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Stavitz J, Koc T. Exploring the Experiences and Perspectives of Division III Athletes Regarding Personalized Nutrition Plans for Improved Performance-A Qualitative Investigation. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:923. [PMID: 38727480 PMCID: PMC11083372 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This qualitative study explores Division III college student-athletes' experiences and perceptions of personalized nutrition plans in collegiate sports settings. (2) Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted using a general qualitative research design. Using a grounded theory approach, a thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the interview transcripts, allowing for the identification of recurring themes and patterns. (3) Results: A total of 30 Division III college student-athletes, 16 males (53.3%) and 14 females (46.7%), representing a diverse range of sports disciplines, engaged in discussions about personalized nutrition plans. Analysis of the data revealed five main themes: (1) Nutritional Knowledge and Awareness, (2) Perceived Benefits of Personalized Nutrition Plans, (3) Challenges and Barriers to Implementation, (4) Influence of Team Culture and Environment, and (5) Suggestions for Improvement. (4) Conclusion: This study sheds light on the complexities of implementing personalized nutrition plans in collegiate sports settings and emphasizes the need for comprehensive, athlete-centered approaches to optimize performance and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stavitz
- Athletic Training Education Program, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Thomas Koc
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA;
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Hulland SC, Trakman GL, Alcock RD. Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1362-1376. [PMID: 38053387 PMCID: PMC10950453 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition knowledge (NK) impacts food choices and may be improved through educational programmes. Identifying knowledge gaps related to NK among adolescent athletes may guide future nutrition education programmes. This review aimed to systematically review the level of NK in adolescent athletes based on the currently available published literature. The protocol for this review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022321765). A literature search was conducted in April 2022 using MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. The study design was not restricted, provided that a quantitative NK score was reported for adolescent athletes. Studies were limited to the English language and published between 2010 and April 2022. Studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Appraisal Checklist. Data extracted included demographics, questionnaire name, number of items, validation status and mean total and subsection NK scores. Meta-analyses were inappropriate due to the heterogeneity of NK assessment tools; therefore, results were presented narratively. Thirty-two studies that assessed NK of 4553 adolescent athletes and 574 comparison participants were included. Critical appraisal of studies resulted in neutral rating 'moderate quality' for most (n 30) studies. Studies lacked justification for sample size and often used inadequately validated questionnaires. NK scores ranged from poor (33·3 %) to excellent (90·6 %). The level of NK across studies is difficult to determine due to heterogenous questionnaires often lacking appropriate validation. NK should be assessed using tools validated in the relevant population or revalidated tools previously used for other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Hulland
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gina L. Trakman
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Essendon Football Club, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebekah D. Alcock
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Tektunalı Akman C, Gönen Aydın C, Ersoy G. The effect of nutrition education sessions on energy availability, body composition, eating attitude and sports nutrition knowledge in young female endurance athletes. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1289448. [PMID: 38550312 PMCID: PMC10973170 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1289448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition knowledge plays a pivotal role in shaping dietary habits and food choices, particularly in the realm of sports nutrition. This study investigates the effects of a series of nutrition education sessions conducted by a registered dietitian on energy availability, various anthropometric measurements, eating attitudes, and sports nutrition knowledge in young female endurance athletes aged 15-18 years (football, basketball, volleyball) who engage in training for more than 10 h per week (n = 83). Participants were randomly divided into two groups with 45 individuals receiving six physical nutrition education lectures, and the remaining 38 participants receiving no nutrition education. Participants completed the low energy availability in females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26), and Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (SNKQ). Energy and nutrient intakes were evaluated through 3-day food records, while exercise energy expenditure was assessed using 3-day activity logs. All of the questionnaires were repeated after 6 months. At baseline, the prevalence of LEA among athletes was determined to be 63.8%. In the intervention group, energy availability (EA) and SNKQ scores increased, and LEAF-Q scores decreased significantly (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in EAT-26 scores between the two groups. Energy intake, weight, fat-free mass, and resting metabolic rate have been increased significantly in the intervention group (p < 0,05). These findings suggest that nutrition education proves beneficial in enhancing dietary intake, positively influencing body composition, and improving nutrition knowledge, ultimately contributing to increased energy availability in female athletes over the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Tektunalı Akman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Canan Gönen Aydın
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Baltalimanı Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gülgün Ersoy
