toxicity, higher stability, environment friendliness, ability to control size and shape, and superior performance, has emerged as a promising alternative to address the drawbacks of conventional approaches. Plant extracts are recognized as the best option for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles due to adherence to the environmentally benign route and sustainability agenda 2030 of the United Nations. In recent decades, phytosynthesized nanoparticles have gained much attention for different scientific applications. Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum) is an evergreen plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae, which is the targeted point of this review article. Herein, we mainly focus on the fabrication of nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, lanthanum oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, nickel oxide, gold, silver, and zirconium oxide, by utilizing Eucalyptus globulus extract and its essential oils. This review article aims to provide an overview of the synthesis, characterization results, and biomedical applications of nanoparticles synthesized using Eucalyptus globulus. The present study will be a better contribution to the readers and the students of environmental research.

Green synthesis of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles using plant extracts and their applications: A review

Magnetic nanoparticles, particularly ZnFe₂O₄ are of enormous significance in biomedical and water treatment fields. However, chemical synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles endures some major limitations, e.g., the use of toxic substances, unsafe procedure, and cost-ineffectiveness. Biological methods are more preferable approaches since they take advantages of biomolecules available in plant extract serving as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. Herein, we review plant-mediated synthesis and properties of ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles for multiple applications in catalytic and adsorption performance, biomedical, catalyst, and others. Effect of several factors such as Zn²⁺/Fe³⁺/extract ratio, and calcination temperature on morphology, surface chemistry, particle size, magnetism and bandgap energy of obtained ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles was discussed. The photocatalytic activity and adsorption for removal of toxic dyes, antibiotics, and pesticides were also evaluated. Main results of antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities for biomedical applications were summarized and compared. Several limitations and prospects of green ZnFe₂O₄ as an alternative to traditional luminescent powders have been proposed.

In vitro analysis of green synthesized CuO nanoparticles using Tanacetum parthenium extract for multifunctional applications

Tanacetum parthenium L. is a popular traditional medicinal plant that the role of presence of particular phytochemical compounds are still unconsidered particularly in the bio-nano researches. Here, for the first time, the green fabrication of CuO NPs using Tanacetum parthenium L. extract was performed and assessed for the antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and dye degradation activities. Characterization of CuO NPs was done by UV-visible spectra, XRD, FT-IR, TEM, and EDX. The synthesized CuO NPs possess a crystalline nature, a functional group that resembles T. parthenium, with a spherical shape particle with an average size of 28 nm. EDX confirmed CuO NPs formation. The CuO NPs showed excellent antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. The cytotoxicity of CuO NPs was demonstrated the concentration-dependent inhibition of the growth against both cancer and normal cell lines. The results exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of the growth of Hela, A 549, and MCF7 cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 65.0, 57.4, and 71.8 µg/mL, respectively), which were statistically significant comparing control cells (IC₅₀ = 226.1 µg/mL). Furthermore, we observed that CuO NPs-induced programmed cell death in the cancer cells were mediated with the downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of bax, caspase-3. CuO NPs were verified to be a superb catalyst as they had excellent activity for the degradation of 99.6%, 98.7%, 96.6%, and 96.6% of Congo red, methylene blue, methylene orange, and rhodamine B as industrial dyes in 3, 6.5, 6.5, and 6.5 min, respectively. Overall, the present study nominates T. parthenium as a proper bio-agent in the biosynthesis of CuO NPs with powerful catalytic and antimicrobial activities as well as a cancer treatment.

Green synthesis silver nanoparticles Bougainvillea glabra Choisy/LED light with high catalytic activity in the removal of methylene blue aqueous solution

