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Cooke CB, Greatwood HC, McCullough D, Kirwan R, Duckworth LC, Sutton L, Gately PJ. The effect of discretionary snack consumption on overall energy intake, weight status, and diet quality: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13693. [PMID: 38226404 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The consumption frequency and portion size of discretionary snacks are thought to contribute to a greater food intake and risk of overweight or obesity in the developed world but evidence from epidemiological studies is inconclusive. To investigate this, we systematically evaluated evidence on the effects of discretionary snack consumption on weight status, energy intake, and diet quality. Articles involving discretionary snacks reported against the outcome measures of any primary, peer-reviewed study using human participants from free-living conditions for all age groups were included. A total of 14,780 titles were identified and 40 eligible publications were identified. Three key outcomes were reported: weight status (n = 35), energy intake (n = 11), and diet quality (n = 3). Increased discretionary snack consumption may contribute modestly to energy intake, however, there is a lack of consistent associations with increased weight/BMI. Although cross-sectional analyses offered conflicting findings, longitudinal studies in adults showed a consistent positive relationship between discretionary snack intake and increasing weight or body mass index. Given that experimental findings suggest reducing the size of discretionary snacks could lead to decreased consumption and subsequent energy intake, food policy makers and manufacturers may find it valuable to consider altering the portion and/or packaging size of discretionary snacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton B Cooke
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Kirwan
- School of Sports and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Louise Sutton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul J Gately
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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2
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Vargas-Alvarez MA, Brunstrom JM, Díaz AE, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez JA, Almiron-Roig E. Portion-control tableware differentially impacts eating behaviour in women with and without overweight. Appetite 2023; 185:106542. [PMID: 36940742 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Portion control tableware has been described as a potentially effective approach for weight management, however the mechanisms by which these tools work remain unknown. We explored the processes by which a portion control (calibrated) plate with visual stimuli for starch, protein and vegetable amounts modulates food intake, satiety and meal eating behaviour. Sixty-five women (34 with overweight/obesity) participated in a counterbalanced cross-over trial in the laboratory, where they self-served and ate a hot meal including rice, meatballs and vegetables, once with a calibrated plate and once with a conventional (control) plate. A sub-sample of 31 women provided blood samples to measure the cephalic phase response to the meal. Effects of plate type were tested through linear mixed-effect models. Meal portion sizes (mean ± SD) were smaller for the calibrated compared with the control plate (served: 296 ± 69 vs 317 ± 78 g; consumed: 287 ± 71 vs 309 ± 79 g respectively), especially consumed rice (69 ± 24 vs 88 ± 30 g) (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). The calibrated plate significantly reduced bite size (3.4 ± 1.0 vs 3.7 ± 1.0 g; p < 0.01) in all women and eating rate (32.9 ± 9.5 vs 33.7 ± 9.2 g/min; p < 0.05), in lean women. Despite this, some women compensated for the reduced intake over the 8 h following the meal. Pancreatic polypeptide and ghrelin levels increased post-prandially with the calibrated plate but changes were not robust. Plate type had no influence on insulin, glucose levels, or memory for portion size. Meal size was reduced by a portion-control plate with visual stimuli for appropriate amounts of starch, protein and vegetables, potentially because of the reduced self-served portion size and the resulting reduced bite size. Sustained effects may require the continued use of the plate for long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Vargas-Alvarez
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Alma E Díaz
- University of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - S Navas-Carretero
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - J A Martínez
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - E Almiron-Roig
- University of Navarra, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNa), Pamplona, Spain.