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Amawi A, AlKasasbeh W, Jaradat M, Almasri A, Alobaidi S, Hammad AA, Bishtawi T, Fataftah B, Turk N, Saoud HA, Jarrar A, Ghazzawi H. Athletes' nutritional demands: a narrative review of nutritional requirements. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1331854. [PMID: 38328685 PMCID: PMC10848936 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition serves as the cornerstone of an athlete's life, exerting a profound impact on their performance and overall well-being. To unlock their full potential, athletes must adhere to a well-balanced diet tailored to their specific nutritional needs. This approach not only enables them to achieve optimal performance levels but also facilitates efficient recovery and reduces the risk of injuries. In addition to maintaining a balanced diet, many athletes also embrace the use of nutritional supplements to complement their dietary intake and support their training goals. These supplements cover a wide range of options, addressing nutrient deficiencies, enhancing recovery, promoting muscle synthesis, boosting energy levels, and optimizing performance in their respective sports or activities. The primary objective of this narrative review is to comprehensively explore the diverse nutritional requirements that athletes face to optimize their performance, recovery, and overall well-being. Through a thorough literature search across databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, we aim to provide evidence-based recommendations and shed light on the optimal daily intakes of carbohydrates, protein, fats, micronutrients, hydration strategies, ergogenic aids, nutritional supplements, and nutrient timing. Furthermore, our aim is to dispel common misconceptions regarding sports nutrition, providing athletes with accurate information and empowering them in their nutritional choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Amawi
- Department of Exercise Science and Kinesiology, School of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Walaa AlKasasbeh
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Manar Jaradat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amani Almasri
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sondos Alobaidi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aya Abu Hammad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Taqwa Bishtawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Batoul Fataftah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nataly Turk
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hassan Al Saoud
- Department of Exercise Science and Kinesiology, School of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amjad Jarrar
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Oxford Brookes Center for Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hadeel Ghazzawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Mey JT, Karpinski CA, Yang S, Madere JD, Piattoly T, Harper R, Kirwan JP. Factors Influencing Nutritional Intake and Interests in Educational Content of Athletes and Sport Professionals Toward the Development of a Clinician-Supported Mobile App to Combat Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: Formative Research and a Description of App Functions. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e45098. [PMID: 37494083 PMCID: PMC10413240 DOI: 10.2196/45098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) as a consequence of athlete malnutrition remains a prominent issue. However, it remains underrecognized, in part due to the perceived outward health of athletes. The Eat2Win app was designed to combat RED-S and athlete malnutrition by providing education, behavior modification, and direct communication with expert sports dietitians to athletes and sport professionals (professionals who work with athletes, eg, sport coaches and athletic trainers). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this formative research was to gain critical insight on motivators and barriers to optimal nutritional intake from both the athletes' and sport professionals' perspectives. Additionally, since these 2 groups represent the primary end users of an app aimed at improving athlete nutrition and reducing the risk of RED-S, a secondary objective was to gain insight on the preferences and perceptions of app-based educational content and functionality. METHODS An electronic survey was developed by an interdisciplinary team of experts. Survey questions were established based upon prevailing literature, professional dietetic field experience, and app design considerations to obtain respondent knowledge on key sports nutrition topics along with motivations and barriers to meal choices. Additionally, the survey included questions about the development of an integrative, clinician-support app aimed at addressing RED-S. These questions included preferences for educational content, modes of in-app information, and communication delivery for the target population (app end users: athletes and sport professionals). The survey was distributed through Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) to athletes and sport professionals using targeted email, social media, and community engagement campaigns. The electronic survey was available from May 4 to August 2, 2022. RESULTS Survey respondents (n=1352) included athletes and professionals who work with athletes from a variety of settings, like high school, collegiate, professional, and club sports. Respondents reported high interest in 8 core sports nutrition topics. The preferred modes of information and communication delivery were visual formats (eg, videos and infographics) and in-app alerts (eg, direct messaging and meal reminders). Only athlete respondents were asked about motivators and barriers that influence meal choices. "Health" and "sports performance" were the highest scoring motivators, while the highest scoring barriers were "cost of food," "easy access to unhealthy food," and "time to cook or prepare food." Notably, survey respondents provided positive feedback and interest using a novel function of the app: real-time meal feedback through food photography. CONCLUSIONS The Eat2Win app is designed to combat RED-S and athlete malnutrition. Results from this study provide critical information on end-user opinions and preferences and will be used to further develop the Eat2Win app. Future research will aim to determine whether the Eat2Win app can prevent RED-S and the risk of athlete malnutrition to improve both health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Shengping Yang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Joseph D Madere
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Tavis Piattoly
- My Sports Dietitian, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Ronnie Harper