In this study, we evaluated, in a pioneering way, the influence of wavelengths from the decomposition of white light on the production and physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Bearing in mind a process of green synthesis, an extract of the bracts of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (BgC) was used, a species native to tropical and subtropical regions and frequently used in ornamentation, possessing in its photochemical composition, biomolecules capable of acting as reducing agents for convert Ag⁺ to Ag⁰. We used light-emitting diodes (LED) to obtain the desired wavelengths (violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red) in the test called rainbow, and we evaluated the obtaining of AgNPs compared to white LED light, nature, and absence of light. In the rainbow assay, we obtained a gradual increase in the intensity of the plasmonic band resonance from the red wavelength (0.124 ± 0.067 a.u.) to violet (0.680 ± 0.199 a.u.), indicating a higher reaction yield in obtaining AgNPs. Smaller hydrodynamic sizes (approximately 150 nm) at more energetic wavelengths (violet, blue, and green) about less energetic wavelengths (yellow, orange, and red) (approximately 400 nm) were obtained. Analysis by SEM microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction indicates the presence of silver nanoparticles in all LED colors used together with white LED light and Laboratory light (natural light). Due to the high environmental demand to remove pollutants from water sources, including textile dyes, we applied AgNPs/BgC to remove methylene blue (MB) dye from an aqueous solution. A minimum removal percentage greater than 65%, with emphasis on formulations synthesized by the colors of violet LED (84.27 ± 2.65%) and orange LED (85.91 ± 1.95%), was obtained.

Biosynthesis of phyto functionalized cerium oxide nanoparticles mediated from Scoparia dulsis L. for appraisal of anti-cancer potential against adenocarcinomic lung cancer cells and paracetamol sensing potentiality

This research work aims at the eco-friendly preparation of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeSD NPs) utilizing the natural extract of Scoparia dulsis L. An attempt was made to analyze the influence of the fuel load on the size, shape, and optical properties of the nanoparticles. The p-XRD studies revealed the controlled formation of NPs with a size not more than 12.74 nm. The surface area studies appraise the mesoporous nature of the synthesized ceria particles, with the maximum specific surface area of 36.06 m²g^-1. The nano-regime CeO₂ nanoparticles had a definite impact on biomedical and electrochemical studies. The CeSD NPs with minuscule size (10.69 nm) manifested promising antioxidant and human RBC protection activity. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using % DPPH inhibition with of maximum of 83.38. The stabilization of RBC's by CeSD NPs was maximum at 94.97%. However, the CeSD NPs with apparent size (12.74 nm) that utilized greater volume fuel (25 mL) had noticeable results on adenocarcinomic lung (A549) cancer cell viability and antidiabetic study which was maximum of 70.16% at concentration 500 μg/mL. A satisfactory antibacterial application was proffered against chosen bacterial stains. The smallest size CeO₂ NPs exhibited the best proton diffusion coefficient (8.16 × 10^-6 cm²s^-1), and the capacitance values of the CeSD NPs are near in all samples (~ 1.17 to 2.00 F) manifest their compact nano-regime sizes. The paracetamol drug was chosen as analyte to appreciating the superlative efficiency for sensing paracetamol drug with the lowest detection limit.

Micro-/Nano-Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Promising Biopolymer with Prospects in the Agriculture Sector: A Review

The increase in the population rate has increased the demand for safe and quality food products. However, the current agricultural system faces many challenges in producing vegetables and fruits. Indiscriminate use of pesticides and fertilizers, deficiency of water resources, short shelf life of products postharvest, and nontargeted delivery of agrochemicals are the main challenges. In this regard, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most promising materials in the agriculture sector for minimizing these challenges due to its mechanical strength, viscosity, wide availability, and edibility properties. CMC also has high water absorbency; therefore, it can be used for water deficiency (as superabsorbent hydrogels). Due to the many hydroxyl groups on its surface, this substance has high efficacy in removing pollutants, such as pesticides and heavy metals. Enriching CMC coatings with additional substances, such as antimicrobial, antibrowning, antioxidant, and antisoftening materials, can provide further novel formulations with unique advantages. In addition, the encapsulation of bioactive materials or pesticides provides a targeted delivery system. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the use of CMC in agriculture and its applications for preserving fruit and vegetable quality, remediating agricultural pollution, preserving water sources, and encapsulating bioactive molecules for targeted delivery.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles of Vernonia cinerea Leaf Extract and their In vitro Cytotoxicity Activity against Neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y Cell Lines, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies

BACKGROUND

Green syntheses of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts have potential anti- cancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, among other aspects. The aim of the present patent study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Vernonia cinerea plant extract.