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Lemamsha H, Randhawa G, Papadopoulos C. Investigating the Association between Unhealthy Dietary Habits and Obesity among Libyan Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1076. [PMID: 35162100 PMCID: PMC8834426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an increasing number of studies have reported on nutrition transition and unhealthy eating habits (UEHs) worldwide, there is a paucity of studies on UEHs in the Arab region, particularly in Libya. Aim: This study investigated the associations between obesity among Libyan adults and UEHs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the five major districts in Benghazi, Libya. A multistage cluster sampling strategy was implemented to choose and recruit Libyan adults. Anthropometric measurements were gathered by highly qualified nurses, using the Segmental Body Composition Monitor and a portable Stadiometer. The study used and adapted the two Self-administered questionnaires: the WHO STEPS Instrument and eating behaviors linked with obesity questionnaire. Results: Among a total of 401 participants who were successfully recruited in this study, 253 (63%) were female (aged 20-65 years), the response rate achieved was 78%. The prevalence of obesity amongst Libyan adults was estimated to be 42.4%. The results revealed the presence of a significant association between obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and five UEHs for Libyan men and six UEHs for Libyan women. For Libyan men, an association was found between obesity and the following five explanatory factors: fast food intake in a day and a week, which were (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 4.04-12.32) and (OR: 4.65, 95% CI: 1.04-9.46), respectively; large food portion sizes consumed at one sitting (OR: 19.54, 95% CI: 1.41-27.74); a high frequency of skipping breakfast either in a typical day or a week, which were (OR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.01-0.77) and (OR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01-0.24), respectively. For Libyan women, a significant association was found between obesity and the following six explanatory factors: fast food intake in a day and a week, which were (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 3.32-11.12) and (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 1.88-16.11), respectively; intake of sugar-sweetened beverages in a typical week (OR: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.35-11.99); and large food portion sizes consumed at one sitting at one sitting (OR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.18-9.84); and a high frequency of skipping breakfast either in a typical day or a week, which were (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.03-0.43) and (OR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.08-0.63), respectively. Conclusions: The findings of the study reveal areas of action for Libyan researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and government officials about UEHs in the Libyan context. This could inform establishing and developing new interventions for preventing and controlling the obesity epidemic through food system improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Lemamsha
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Al-Bayda Campus, Labraq Road, Al-Bayda B1L12, Libya;
| | - Gurch Randhawa
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury Campus, Hitchin Road, Luton LU2 8LE, UK;
| | - Chris Papadopoulos
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury Campus, Hitchin Road, Luton LU2 8LE, UK;
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Zhang H, Zeng Y, Yang H, Hu Y, Hu Y, Chen W, Ying Z, Sun Y, Qu Y, Li Q, Valdimarsdóttir UA, Song H. Familial factors, diet, and risk of cardiovascular disease: a cohort analysis of the UK Biobank. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1837-1846. [PMID: 34375391 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both diet and familial factors have a major role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it remains unclear whether familial predisposition to CVD modifies the association between dietary factors and CVD. OBJECTIVES The aim was to assess whether the association between diet and CVD varies with familial predisposition to CVD. METHODS In this prospective cohort of the UK Biobank, 462,155 CVD-free participants were included in 2006-2010 and followed for CVD incidence until 2020. Food intake was measured using a short food-frequency questionnaire. Familial predisposition was measured by self-reported family history of CVD and by polygenic risk score (PRS) for CVD based on summary statistics of independent genome-wide association studies. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 11.2 y, 46,164 incident CVD cases were identified. A moderately higher risk of CVD was associated with more frequent processed-meat consumption, with an adjusted HR of 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.11; highest vs. lowest level). Conversely, intakes of fish, cheese, vegetables, and fruit were each associated with reduced CVD risk [HR (95% CI): 0.92 (0.89, 0.96), 0.90 (0.86, 0.94), 0.98 (0.95, 1.00), and 0.93 (0.89, 0.96), respectively]. Stratification analyses by family history of CVD and by PRS for CVD revealed an inverse association between CVD and intakes of fish and cheese, for both subgroups with and without a familial predisposition to CVD. Notably, while the association between processed-meat intake and CVD was restricted to individuals with a familial predisposition to CVD [e.g., HR: 1.11 (1.05, 1.16) and 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) for with and without a family history, respectively, P-interaction < 0.001], the risk reduction of CVD associated with vegetable and fruit intake was only noted among participants without a CVD familial predisposition [e.g., HR for fruit consumption: 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) and 0.91 (0.87, 0.95), respectively, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS Familial factors modify the association between diet and CVD, underscoring the need for personalized dietary guidelines for CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huazhen Yang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihan Hu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Hu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiye Ying
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajing Sun
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Unnur A Valdimarsdóttir
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huan Song
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Rousset S, Médard S, Fleury G, Fardet A, Goutet O, Lacomme P. Energy Intake Evaluation by a Learning Approach Using the Number of Food Portions and Body Weight. Foods 2021; 10:2273. [PMID: 34681321 PMCID: PMC8535257 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate quantification of energy intake is critical; however, under-reporting is frequent. The aim of this study was to develop an indirect statistical method of the total energy intake estimation based on gender, weight, and the number of portions. The energy intake prediction was developed and evaluated for validity using energy expenditure. Subjects with various BMIs were recruited and assigned either in the training or the test group. The mean energy provided by a portion was evaluated by linear regression models from the training group. The absolute values of the error between the energy intake estimation and the energy expenditure measurement were calculated for each subject, by subgroup and for the whole group. The performance of the models was determined using the test dataset. As the number of portions is the only variable used in the model, the error was 26.5%. After adding body weight in the model, the error decreased to 8.8% and 10.8% for the normal-weight women and men, respectively, and 11.7% and 12.8% for the overweight women and men, respectively. The results prove that a statistical approach and knowledge of the usual number of portions and body weight is effective and sufficient to obtain a precise evaluation of energy intake after a simple and brief enquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rousset
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, University Clermont Auvergne, UNH, UMR1019, INRAE, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Sébastien Médard
- Laboratoire d’Informatique (LIMOS, UMR CNRS 6158), University Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.M.); (G.F.); (P.L.)