- My Sports Dietitian, LLC, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - John P Kirwan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Solly H, Badenhorst CE, McCauley M, Slater GJ, Gifford JA, Erueti B, Beck KL. Athlete Preferences for Nutrition Education: Development of and Findings from a Quantitative Survey. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112519. [PMID: 37299484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition education (NE) is one of several strategies aimed at enhancing the dietary intake of athletes. This study investigated NE preferences of New Zealand and Australian athletes competing nationally and internationally. Athletes (n = 124, 22 (18, 27) years, female 54.8%) from 22 sports completed an online survey, with responses analysed using descriptive statistics. Teaching techniques considered 'extremely effective' were life examples (47.6% of athletes), hands-on activities (30.6%), and discussions with a facilitator (30.6%). Setting personal nutrition goals was important to most athletes (83.9%), along with two-way feedback with a facilitator (75.0%). General nutrition topics considered 'essential' were energy requirements (52.9%), hydration (52.9%), and nutrient deficiencies (43.3%). Performance topics considered 'essential' were recovery (58.1%), pre-exercise nutrition (51.6%), nutrition during exercise (50.0%), and energy requirements for training (49.2%). Athletes preferred a 'combination of in-person group and one-on-one sessions' (25% of athletes), 'one-on one sessions' (19.2%) and 'in-person group sessions' (18.3%), with only 13.3% interested in 'exclusively online delivery'. Sessions of 31-60 min (61.3% of athletes) held monthly (37.5%) and undertaken with athletes of the same sporting calibre (61.3%) were favoured by the participants. The preferred facilitator was a performance dietitian or nutritionist (82.1% of athletes), who had knowledge of the sport (85.5%), experience in sports nutrition (76.6%), and credibility (73.4%). This research provides novel insights into the factors that need to be considered when designing and implementing nutrition education for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Solly
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Claire E Badenhorst
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Matson McCauley
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Gary J Slater
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Janelle A Gifford
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bevan Erueti
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn L Beck
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
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Magee MK, Jones MT, Fields JB, Kresta J, Khurelbaatar C, Dodge C, Merfeld B, Ambrosius A, Carpenter M, Jagim AR. Body Composition, Energy Availability, Risk of Eating Disorder, and Sport Nutrition Knowledge in Young Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061502. [PMID: 36986231 PMCID: PMC10052043 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Young athletes may be at risk for low energy availability (LEA) or dietary habits that are indicative of eating disorders. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of LEA among high school athletes and examine those at risk for eating disorders. A secondary aim was to examine relationships between sport nutrition knowledge, body composition, and LEA. METHODS 94 male (n = 42) and female (n = 52) mean ± SD age: 18.09 ± 2.44 y; height: 172.6 ± 9.8 cm; body mass: 68.7 ± 14.5 kg; BMI: 22.91 ± 3.3 kg·m-2) athletes completed a body composition assessment and electronic versions of the abridged sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire (ASNK-Q), brief eating disorder in athletes questionnaire (BEDA-Q), and the low energy availability for females questionnaire (LEAF-Q; females only). RESULTS 52.1% of female athletes were classified as being at risk for LEA. Moderate inverse relationships existed for computed LEAF-Q scores and BMI (r = -0.394; p < 0.01). A total of 42.9% of males (n = 18) and 68.6% of females (n = 35) were at risk for eating disorders, with females being at greater risk (p < 0.01). Body fat percentage was a predictor (β = -0.095; p = -0.01) for eating disorder risk status. For every 1 unit increase in body fat percentage, athletes were 0.909 (95% CI: 0.845-0.977) times less likely to be classified as at risk for an eating disorder. Male (46.5 ± 13.9) and female (46.9 ± 11.4) athletes scored poorly on the ASNK-Q, with no differences between sex (p = 0.895). CONCLUSIONS Female athletes were at a greater risk for eating disorders. No relationships existed between sport nutrition knowledge and %BF. Female athletes with a higher %BF had a lower risk for an eating disorder and risk for LEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Magee
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Kinesiology, School of Sport Recreation and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Kinesiology, School of Sport Recreation and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| | - Julie Kresta
- Exercise Physiology and Human Performance, Texas A&M University-Central Texas, Killeen, TX 76549, USA
| | - Chinguun Khurelbaatar
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Christopher Dodge
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Brandon Merfeld
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Abby Ambrosius
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Makenna Carpenter
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
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Teo CJH, Burns SF, Kawabata M. Developing Nutrition Knowledge and Attitude Measures for Athletes With the Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:110-117. [PMID: 35025717 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1942771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Nutrition education programmes are often created to improve dietary intake in athletes. Unfortunately, the inconsistent link between nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior suggests that nutrition knowledge may not be a key influencer of dietary behavior. The Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior (KAB) model has been used in nutrition education although studies that evaluated this model were largely compromised by poorly constructed instruments and methodological discrepancies. Method: To improve understanding of the model, a Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (NKQ) and Athlete's Perspective on Nutrition (APN) instrument was developed using the theory of planned behavior as its theoretical framework. Validity and reliability were examined for 193 Sports Science students and 11 elite netballers. Content and face validity of the 48-item NKQ was confirmed by expert sport dietitians. Discriminant validity of the NKQ and factorial validity of the APN was established. Both instruments demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. The final instruments were administered to elite athletes in a pilot study to understand the KAB model. Results: Correlation between nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior was significant (r = .811, p = .01). Nutrition knowledge was a positive predictor of netballers' dietary behavior (β = .8, t(2) = 3.899, p = .005) but attitude was not (β = -.097, t(2) = -.471, p = .65). Conclusion: Two psychometrically sound instruments developed in this study can be used to measure nutrition knowledge and attitude in an Asian group of athletes. The pilot study with athletes showed that nutrition knowledge predicted dietary behavior.
