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Shibasaki S, Kishino T, Sei Y, Harashima K, Sakata K, Ohnishi H, Watanabe T. Sex-dependent impact of a short rest after lunch on hemodynamics as assessed by Doppler sonography. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:873-880. [PMID: 37755579 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Taking a short rest after lunch suppresses increases in blood flow to the digestive organs and maintains blood flow to the brain in the afternoon, possibly providing beneficial effects in preventing post-prandial drowsiness. The present study investigated sex-dependent influences on changes in hemodynamics produced by taking a short rest after lunch. METHODS Subjects comprised 20 healthy young adults (10 men, 10 women; mean age 21 ± 1 years). Doppler sonography was performed to measure blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and common carotid artery (CCA) before and after lunch every hour on each day, with and without a 15-min rest with eyes closed after lunch. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were also measured. RESULTS For both men and women, peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the SMA was suppressed by taking a rest. PSV in the CCA in men was increased at 0.5 h after lunch in the resting condition but was decreased in the non-resting condition (median 109%, interquartile range [IQR] 102-120% vs. median 98%, IQR 90-107%; P = 0.037). No such differences were observed in women. Although post-prandial increases in HR were observed in women, a similar increase was only found for men in the resting condition. CONCLUSION An increase in CCA blood flow was observed only in men. The present study suggests that a short rest after lunch could better promote the maintenance of blood flow to the brain in men than in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Shibasaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kyorin University Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kishino
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Kyorin University Faculty of Health Sciences, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan.
| | - Yoriko Sei
- Department of Medical Technology, Kyorin University Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Harashima
- Department of Medical Technology, Kyorin University Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Konomi Sakata
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Kyorin University Faculty of Health Sciences, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Degroote C, Renner B, Wickl J, Leven A, Wirtz PH. Eating After Acute Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Men and Women: Sex Differences and Endocrine Mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e543-e551. [PMID: 37776311 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Overweight and obesity have become a major health burden with a higher prevalence of obesity in women than in men. Mental stress has been discussed to play a role in this context. OBJECTIVE We investigated endocrine mechanisms underlying eating after acute psychosocial stress and potential sex differences therein. METHODS A total of 32 male and 31 female healthy participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test before they tasted ice cream in a bogus taste test 15 minutes after stress. We repeatedly assessed the stress hormone cortisol and the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) in saliva as well as perceived hunger before and up to 1 hour after stress. RESULTS Lower immediate total cortisol stress reactivity predicted higher hunger (Ps ≤ .004), but was not associated with food intake (Ps ≥ .90) or total CCK release (Ps ≥ .84). As compared to men, women ate less after stress (Ps < .001) and had consistently lower levels of hunger (Ps ≤ .024) and cortisol (Ps ≤ .008) as well as a lower immediate total cortisol stress reactivity (Ps = .002). Further, they differed in the kinetics of CCK over the total experimental procedure (Ps ≤ .011), in immediate reaction to stress (Ps ≤ .038), and after eating (Ps ≤ .072), with women's CCK levels continuously decreasing while men's CCK levels were reactive. CONCLUSION We found evidence for lower immediate total cortisol stress reactivity relating to higher perceived hunger, with lower cortisol levels in women. Unlike in men, CCK levels in women were not reactive to acute stress and eating and decreased continuously. Our results may suggest a higher risk for stress-induced eating in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Degroote
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Britta Renner
- Psychological Assessment and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Wickl
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anika Leven
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Petra H Wirtz
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Alcalá‐Gonzalez LG, Malagelada C, Livovsky DM, Azpiroz F. Effect of colonic distension on small bowel motility measured by jejunal high-resolution manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14351. [PMID: 35318777 PMCID: PMC9540628 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal motility patterns in the jejunum can be detected in patients with prominent colonic content, and these abnormalities may be due to either a primary jejunal dysfunction or a reflex distortion. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of colonic distension on small bowel postprandial motility using high-resolution manometry. METHODS Single center, controlled, parallel, randomized, single blind study in healthy subjects testing the effect of colonic filling vs sham infusion on the responses to a meal in 16 healthy subjects. Nutrients were continuously infused in the proximal jejunum (2 Kcal/min) during the 2-h study period to induce a steady-state postprandial motor pattern. Jejunal motility was measured by water-perfused, high-resolution manometry. After 1 h postprandial recording (basal period), gas was infused during 7.5 min via a rectal tube (720 mL or sham infusion), and jejunal motility was recorded for another hour. KEY RESULTS Jejunal postprandial motility during the basal period was characterized by two overlapping components: a) continuous segmental activity (non-propagated or shortly propagated) and b) intercurrent propagated fronts (3.8 ± 1.1 fronts of 2-5 clustered contractions/h >10 cm propagation). As compared to sham infusion, colonic gas filling: a) inhibited continuous segmental contractile activity (by 17 ± 4%; p = 0.044 vs control group) and b) stimulated intermittent propagated fronts (up to 9.0 ± 2.2 fronts/h; p = 0.017 vs control group). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Long retrograde reflexes induced by colonic distension distort the balance between segmental and propagated activity, and may affect the normal response of the jejunum to food ingestion. Jejunal manometry in patients may be artifacted by colonic overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G. Alcalá‐Gonzalez