METHODS

The AgNPs were successfully prepared and characterized using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, particle size, Zeta potential, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The in vitro cytotoxicity study was performed using neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cell lines. Moreover, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity studies were also performed for AgNPs.

RESULTS

The size of AgNPs determined through the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique was 49.5 nm and the zeta potential was -36.8 mV. The synthesized AgNPs were checked using UV-Visible spectroscopy at ƛmax 439 nm. The color was changed from green to dark brown, indicating the formation of AgNPs. The TEM study revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape. The XRD pattern of AgNPs produced in this experiment was apparently crystalline. The results of FTIR study revealed that the majority of the obtained peaks correspond to the polyphenols, triterpenoids, and alkaloids which were abundant in the corresponding to the V. cinerea leaf extract and support to the formation of AgNPs. The cytotoxicity effect of the V. cinerea plant extract and biosynthesized AgNPs was found to be dosedependent. From the results of antimicrobial studies, it was reported that the gram negative bacteria were found to be more susceptible compared to the gram positive bacteria. Moreover, the results of antioxidant study revealed that the AgNPs showed good antioxidant activity (77.21%) in comparison to the V. cinerea plant extract (56.13%).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results, it could be concluded that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-bacterial activities as compared to the plain V. cineria plant extract.

Mechanism and Antibacterial Activity of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Functionalized with Natural Compounds from Plants

Recently, the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been widely studied and described. In the age of bacterial drug resistance, an intensive search for new agents with antibacterial properties or a new form of antibiotics with effective action is necessary. As a result, the antibacterial activity of AuNPs functionalized with natural compounds is being investigated more frequently. AuNPs biosynthesized with plant extract or functionalized with bioactive compounds isolated from plants could be particularly useful for pharmaceutical applications. The biosynthesized AuNPs are stabilized by an envelope, which may consist of flavonoids, phenolic acids, lipids and proteins as well as carbohydrates and vitamins. The composition of the natural coating affects the size, shape and stability of the AuNPs and is also responsible for interactions with the bacterial cell wall. Recently, several mechanisms of AuNP interactions with bacterial cells have been identified. Nevertheless, they are not yet well understood, due to the large diversity of plants and biosynthesized AuNPs. Understanding the antibacterial mechanisms allows for the creation of pharmaceutical formulations in the most useful form. Utilizing AuNPs functionalized with plant compounds as antibacterial agents is still a new concept. However, the unique physicochemical and biological properties of AuNPs emphasises their potential for a broad range of applications in the future.

Synthesis and characterization of Ni0.5Al0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles for potent antifungal activity against dry rot of ginger (Fusarium oxysporum)

Current study signifies the use of nanoparticles as alternative in plant disease management to avoid harmful effect of pesticide and fungicide residue. Synthesis of nanoparticles (Ni0.5Al0.5Fe2O4) by hydrothermal method and studied their X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman spectra, and UV spectra and further successfully evaluated for antifungal activity against a soil and seed borne pathogenic fungus (Fusarium oxysporum).Among various pests, fungal pathogens are the main cause of crop destruction and we developed nanoparticles (Ni0.5Al0.5Fe2O4) which is successfully evaluated for antimycotic activity against dry rot (F. oxysporum) of ginger which causes 50-70% losses in the ginger plant. In vitro and in vivo analysis designated that the nanoparticles (Ni0.5Al0.5Fe2O4) has shown an excellent antifungal activity against F. oxysporum at 0.5 mg/ml concentration. Similarly, no disease incidence was recorded when Ni0.5Al0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles used at 0.5 mg/ml concentration under in vivo conditions. In plants various environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic) leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately leads to cell death. The role of ROS in nanoparticles (Ni0.5Al0.5Fe2O4) represents by reduction in the growth inhibition of F. oxysporum. We speculated in light of these results that the cytotoxic effect of Ni0.5Al0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles on F. oxysporum may be mediated through ROS. We can suggest the role of nanoparticles (Ni0.5Al0.5Fe2O4) gives a promising result as a fungicidal activity and could be a novel family of future new generation fungicide.