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Sports Nutritional Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Adolescent Athletes in Tehran, Iran. Asian J Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm-131584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated sports knowledge, attitude, and practice in adolescent athletes in Tehran, Iran. Methods: Data were collected using the Sports Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors questionnaire (SNKABQ), completed by 174 high school students in Tehran aged 15 - 18 years (85 females and 89 males). The original version of SNKABQ was designed in English and, in this study, was translated into Persian and adapted to the Iranian nutritional culture. The SNKABQ has devoted five sections: Demographic information, eating and drinking habits, attitudes toward nutrition, knowledge of nutrition, and resource nutritional information. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The mean total score was 59%, while the mean scores of 66%, 63.4%, and 48.71% were recorded for sports nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the sports nutrition knowledge and attitude between the male and female students (P ≥ 0.05). However, the male students selected more appropriate feeding methods than the females (P = 0.009). In addition, school area and sports type affected the level of sports nutrition knowledge, attitude, and selection of proper nutritional behaviors. Conclusions: According to the results, the adolescent athletes aged 15 - 18 years in Tehran do not have sufficient sports nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practice, or if they have some correct expertise in some parts, they usually cannot apply their information. Therefore, it is suggested that effective measures be taken to increase the nutritional knowledge of adolescent athletes to maintain their health, ensure their growth, and facilitate their athletic progress.
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Iwasa-Madge K, Sesbreno E. A Proposed Conceptual Sport Nutrition Approach for Athlete Development and Assessment: The Athlete Nutrition Development Approach. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:142. [PMID: 36480056 PMCID: PMC9732172 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate dietary intake can improve athletes' health and sport performance and is a direct result of eating behaviours. Therefore, assessing and shaping athletes' eating behaviours and dietary intake is critical to the provision of sport nutrition services. As such, nutrition practitioners must also consider the determinants of eating behaviours. However, dietary intake, eating behaviours, and its determinants are inconsistently defined in the literature, requiring nutrition practitioners to navigate a complicated landscape of concepts and terminology. This is further complicated by limitations in practically measuring and influencing eating behaviours and dietary intake. The proposed Athlete Nutrition Development Approach was developed to aid practitioners in servicing decisions through the athlete development process, through a three-tiered approach to sport nutrition service delivery. Tier 1 addresses the determinants of eating behaviours, Tier 2 directly addresses eating behaviours and dietary intake, and Tier 3 addresses the consequences of dietary intake in relation to health and sport performance. Each tier includes tools for assessment and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Sesbreno
- Institut National du Sport du Quebec, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,French-Speaking Research Network for Athlete Health Protection and Performance (ReFORM), Montreal, QC Canada
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11
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Energy and Macronutrients Intake in Indoor Sport Team Athletes: Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224755. [PMID: 36432438 PMCID: PMC9696016 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor team sports are characterized by matches that are shorter in duration and with frequent substitution (high-intensity intermittent). The main goal of teams is to best cover athletes' physiological demands, while meeting their dietary intake needs is critical. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the dietary intake of indoor team sports athletes and to analyze whether they comply with nutritional recommendations. A search of PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from 2008 to July 2022 was conducted and 2727 documents were identified. The studies focused on adult professional or semi-professional volleyball, basketball, handball, or futsal athletes. Two independent researchers screened and extracted the data, with 20 documents included after they met the inclusion criteria. Most of the athletes, both men and women, did not meet the official recommendations based on under-consumption (energy and carbohydrates) or over-consumption (fats). In relation to protein, 28.6% of studies met the recommendations, with 50% of those who did not meet it being due to under-consumption. Although there are references on athletes' dietary intakes, there are no references considering sexes or types of sport. More adapted recommendations are needed in order to more precisely evaluate athletes' intake to know if they meet their real nutritional requirements.