- Department of MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Digestive System Research UnitUniversity Hospital Vall d'Hebron BarcelonaCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Carolina Malagelada
- Department of MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Digestive System Research UnitUniversity Hospital Vall d'Hebron BarcelonaCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Dan M. Livovsky
- Department of MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Digestive System Research UnitUniversity Hospital Vall d'Hebron BarcelonaCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Department of MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Digestive System Research UnitUniversity Hospital Vall d'Hebron BarcelonaCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd)BarcelonaSpain
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Abouchacra S, AlKaabi J, Nair SC, Abdulle A, Taha M, Ismail MM, Askheta M, El Houni A, Bairy K, Bhat R, Abdul Salam Al Sayadi T, Abouchacra O, Al Baloushi D, Al Nasseri A, Gebran N, Yaman O, Sharma C. Development of Novel Eating Error Scoring Tool to Evaluate Adult Eating Behavior Anomalies Among the United Arab Emirates Population. Cureus 2022; 14:e25679. [PMID: 35812552 PMCID: PMC9257266 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maladaptive eating behaviors are emerging as the most significant determinants of obesity with a promising role in intervention. In the absence of a standardized tool to assess eating variations, an Eating Error Score (EES) tool was devised which comprised five zones for evaluating the severity of obesogenic behaviors as well as the specific area(s) with the highest susceptibility. This pilot study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the EES in quantitating the eating behavior errors associated with excess weight and identifying the most affected zones. Methods The EES questionnaire was designed to explore potential disturbances in five zones of eating behavior related to the impetus to eat (Munger), meal choices and attentiveness to cravings (Impulsive), consumption speed (Speed feeding), cues to stop ingestion (Indulgent) and the social aspect of eating (Relationship). The questionnaire was conducted on adults with varying body mass index (BMI) attending governmental outpatient clinics. The correlation between EES and BMI was determined through Pearson Coefficient. Results A total of 204 participants completed the EES questionnaire. There were 72 males and 132 females with a mean BMI of 27.63 ± 6.16 kg/m2 and with nearly equal distribution between normal weight (37.2%), overweight (32.4%), and obese (29.4%) individuals. Nearly 75% of our cohort had a moderate total EES, and the remainder was equally distributed between the mild and severe ranges. A weak but significant correlation was observed between total EES and BMI (r=0.275, p<0.001) suggesting increasing obesogenic styles in participants with excess weight. In addition, a similar weak but significant correlation was noted between Body Mass Index and the Munger and Impulsive zones (r=0.266 and 0.258 and p<0.001, respectively) suggesting more severe maladaptive eating behaviors in these areas. No correlation was found with the Speed feeding, Indulgent, and Relationship zones. Conclusion The EES may be a useful tool for assessing the extent of maladaptive eating behaviors, which predispose individuals to weight gain and sabotage their weight loss efforts. Undoubtedly, the utility of the tool needs to be corroborated in large population studies. Further, identifying the specific operant zones may show promise as many of these habits are potentially modifiable and can be targeted for weight control, most notably those associated with the Munger and Impulsive zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juma AlKaabi
- Endocrinology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, ARE
| | | | - Abdishakur Abdulle
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Mazen Taha
- Gastroenterology, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, ARE
| | | | - Mazen Askheta
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, ARE
| | - Ali El Houni
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, ARE
| | - Kurady Bairy
- Pharmacology, Ras Al Khaima Medicine and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaima, ARE
| | - Raghavendra Bhat
- Internal Medicine, Ras Al Khaima Medicine and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaima, ARE
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Gebran
- Clinical Pharmacy, SEHA Abu Dhabi Health Services, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Omar Yaman
- Medical Affairs, Khalifa University for Science, Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, ARE
| | - Charu Sharma
- Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, ARE
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Karras SN, Koufakis T, Dimakopoulos G, Adamidou L, Karalazou P, Thisiadou K, Bais A, Tzotzas T, Manthou E, Makedou K, Kotsa K. Vitamin D equilibrium affects sex-specific changes in lipid concentrations during Christian Orthodox fasting. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211:105903. [PMID: 33933575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate sex differences in changes of lipid profiles in a cohort of metabolically healthy adults following Orthodox fasting (OF), as well as to assess a potential role of vitamin D status in mediating these variations. 