Plant-mediated synthesis of silver-doped ZnO nanoparticles with high sonocatalytic activity: Sonocatalytic behavior, kinetic and thermodynamic study

Together with the rapid growth of technology, the discharge of wastewater from industry into environment had become a hot topic among society nowadays. More attention had been given to the development of water treatment techniques. In this study, sonocatalysis was proposed to degrade the organic pollutants using silver-doped zinc oxide (Ag-ZnO) nanoparticles which were synthesized via green synthesis process using Clitoria ternatea Linn (Asian Pigeonwings flower). The characterization results revealed that the incorporation of Ag into the ZnO lattice decreased the crystallite size and increased the specific surface area of ZnO nanoparticles. It is noteworthy that about 98% of sonocatalytic degradation efficiency of malachite green (MG) was successfully achieved within 30 min in the presence of 5 wt.% Ag-ZnO with 1.0 g/L of catalyst loading under 500 mg/L of initial dye concentration, 80 W of ultrasonic power, 45 kHz of ultrasound frequency, and 2.0 mM of oxidant concentration. The kinetic study showed that the sonocatalytic degradation of organic dye was fitted well into second-order kinetic model with high R2 value (0.9531). In the thermodynamic study, negative value of standard Gibbs free energy and low value of activation energy (+ 24.43 kJ/mol) were obtained in the sonocatalytic degradation of MG using the green-synthesized Ag-ZnO sample. HIGHLIGHTS: • Facile synthesis of silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant extract which act as reducing and stabilizing agents • Optical, physical, and chemical characterization of green-synthesized nanomaterials were performed • Evaluation of sonocatalytic degradation of organic dye using green-synthesized nanomaterials • Sonocatalytic behavior, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of sonocatalytic reaction.

Catalytic behavior of gold nanoparticles supported on a TiO2-Al2O3 mixed oxide for CO oxidation at low temperature

The present work highlights the versatility of a TiO₂-Al₂O₃ mixed oxide bearing highly dispersed gold nanoparticles that was applied in the CO oxidation reaction at room temperature. The TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and TiO₂-Al₂O₃ supports were synthesized by the sol-gel method, while gold nanoparticles were added by the deposition-precipitation with urea method using a theoretical Au loading of 2 wt.%. A promotional effect of the TiO₂-Al₂O₃ support on the activity of gold catalysts with respect to TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ was observed; Au/TiO₂-Al₂O₃ showed outstanding CO oxidation, being active from 0 °C and stable throughout a 24-h test. As for the alumina content (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) in TiO₂, it improved the textural properties by retarding the crystal growth and anatase-rutile phase transformation of TiO₂, suppressing the deposition of carbon on the catalyst surface and stabilizing the Au nanoparticles even at high temperatures. Gold was highly dispersed with nanoparticle sizes ranging from 1 to 2 nm when H₂ was used to treat thermally the Au/TiO₂-Al₂O₃, Au/TiO_2, and Au/Al₂O₃ materials. In addition, the XPS technique helped elicit that Au⁰ and Au¹⁺ boosted their interaction with the TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and TiO₂-Al₂O₃ supports by means of charge transfer, which resulted in outstanding CO oxidation activity from 0 °C. Likewise, the key factors that control the peculiar catalytic performance in the CO oxidation reaction are discussed, which represents a step forward in the versatility behavior of gold catalysts supported on mixed oxide catalysts.

Bio-Inspired Smart Nanoparticles in Enhanced Cancer Theranostics and Targeted Drug Delivery

Globally, a significant portion of deaths are caused by cancer.Compared with traditional treatment, nanotechnology offers new therapeutic options for cancer due to its ability to selectively target and control drug release. Among the various routes of nanoparticle synthesis, plants have gained significant recognition. The tremendous potential of medicinal plants in anticancer treatments calls for a comprehensive review of existing studies on plant-based nanoparticles. The study examined various metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis using medicinal plants. Plants contain biomolecules, secondary metabolites, and coenzymes that facilitate the reduction of metal ions into nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are believed to be potential antioxidants and cancer-fighting agents. This review aims at the futuristic intuitions of biosynthesis and applications of plant-based nanoparticles in cancer theranostics.