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Nor Azizam NS, Yusof SN, Amon JJ, Ahmad A, Safii NS, Jamil NA. Sports Nutrition and Food Knowledge among Malaysian University Athletes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030572. [PMID: 35276930 PMCID: PMC8838580 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition and food knowledge can influence athletes’ dietary intake, potentially affecting athletic performance. Limited studies have been conducted to identify sports nutrition and food knowledge among Malaysian university athletes. This study aimed to determine Malaysian university athletes’ knowledge of sports nutrition and food, and their reference sources and preferred sports nutrition education programme. Seventy athletes (52.9% females, mean weight = 61.8 kg; height = 1.66 m) aged 18.5–22.4 years responded to an online survey administered using a Google Form. A score of ≥60% was considered as adequate knowledge. The average overall knowledge score was 58.6%. The highest knowledge score was for sports nutrition, specifically food intake periodicity (84.8%), while the lowest was for general food knowledge on fat (44.6%). An analysis of specific questions revealed a lack of understanding about the recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables (only 14.3% answered correctly), the roles of vitamins and minerals in energy production (21.4%), and good sources of unsaturated fat (37.2%). The academician was the primary reference source (81%), while magazines were the least referred to sources (36%). The university athletes preferred sports camps (33%) over the other nutrition education programme options. More initiatives are needed to improve Malaysian university athletes’ understanding and knowledge of sports nutrition and general food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syazana Nor Azizam
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.S.N.A.); (S.N.Y.); (J.J.A.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Siti Nurhazlin Yusof
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.S.N.A.); (S.N.Y.); (J.J.A.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Jonie Jerypin Amon
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.S.N.A.); (S.N.Y.); (J.J.A.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Azimah Ahmad
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Nik Shanita Safii
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.S.N.A.); (S.N.Y.); (J.J.A.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nor Aini Jamil
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.S.N.A.); (S.N.Y.); (J.J.A.); (N.S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Lin HH, Lin TY, Ling Y, Lo CC. Influence of Imagery Training on Adjusting the Pressure of Fin Swimmers, Improving Sports Performance and Stabilizing Psychological Quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211767. [PMID: 34831523 PMCID: PMC8621450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of imagery training on athletes' imagery ability, physical anxiety and athletic performance. This study employed a mixed research approach. Snowball sampling was used to select 55 fin swimmers with imagery training experience and formal competition participation. Basic statistics were obtained, and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0, and the results were compared with the opinions of three experts and were tested using multivariate validation methods. The results revealed that although imagery training can help athletes improve their performance and significantly reduce their anxiety during the competition, athletes can still make mistakes due to internal and environmental factors and even have negative thoughts that lead to their reduced likelihood of competition participation. By strengthening strategic and technical imagery training, we can help our fin swimmers perform at a higher level, achieve their goals, and improve overall satisfaction with their competition process and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsien Lin
- School of Physical Education, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
- Correspondence: (H.-H.L.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Tzu-Yun Lin
- Department of Sport Information and Communication, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung City 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Ying Ling
- Institute of Physical Education and Health, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China;
| | - Chih-Cheng Lo
- Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education, No. 2, Shi-Da Road, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-H.L.); (C.-C.L.)
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The Effects of a Nutrition Education Intervention on Sports Nutrition Knowledge during a Competitive Season in Highly Trained Adolescent Swimmers. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082713. [PMID: 34444873 PMCID: PMC8400374 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a seven-week nutrition education intervention on the sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) of highly trained UK adolescent swimmers. Fifteen national and international adolescent swimmers (males = 5; females = 10, 15.5 ± 1.1 years, 170.2 ± 7.5 cm, 60.3 ± 5.7 kg) participated in the study during seven consecutive weeks of the competitive swimming season. The participants received 30 min of nutrition education once per week in a classroom-based setting after they had completed their regular swim training. An undergraduate sports nutrition student delivered all nutrition education sessions and SNK questionnaires were administered to the participants pre- and post-intervention. The mean total SNK score improved by 8.3% (SD = 8.4%, 95% CI = 4.1–12.6; p = 0.006; ES = 1.0) following the nutrition education sessions. On an individual basis, ten swimmers significantly improved their total SNK score, whereas four swimmers did not improve, and one swimmer performed significantly worse after the intervention. Moreover, the swimmers’ knowledge of hydration improved by 22.2% (SD = 20.6%, 95% CI = 11.8–32.6, p = 0.004, ES = 1.1) over the seven-week timeframe, which was the only nutrition topic to have a significantly increased knowledge score. The current study therefore suggests that a nutrition education intervention can positively influence the SNK of highly trained adolescent swimmers.