| | - Gérard Fleury
- Laboratoire d’Informatique (LIMOS, UMR CNRS 6158), University Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.M.); (G.F.); (P.L.)
| | - Anthony Fardet
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, University Clermont Auvergne, UNH, UMR1019, INRAE, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Olivier Goutet
- Openium, 15 rue Jean Claret Bâtiment le XV, La Pardieu, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Philippe Lacomme
- Laboratoire d’Informatique (LIMOS, UMR CNRS 6158), University Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.M.); (G.F.); (P.L.)
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Flieh SM, Miguel-Berges ML, González-Gil EM, Gottrand F, Censi L, Widhalm K, Manios Y, Kafatos A, Molnár D, Dallongeville J, Stehle P, Gonzalez-Gross M, Marcos A, De Henauw S, Molina-Hidalgo C, Huybrechts I, Moreno LA. The Association between Portion Sizes from High-Energy-Dense Foods and Body Composition in European Adolescents: The HELENA Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:954. [PMID: 33809476 PMCID: PMC7998698 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity prevalence has been simultaneously increasing with high consumption of large food portion sizes (PS). However, there is scarce information on PS of energy-dense (ED) foods as a potential risk factor of obesity in adolescents. In the present study, we investigate the association between the PS of the most ED foods and body composition. A sample of 1889 adolescents (54.4% females) from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence cross-sectional multicenter study (HELENA-CSS) study were included. Most ED foods (e.g., cheese) were selected according to higher fat and/or sugar content and low fiber and water. Linear and ordinal logistic regression models were adjusted for age, physical activity, total energy intake (TEI), and socioeconomic status (SES). Analysis was performed both in those adolescents reporting plausible energy intake according to the approach of Goldberg et al. and in the whole sample. In male plausible reporters, PS from "breakfast cereals" showed a significant and positive association with BMI (β = 0.012; 0.048). PS from "carbonated soft drinks" in males (OR = 1.001; 95% CI 1.000; 1.002) and "bread and rolls" in females (OR = 1.002; 95% CI 1.000; 1.004) were associated with higher probability of having obesity, while "sweet bakery products" were associated with lower probability of having obesity (OR = 0.996; 95% CI 0.991; 0.999) in females. The present study suggests association between PS of ED foods and obesity in European adolescents. Prospective studies are needed to examine the effect of prolonged exposure to large PS and obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondos M. Flieh
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.M.F.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.)
| | - María L. Miguel-Berges
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.M.F.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther M. González-Gil
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.M.F.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- CHU Lille, University Lille, INSERM U1286 Infinite, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Laura Censi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, 00178 Roma, Italy;
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Austrian Academic Institute for Clinical Nutrition, A-3100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece;
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, GR-71003 Crete, Greece;
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Jean Dallongeville
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Peter Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Marcela Gonzalez-Gross
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Inmunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Cristina Molina-Hidalgo
- EFFECTS 262 Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada,18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France;
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.M.F.); (M.L.M.-B.); (L.A.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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Rippin HL, Hutchinson J, Jewell J, Breda JJ, Cade JE. Assessing diet in European populations using national dietary surveys. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-11. [PMID: 31969200 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665119001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The WHO encourages countries to conduct national dietary surveys (NDS) to inform preventative policies targeting malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases. Previous reviews have found inadequate nutrient intakes and survey provision across Europe. This research is the first to provide an updated review of NDS provision within the whole WHO European Region, across the lifecourse, with reference to disadvantaged groups, obesity and nutrients of concern. Over a third of WHO European countries, mainly Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC), had no identifiable NDS. Where countries reported nutrient intakes, poor WHO recommended nutrient intake attainment was Europe-wide across the lifecourse, particularly in CEEC. Lower educated individuals had poorer diet quality. However, heterogeneity in age group sampled, dietary assessment method, nutrient composition database and under-reporting hindered inter-country comparisons. Average population trans fatty acid intakes below WHO recommended limits may hide inequalities in disadvantaged groups; legislative bans may help alleviate this. There were few associations between NDS-derived consumed food portion size (FPS) and BMI. However, consumed FPS was greater than on-pack serving-size in the majority of foods studied. This review illustrates how NDS can generate information on diet, nutrient intakes and the food environment. However, to enable valid inter-country comparisons, countries should be encouraged to conduct and report harmonised NDS, particularly in the age groups sampled, dietary assessment methodology, nutrient range, underpinning food composition database and treatment of under-reporters. This will aid effective, coordinated policy development that can have a real impact on dietary improvement, on a population and subgroup level, throughout Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Rippin