Enhancing the anti-ageing, antimicrobial activity and mechanical properties of surface-coated paper by Ag@TiO2-modified nanopigments

In this work, the effect of using Ag-doped TiO₂ nanopigments on optical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of coated paper was explored. Furthermore, the long-term antimicrobial activity of the coated paper was examined for up to 25 years. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles have been synthesized and doped with different percentages of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using a simple wet chemical approach. The Ag@TiO₂ modified nanopigments were in the form of nanorods with an average size of about 20 nm as observed from TEM images. Increasing Ag content from 0.01 to 1.0% showed an increase in the mechanical properties of coated paper in terms of tensile, stretching, tensile energy absorption and burst while preserving the optical properties. Moreover, the antimicrobial inhibition activity increased with increasing the Ag content. The 1% Ag@TiO₂ showed a long-lasting antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Gram-positive bacteria even after 25 years of ageing (93.4% inhibition). Investigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reaction mechanism of antimicrobial activity over Ag/TiO₂ under visible light is proposed. These results suggest that Ag/TiO₂ NPs can be potentially used as a disinfection coating for paper and improving its mechanical properties.

Green Nanotechnology: Recent Research on Bioresource-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis and Applications

In the last decades, the idea of green nanotechnology has been expanding, and researchers are developing greener and more sustainable techniques for synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs). The major objectives are to fabricate NPs using simple, sustainable, and cost-effective procedures while avoiding the use of hazardous materials that are usually utilized as reducing or capping agents. Many biosources, including plants, bacteria, fungus, yeasts, and algae, have been used to fabricate NPs of various shapes and sizes. The authors of this study emphasized the most current studies for fabricating NPs from biosources and their applications in a wide range of fields. This review addressed studies that cover green techniques for synthesizing nanoparticles of Ag, Au, ZnO, CuO, Co3O4, Fe3O4, TiO2, NiO, Al2O3, Cr2O3, Sm2O3, CeO2, La2O3, and Y2O3. Also, their applications were taken under consideration and discussed.

In vitro antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-Alzheimer potentials of innovative macroalgae bio-capped silver nanoparticles

The antagonistic side effects of chemical medications led to the search for safe strategies such as biogenic agents. Correspondingly, this study aims to create biogenic, appropriate, auspicious and innovative therapeutic agents like Galaxaura elongata {GE}, Turbinaria ornata {TO} and Enteromorpha flexuosa {EF} macroalgae-based silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The Ag+ reduction and the creation of Ag[GE]-NPs, Ag[TO]-NPs and Ag[EF]-NPs have been validated using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and zeta potential analysis, and the chemical composition of macroalgae crude extracts was estimated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Further, macroalgae-based Ag-NPs were tested for their free radical scavenging activity DPPH, ABTS, anticancer activity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell line, distinctive inflammation forms and elevated α-amylase. Results showed that the biosynthesized Ag-NPs have unique mechanical and physicochemical characters attributed to their high relative surface area, nanosized dimensions and spherical shape. At dose of 200 µg/mL, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity was maximized with Ag[TO]-NPs (67.26%); however, Ag[EF]-NPs was the most potent as ABTs scavenger (97.74%). Additionally, Ag[GE]-NPs had the maximum proteinase inhibitory action with 59.78%. The 1000 µg/mL of Ag[GE]-NPs, Ag[TO]-NPs and Ag[EF]-NPs revealed significant inhibitions of cell growth of HepG2 resulting in cell viabilities 5.92%, 4.44% and 11.33%, respectively. These findings suggest that macroalgae bio-capped Ag-NPs have magnificent biological potentials for safe biomedical applications.

Facile synthesis of nanomaterials as nanofertilizers: a novel way for sustainable crop production

Nutrient fertilization plays a major role in improving crop productivity and maintaining soil fertility. In the last few decades, the productivity of current agricultural practices highly depends on the use of chemical fertilizers. Major drawback of traditional fertilizers is their low crop nutrient use efficiency and high loss into water. Nanomaterial in agriculture is a multipurpose tool for increasing growth, development, and yield of plants. Nanotechnology facilitates the amplifying of agriculture production by reducing relevant losses and improving the input efficiency. Nanotechnology has emerged as an attractive field of research and has various agriculture applications, especially the use of nano-agrochemicals to increase nutrient use efficiency and agricultural yield. Nanofertilizers are more effective as compared to chemical fertilizers due to their cost-efficient, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and more stable in nature. Overall, this chapter focuses on synthesis of nanofertilizers through physical, chemical, and biological methods. This chapter will also explore the use of nano-enabled fertilizers to enhance the nutrient use efficiency for sustainable crop production, and global food safety.