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15
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Turner O, Mitchell N, Ruddock A, Purvis A, Ranchordas M. Elite squash players nutrition knowledge and influencing factors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:46. [PMID: 34112186 PMCID: PMC8194110 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a reported mismatch between macronutrient consumption and contemporary macronutrient guidelines in elite standard squash players. Suboptimal dietary practices could be due to a lack of nutrition knowledge among players. Subsequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the sports nutrition knowledge of elite squash players through the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (NSKQ) and provide an indication of whether players require nutrition support to increase their nutrition knowledge. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed the nutrition knowledge of 77 elite squash players via the NSKQ over the period of June 2020 to August 2020. Results Players conveyed average nutrition knowledge with a mean NSKQ score of 48.78 ± 10.06 (56.07% ± 11.56%). There were no significant differences in NSKQ score between male and female players (p = .532). There was found to be a weak positive association between world ranking and NSKQ score (r = .208) and age and NSKQ score (r = .281). Players who had a relevant undergraduate degree (e.g. BSc Sport & Exercise Science) had significantly greater NSKQ score than players with no relevant qualifications (p = .022). Players who consulted a sports nutritionist to obtain their main source of nutrition information were shown to have significantly greater knowledge than those who acquired knowledge from a sports scientist (p = .01) or the internet / social media (p = .007). Conclusions Players should consult with a sports nutritionist to increase their sport nutrition knowledge. Future research should quantify the effectiveness of a nutritional education intervention at increasing nutrition knowledge in players. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00443-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Turner
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England. .,English Institute of Sport, Sheffield, England.
| | | | - Alan Ruddock
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
| | - Alison Purvis
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
| | - Mayur Ranchordas
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, England
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16
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Palmi J, Alcubierre N, Gil Moreno de Mora G, Reig F, Planas-Anzano A. 4BR: Educational Training Programme for the Prevention of Sports Injuries in Young Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5487. [PMID: 34065498 PMCID: PMC8161230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a vision of the importance of the recovery process for the prevention of injuries in young athletes. From a sports psychology perspective, it presents a proposal for an optimisation programme to reduce the negative impact of exertion and subsequent risk of injury. The 4BR programme consists of three sub-programmes (technician advice, vulnerability detection, and the implementation of four recovery habit blocks). An interdisciplinary approach is taken to configure the four healthy blocks: nutrition-hydration, relaxation-rest, social life and personal moments. It demonstrates the importance of personalised adaptation to the sports context and moment in order to achieve maximum effectiveness of the proposed 4BR programme, which comprises workshops, exercises, evaluation systems and information feedback. The presented programme facilitates recovery, optimizes the return to training and reduces the risk of intrinsic injuries in young people. The conclusion drawn from the study is that there is a need to conduct further research to find empirical evidence of the positive effects of applying the 4BR programme to different sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Palmi
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, INEFC-University of Lleida, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (G.G.M.d.M.); (F.R.); (A.P.-A.)
- Avantmedic Center, 25008 Lleida, Spain;
| | | | - Gonzalo Gil Moreno de Mora
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, INEFC-University of Lleida, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (G.G.M.d.M.); (F.R.); (A.P.-A.)
| | - Francesc Reig
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, INEFC-University of Lleida, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (G.G.M.d.M.); (F.R.); (A.P.-A.)
| | - Antoni Planas-Anzano
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, INEFC-University of Lleida, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (G.G.M.d.M.); (F.R.); (A.P.-A.)