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jayne Hutchinson
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jo Jewell
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 51, 21000Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joao J Breda
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 51, 21000Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janet E Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
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Predicting Real-Life Eating Behaviours Using Single School Lunches in Adolescents. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030672. [PMID: 30897833 PMCID: PMC6471169 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Large portion sizes and a high eating rate are associated with high energy intake and obesity. Most individuals maintain their food intake weight (g) and eating rate (g/min) rank in relation to their peers, despite food and environmental manipulations. Single meal measures may enable identification of “large portion eaters” and “fast eaters,” finding individuals at risk of developing obesity. The aim of this study was to predict real-life food intake weight and eating rate based on one school lunch. Twenty-four high-school students with a mean (±SD) age of 16.8 yr (±0.7) and body mass index of 21.9 (±4.1) were recruited, using no exclusion criteria. Food intake weight and eating rate was first self-rated (“Less,” “Average” or “More than peers”), then objectively recorded during one school lunch (absolute weight of consumed food in grams). Afterwards, subjects recorded as many main meals (breakfasts, lunches and dinners) as possible in real-life for a period of at least two weeks, using a Bluetooth connected weight scale and a smartphone application. On average participants recorded 18.9 (7.3) meals during the study. Real-life food intake weight was 327.4 g (±110.6), which was significantly lower (p = 0.027) than the single school lunch, at 367.4 g (±167.2). When the intra-class correlation of food weight intake between the objectively recorded real-life and school lunch meals was compared, the correlation was excellent (R = 0.91). Real-life eating rate was 33.5 g/min (±14.8), which was significantly higher (p = 0.010) than the single school lunch, at 27.7 g/min (±13.3). The intra-class correlation of the recorded eating rate between real-life and school lunch meals was very large (R = 0.74). The participants’ recorded food intake weights and eating rates were divided into terciles and compared between school lunches and real-life, with moderate or higher agreement (κ = 0.75 and κ = 0.54, respectively). In contrast, almost no agreement was observed between self-rated and real-life recorded rankings of food intake weight and eating rate (κ = 0.09 and κ = 0.08, respectively). The current study provides evidence that both food intake weight and eating rates per meal vary considerably in real-life per individual. However, based on these behaviours, most students can be correctly classified in regard to their peers based on single school lunches. In contrast, self-reported food intake weight and eating rate are poor predictors of real-life measures. Finally, based on the recorded individual variability of real-life food intake weight and eating rate, it is not advised to rank individuals based on single recordings collected in real-life settings.
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Binge-Type Eating in Rats is Facilitated by Neuromedin U Receptor 2 in the Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Tegmental Area. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020327. [PMID: 30717427 PMCID: PMC6412951 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder, characterized by rapid, recurrent overconsumption of highly palatable food in a short time frame. BED shares an overlapping behavioral phenotype with obesity, which is also linked to the overconsumption of highly palatable foods. The reinforcing properties of highly palatable foods are mediated by the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which have been implicated in the overconsumption behavior observed in BED and obesity. A potential regulator of binge-type eating behavior is the G protein-coupled receptor neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMUR2). Previous research demonstrated that NMUR2 knockdown potentiates binge-type consumption of high-fat food. We correlated binge-type consumption across a spectrum of fat and carbohydrate mixtures with synaptosomal NMUR2 protein expression in the NAc and VTA of rats. Synaptosomal NMUR2 protein in the NAc demonstrated a strong positive correlation with binge intake of a “lower”-fat (higher carbohydrate) mixture, whereas synaptosomal NMUR2 protein in the VTA demonstrated a strong negative correlation with binge intake of an “extreme” high-fat (0% carbohydrate) mixture. Taken together, these data suggest that NMUR2 may differentially regulate binge-type eating within the NAc and the VTA.
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