Rapid Identification of Fupenzi (Rubus chingii Hu) and Its Adulteration by AuNP Visualization

Fupenzi (Rubus chingii Hu) is a dried and immature fruit in East China, which has effects of nourishing kidneys, solidifying essence, and otherwise. Because Fupenzi was often adulterated and replaced with inferior things, this paper had researched Fupenzi and its adulterant raspberry. A new type of visible sensor was constructed by using Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), which was modified by the surface-active agent and combined with the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrum technology. It was found that the change in particle size after the interaction of AuNPs and adulterants will lead to color change. In this paper, the RGB (red, green, and blue) values of the solution were extracted to correlate the color with the concentration of adulterants, and the relationship between the absorption peak intensity and the concentration of adulterants was established. The results showed that the intensity of an absorption peak is related to adulteration concentration, and the color of the solution changed from red to gray as the particle size changed. The visual sensor constructed based on the above principle is a fast and precise method to detect adulteration with different concentrations, which has a potential application value in real-time and rapid detection of Fupenzi’s quality.

Surface Engineering of Nanomaterials with Polymers, Biomolecules, and Small Ligands for Nanomedicine

Nanomedicine is a speedily growing area of medical research that is focused on developing nanomaterials for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties have recently attracted a lot of attention since they offer a lot of potential in biomedical research. Novel generations of engineered nanostructures, also known as designed and functionalized nanomaterials, have opened up new possibilities in the applications of biomedical approaches such as biological imaging, biomolecular sensing, medical devices, drug delivery, and therapy. Polymers, natural biomolecules, or synthetic ligands can interact physically or chemically with nanomaterials to functionalize them for targeted uses. This paper reviews current research in nanotechnology, with a focus on nanomaterial functionalization for medical applications. Firstly, a brief overview of the different types of nanomaterials and the strategies for their surface functionalization is offered. Secondly, different types of functionalized nanomaterials are reviewed. Then, their potential cytotoxicity and cost-effectiveness are discussed. Finally, their use in diverse fields is examined in detail, including cancer treatment, tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, and medical implants.

Recent Advances in Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Bioactive Metallic Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) are elements derived from a cluster of atoms with one or more dimensions in the nanometer scale in the range of 1–100 nm. The bio nanofabrication of metallic NPs is now an important dynamic area of research, with major significance in applied research. Biogenic synthesis of NPs is more desirable than physical and chemical synthesis due to its eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, lower energy consumption, and multifunctional nature. Plants outperform microorganisms as reducing agents as they contain large secondary biomolecules that accelerate the reduction and stability of the NPs. The produced NPs can then be studied spectroscopically (UV-Visible, XRD, Raman, IR, etc.) and microscopically (SEM, TEM, AFM, etc.). The biological reduction of a metallic ion or its oxide to a nanoparticle is quick, simple, and may be scaled up at room temperature and pressure. The rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) microbes due to the immoderate use of antibiotics in non-infected patients is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. The contemporary development of a new class of antibiotics with different mechanisms of action to kill microbes is crucial. Metals and their oxides are extremely toxic to microbes at unprecedentedly low concentrations. In addition, prevailing infections in plants and animals are raising significant concerns across the globe. NPs’ wide range of bioactivity makes them ideal antimicrobial agents in agricultural and medical fields. The present review outlines the synthesis of metallic NPs from botanicals, which enables the metals to be in a stabilized form even after ionization. It also presents a valuable database on the biofunctionalization of synthesized NPs for further drug development.