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17
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Sánchez-Díaz S, Yanci J, Castillo D, Scanlan AT, Raya-González J. Effects of Nutrition Education Interventions in Team Sport Players. A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3664. [PMID: 33260504 PMCID: PMC7760400 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering nutrition education interventions have been frequently implemented in team sport athletes and have shown promising results, this study aimed to summarize the effects of nutrition education interventions on eating habits, nutrition knowledge, body composition, and physical performance in team sport athletes. A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated, and each study was assessed according to the analyzed variables (i.e., eating habits, nutrition knowledge, body composition, and physical performance). Most studies showed improvements in or maintenance of variables used to indicate eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and body composition. However, limited studies examined the effect of nutrition education interventions on physical performance, with existing studies demonstrating disparate results. These findings suggest implementation of nutrition education interventions in team sport athletes could be an effective strategy to improve their eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and body composition. Due to the heterogeneity across the included studies regarding sport modality, competition level, age, and sex of the athletes investigated, as well as the intervention type adopted (i.e., online or face-to-face), it is difficult to establish optimal nutrition education interventions for each analyzed variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sánchez-Díaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
| | - Aaron T. Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Rockhampton 4702, Australia;
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain; (S.S.-D.); (J.R.-G.)
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18
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Rosi A, Ferraris C, Guglielmetti M, Meroni E, Charron M, Menta R, Manini F, Di Gioia V, Martini D, Erba D. Validation of a General and Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire in Italian Early Adolescents. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103121. [PMID: 33066020 PMCID: PMC7600562 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, no specific questionnaires on sports nutrition knowledge (NK) have been validated so far in Italian early adolescents. The aim of the present study was to validate a short (26-item) general and sports NK questionnaire in a group of Italian early adolescents. To this aim, the questionnaire was administered to 264 subjects for analysis of internal consistency, and in a subgroup (n = 39) for evaluating the reliability over time. The questionnaire revealed good overall internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.684) and a highly significant correlation over time (r = 0.977, p < 0.001). Comparison with other validated questionnaires is tricky, because the previous questionnaires were validated in different populations, such as middle or late adolescents or adults, with a higher number of items compared to our questionnaire. Furthermore, data on adolescent NK in Italy are very limited. This study provides a brief, feasible, and validated questionnaire that can be used for investigating sports NK in young subjects. It could be used for evaluating the efficacy of education on general and sports nutrition in both the general population and athletes, and for investigating the relationship between NK and different sports in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rosi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Ferraris
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.F.); (M.G.)
- Laboratory of Food Education and Sport Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Guglielmetti
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Erika Meroni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Melanie Charron
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, 12051 Alba (CN), Italy; (M.C.); (R.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Roberto Menta
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, 12051 Alba (CN), Italy; (M.C.); (R.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Manini
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, 12051 Alba (CN), Italy; (M.C.); (R.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Vito Di Gioia
- Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Martini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (D.E.)
| | - Daniela Erba
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (D.E.)
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Eating Behaviour and Physical Fitness in 10-Year-Old Children Attending General Education and Sports Classes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186467. [PMID: 32899483 PMCID: PMC7559846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the body mass index (BMI), selected eating behaviour and physical fitness of children aged 10 years attending general education and sports classes in Siedlce. Subject children were 272 girls and boys mean aged 10.8-years attending general education (GC) and sports classes (SC). Survey questionnaires consisted of 18 questions about eating behaviour and physical activity. The BMI was determined for each child and compared with reference percentile charts. Eurofit testing was used to measure physical fitness. Increased physical fitness was positively correlated with beneficial eating behaviour among children. SC children showed significantly more frequent dietary intakes of milk, dairy products, poultry, fish, wholegrain bread, groats and vegetables when compared to GC ones. However, significantly more GC children ate red meat more frequently along with snacking on confectionery and savouries than SC ones. Most subjects fell within correct BMI percentile ranges. Underweight was more frequent in SC children at 12.85% than in GC children 9.88%. Overweight and obesity was most often observed in GC children (respectively 19.73% and 5.51%) compared to SC ones (respectively 14.37% and 3.8%). SC children achieved significantly better results in the Eurofit tests. The highest levels of physical fitness and most favourable BMIs and eating behaviour were observed more often among SC children than GC ones. The results confirmed the beneficial health effects of physical fitness for children.