Gold Nanoparticles Green-Synthesized by the Suaeda japonica Leaf Extract and Screening of Anti-Inflammatory Activities on RAW 267.4 Macrophages

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles from medicinal plants has become a modern strategy in biomedical research based on their exclusive properties, including specific targeting, lower toxicity, and biocompatibility. In this study, gold nanoparticles, reduced by the Suaeda japonica leaf extract, were promptly validated by UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy at 548 nm. No additional reducing agents were needed in this kind of a reduction reaction, which provided evidence of green synthesis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to illustrate the nanoscale characterization of S. japonica gold nanoparticles (Sj-AuNps). Furthermore, the cytotoxicity effect of Sj-AuNps against the RAW 264.7 cell line was determined by performing an MTT assay. We also investigated Sj-AuNps’ anti-inflammatory properties in LPS-induced murine macrophages. These nanoparticles reduced the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and repressed the expression of the LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes. This study presents a significant biomedical application of S. japonica AuNps. The anti-inflammatory capabilities of Sj-AuNps underline their potential as possible options for suppressing inflammation-mediated diseases.

Application of Green Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis

Nanoparticles are currently used for cancer theranostics in the clinical field. Among nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) attract much attention due to their usability and high performance in imaging techniques. The wide availability of biological precursors used in plant-based synthesized AuNPs allows for the development of large-scale production in a greener manner. Conventional cancer therapies, such as surgery and chemotherapy, have significant limitations and frequently fail to produce satisfying results. AuNPs have a prolonged circulation time, allow easy modification with ligands detected via cancer cell surface receptors, and increase uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis. To exploit these unique features, studies have been carried out on the use of AuNPs as contrast agents for X-ray-based imaging techniques (i.e., computed tomography). As nanocarriers, AuNPs synthesized by nontoxic and biocompatible plants to deliver therapeutic biomolecules could be a significant stride forward in the effective treatment of various cancers. Fluorescent-plant-based markers, including AuNPs, fabricated using Medicago sativa, Olax Scandens, H. ambavilla, and H. lanceolatum, have been used in detecting cancers. Moreover, green synthesized AuNPs using various extracts have been applied for the treatment of different types of solid tumors. However, the cytotoxicity of AuNPs primarily depends on their size, surface reactivity, and surface area. In this review, the benefits of plant-based materials in cancer therapy are firstly explained. Then, considering the valuable position of AuNPs in medicine, the application of AuNPs in cancer therapy and detection is highlighted with an emphasis on limitations faced by the application of such NPs in drug delivery platforms.

Green Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Taverniera couneifolia Elicits Effective Anti-Diabetic Effect in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Background: Using a variety of chemical compounds and biomolecules, researchers have been working on new antidiabetic drugs for many years. Anti-diabetic research is increasingly using nanomaterials because of their unique qualities, such as their tiny size, biocompatibility, and ability to penetrate cell membranes for drug delivery. Using extract of T. couneifolia coated with silver nanoparticles as a model for diabetes mellitus research was one of the goals of this work. Methods: Uv-Vis spectroscopy was used to measure the TAgNPs surface plasmon resonance. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the attached functional groups, XRD analysis confirmed the size and crystallinity, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the majority of the particles were spherical, and EDX performed the elemental analysis. For 21 days, alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats (N = 25, n = 5/group) were administered 10 mg/kg body weight of photosynthesized AgNPs as a standard animal model, while those in the untreated normal control group C, received distilled water as a control, diabetics who were treated with 0.5 mg/kg of body weight of glibenclamide, 10 mg/kg of methanolic T. couneifolia extract, and diabetics who were given 10 mg/kg of body weight of synthetic AgNPs derived from T. couneifolia in the DAgNPs group. At the conclusion of the treatment, lipid, liver and kidney profiles were re-examined to determine whether or not the treatment had been effective (day 21). Oral glucose doses of 2 g/kg of body weight were administered to each group, and blood glucose levels were measured at various intervals (day 21). Fasting glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. Each animal's urine was tested for leukocytes, nitrites, and bilirubin using lab-made prepared assay kits. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The surface plasmon resonance effect was examined with UV-vis, it showed a sharp peak at 412 nm. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that the produced nanoparticles were between 15 to 31.44 nm in size. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were fed AgNPs derived from phytosynthesized AgNPs, compared to diabetic control rats, diabetic rats treated with AgNPs showed a considerable improvement in their dyslipidemia status. Over the course of the days, it also lowered blood glucose levels. A reduction in blood glucose levels, a rise in body weight, and significant improvements in the lipid, liver, and renal profiles were also seen. Conclusions: The present findings revealed that plant mediated silver nanoparticles significantly improved the alloxan induced diabetic changes in various treated rats and might be used for the treatment of diabetes.