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20
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Castro-Jiménez RA, Fonseca del Pozo FJ, Jiménez Moral G, Fruet-Cardozo JV. Analysis of health habits, vices and interpersonal relationships of Spanish adolescents, using SEM statistical model. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04699. [PMID: 32904217 PMCID: PMC7452389 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article is to know the state of health of a sample of adolescents and how it relates to toxic habits and personal relationships. Likewise, it is presented how can influence eating habits, sports practice and interpersonal relationships in their general health status. The research has carried out through a survey of 56 questions to 470 adolescents, between 13 and 18 years old, of both sexes, of different schools in the province of Cordoba, Spain. These results have been subjected to a statistical model widely used in health and social sciences in general, called Structural Equations Model (SEM), through the SPSS program, v. 23 and AMOS. SEM is widely used in the social sciences to estimate regression models (usually multi-equational). The estimated model shows a significant global acceptability based on the usual statistical tests and goodness-of-fit measures. In this regard, these results are: CMIN = 17.554 with 33 degrees of freedom (DF) and a probability level, p = 0.987, which is higher than any reasonable level of significance (α = 0.05, 0.10, even 0.20). Likewise, FMIN = 0.038, CFI = 1.000 and RMSEA = 0.000. The main recommendation of this research aimed at improving good eating and healthy habits, and to avoid toxic habits of adolescents, is to begin the education in the family, in coordination with their school and high school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Vicente Fruet-Cardozo
- Department of Statistics, Econometrics, Operations Research, Business Organization and Applied Economics, University of Cordoba, Spain
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21
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Tam R, Beck KL, Manore MM, Gifford J, Flood VM, O'Connor H. Effectiveness of Education Interventions Designed to Improve Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:1769-1786. [PMID: 31372860 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A range of nutrition education strategies are used to assist athletes to improve nutrition knowledge. Evaluation of nutrition education interventions guides the delivery of efficacious nutrition education for athletes. AIM Our aim was to systematically review sport/general nutrition education interventions delivered to athletes, and to evaluate their effectiveness. METHODS A search was conducted using terms related to nutrition knowledge, athletes, education, and intervention. Included studies had to be conducted in athletes (all calibres), use a scored nutrition knowledge assessment tool, and measure knowledge before and after a nutrition education intervention. Peer-reviewed and unpublished theses were included. RESULTS Thirty-two manuscripts (randomised controlled trial, n = 13; single-arm pre/post design, n = 19) met the inclusion criteria. Participants (n = 2180; mean age 17.4 ± 1.7 years) were mostly female (66.1%), university-level (56.3%) athletes based in the US (75%). Comparison of different education methods was limited since the majority of interventions (n = 28/36, 77.8%) used face-to-face education. Most intervention conditions (n = 19) had a total contact time of < 300 min (5 h). The majority of interventions (n = 30, 85.7%) reported significant knowledge improvement, with a mean increase of 16.1 ± 0.7% (mean effect size 1.72; range 0.4-17.1). Only 15.6% of studies used well-validated knowledge assessment tools (more than three types of validity or reliability testing). CONCLUSIONS Most interventions reported a significant improvement in nutrition knowledge. Unfortunately, the wide range of knowledge assessment tools with limited validation, and the predominant use of face-to-face interventions, prohibits identification of the most effective modality and dose for nutrition education in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Tam
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kathryn L Beck
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melinda M Manore
- School of Biological and Population Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Janelle Gifford
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria M Flood
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen O'Connor
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Nutrition Knowledge is Correlated with a Better Dietary Intake in Adolescent Soccer Players: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:3519781. [PMID: 31998535 PMCID: PMC6964714 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3519781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition education is one of the factors that may help to promote behavior change and therefore may improve the dietary habits of adolescent soccer players. However, information about the relationship between nutrition knowledge (NK) and the dietary behavior of these athletes is scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the eating habits of adolescent soccer players and analyse the correlations among dietary intake and NK. Seventy-three Brazilian adolescent soccer players (aged 14–19 years), from four professional clubs, underwent anthropometric evaluation and completed 3-day food records. Misreporting of energy intake was evaluated and the dietary intake data were energy-adjusted and compared with recommendations for athletes and dietary reference intakes. The athletes also answered a questionnaire about barriers for healthy eating and a nutrition knowledge test divided into three sections: Basic Nutrition Knowledge (BNK), Sports Nutrition Knowledge (SNK), and Food Pyramid Nutrition Knowledge (FPNK). The participants showed a low NK (54.6%) and an inadequate intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy, carbohydrates, and micronutrients. A positive correlation was found between the ingestion of phosphorus and FPNK as well as among calcium and both SNK and Total NK (p < 0.05). Sodium intake was negatively correlated with all categories of the NK test (p < 0.05). The adolescents reported that the principal barriers for adopting a healthy diet were the lack of willpower and a busy lifestyle. In this context, nutrition education is recommended and should also provide practicable healthy eating goals according to athletes´ lifestyle as well as target motivational barriers to increase adherence.
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23
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Lee S, Lim H. Development of an Evidence-based Nutritional Intervention Protocol for Adolescent Athletes. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2019; 23:29-38. [PMID: 31743977 PMCID: PMC6823648 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2019.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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