Iron–Gold Nanoflowers: A Promising Tool for Multimodal Imaging and Hyperthermia Therapy

The development of nanoplatforms prepared to perform both multimodal imaging and combined therapies in a single entity is a fast-growing field. These systems are able to improve diagnostic accuracy and therapy success. Multicomponent Nanoparticles (MCNPs), composed of iron oxide and gold, offer new opportunities for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) diagnosis, as well as combined therapies based on Magnetic Hyperthermia (MH) and Photothermal Therapy (PT). In this work, we describe a new seed-assisted method for the synthesis of Au@Fe Nanoparticles (NPs) with a flower-like structure. For biomedical purposes, Au@Fe NPs were functionalized with a PEGylated ligand, leading to high colloidal stability. Moreover, the as-obtained Au@Fe-PEG NPs exhibited excellent features as both MRI and CT Contrast Agents (CAs), with high r2 relaxivity (60.5 mM−1⋅s−1) and X-ray attenuation properties (8.8 HU mM−1⋅HU). In addition, these nanoflowers presented considerable energy-to-heat conversion under both Alternating Magnetic Fields (AMFs) (∆T ≈ 2.5 °C) and Near-Infrared (NIR) light (∆T ≈ 17 °C). Finally, Au@Fe-PEG NPs exhibited very low cytotoxicity, confirming their potential for theranostics applications.

Nanotechnology-based approaches for effective detection of tumor markers: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review

As well-appreciated biomarkers, tumor markers have been spotlighted as reliable tools for predicting the behavior of different tumors and helping clinicians ascertain the type of molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis. The sensitivity and specificity of these markers have made them an object of even broader interest for sensitive detection and staging of various cancers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluorescence-based, mass-based, and electrochemical-based detections are current techniques for sensing tumor markers. Although some of these techniques provide good selectivity, certain obstacles, including a low sample concentration or difficulty carrying out the measurement, limit their application. With the advent of nanotechnology, many studies have been carried out to synthesize and employ nanomaterials (NMs) in sensing techniques to determine these tumor markers at low concentrations. The fabrication, sensitivity, design, and multiplexing of sensing techniques have been uplifted due to the attractive features of NMs. Various NMs, such as magnetic and metal nanoparticles, up-conversion NPs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon-based NMs, quantum dots (QDs), and graphene-based nanosensors, hyperbranched polymers, optical nanosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, paper-based biosensors, microfluidic-based lab-on-chip sensors, and hybrid NMs have proven effective in detecting tumor markers with great sensitivity and selectivity. This review summarizes various categories of NMs for detecting these valuable markers, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3, MUC1), and cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and highlights recent nanotechnology-based advancements in detection of these prognostic biomarkers.

Novel Perspectives towards RNA-Based Nano-Theranostic Approaches for Cancer Management

In the fight against cancer, early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Traditional cancer diagnostic technologies, on the other hand, have limitations that make early detection difficult. Therefore, multi-functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) and nano-biosensors have revolutionized the era of cancer diagnosis and treatment for targeted action via attaching specified and biocompatible ligands to target the tissues, which are highly over-expressed in certain types of cancers. Advancements in multi-functionalized NPs can be achieved via modifying molecular genetics to develop personalized and targeted treatments based on RNA interference. Modification in RNA therapies utilized small RNA subunits in the form of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) for overexpressing the specific genes of, most commonly, breast, colon, gastric, cervical, and hepatocellular cancer. RNA-conjugated nanomaterials appear to be the gold standard for preventing various malignant tumors through focused diagnosis and delivering to a specific tissue, resulting in cancer cells going into programmed death. The latest advances in RNA nanotechnology applications for cancer diagnosis and treatment are summarized in this review.