45 individuals (24 premenopausal females, 53.3 %) with mean age 48.3 ± 9.1 years and mean Body Mass Index 28.7 ± 5.8 kg/m2 were prospectively followed for 12 weeks. Anthropometry, dietary and biochemical data regarding serum lipids, and vitamin D status were collected at baseline, 7 weeks after the implementation of OF, and 5 weeks after fasters returned to their standard dietary habits (12 weeks from baseline). According to 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] measurements, participants were divided into two groups: those with concentrations above and below the median of values. Females with 25(OH)D concentrations below the median manifested a non-significant reduction by approximately 15 % in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol during the fasting period, followed by a significant increase 5 weeks after OF cessation (170.7 vs. 197.5 and 99.6 vs. 121.0 mg/dl respectively, p < 0.001). In contrast, males with 25(OH)D levels below the median demonstrated an inverse, non-significant trend of increase in lipid concentrations during the whole study period. Our findings suggest strikingly different inter-gender lipid responses to a dietary model of low-fat, mediated by vitamin D status. Further studies are necessary to reveal the underlying mechanisms and assess the importance of these differences with respect to cardiovascular health and the benefit of vitamin D supplementation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon N Karras
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theocharis Koufakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Dimakopoulos
- Medical Statistics, Epirus Science and Technology Park Campus of the University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Lilian Adamidou
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Karalazou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Thisiadou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alkiviadis Bais
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Manthou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kali Makedou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, AHEPA General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Iatridi V, Quadt L, Hayes JE, Garfinkel SN, Yeomans MR. Female sweet-likers have enhanced cross-modal interoceptive abilities. Appetite 2021; 165:105290. [PMID: 33965436 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There are well known phenotypic differences in sweet-liking across individuals, but it remains unknown whether these are related to broader underlying differences in interoceptive abilities (abilities to sense the internal state of the body). Here, healthy women (N = 64) classified as sweet likers (SLs) or sweet dislikers (SDs) completed a bimodal interoception protocol. A heartbeat tracking and a heartbeat discrimination task determined cardiac interoception; both were accompanied by confidence ratings. A water load task, where participants consumed water to satiation and then to maximum fullness was used to assess gastric interoceptive abilities. Motivational state, psychometric characteristics and eating behaviour were also assessed. SLs performed significantly better than SDs on both heartbeat tasks, independently of impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and alexithymia. No differences in metacognitive awareness and subjective interoceptive measures were found. With gastric interoception, SLs were more sensitive to stomach distention, and they ingested less water than SDs to reach satiety when accounting for stomach capacity. SLs also scored higher on mindful and intuitive eating scales and on emotional eating particularly in response to negative stimuli; emotional overeating was fully mediated via interoceptive performance. Overall, our data suggest the SL phenotype may reflect enhanced responsiveness to internal cues more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Iatridi
- Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, UK.
| | - Lisa Quadt
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, UK; Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
| | - John E Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States; Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States.
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Christiani M, Grosicki GJ, Flatt AA. Cardiac-autonomic and hemodynamic responses to a hypertonic, sugar-sweetened sports beverage in physically active men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1189-1195. [PMID: 33761293 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydration practices may confound heart rate variability (HRV) measurements when collected in the pre-training period. We aimed to determine the effects of ingesting a hypertonic, sugar-sweetened sports beverage on HRV and hemodynamic parameters in physically active young men. Fifteen subjects consumed 591 mL of Gatorade (6% carbohydrate, ∼330 mOsmol/kg), 591 mL water, or 10 mL water (control) in random order on separate days following overnight fasting. HRV and hemodynamics were evaluated in 5-min windows immediately before (T1) and 5-10 min (T2), 25-30 min (T3), 40-45 min (T4), and 55-60 min (T5) post-drinking. Root-mean square of successive differences and the standard deviation of normal RR intervals increased post-water intake at all time-points relative to T1 (P < 0.05). No increases were observed post-Gatorade intake, though small effect sizes were noted at T2 and T3 (P > 0.05, ES = 0.27-0.32). Systemic vascular resistance increased at T2 post-Gatorade intake and at T2 and T3 post-water intake (P < 0.05). No interactions were observed for blood pressure measures, stroke volume, or cardiac output. Gatorade does not evoke cardiovascular adjustments to the same magnitude as water. Practitioners should wait at least 45 min to record HRV post-Gatorade intake and >60 min post-water intake. Novelty: Equal volumes of cold water and Gatorade produce inequivalent cardiac-autonomic and hemodynamic responses. HRV responses of greater amplitude and duration were observed following intake of water versus Gatorade. Failure to account for recent fluid intake may result in misinterpretation of autonomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Christiani
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, Georgia, USA.,Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory J Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, Georgia, USA.,Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew A Flatt
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, Georgia, USA.,Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University (Armstrong Campus), Savannah, Georgia, USA
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Livovsky DM, Azpiroz F. Gastrointestinal Contributions to the Postprandial Experience. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030893. [PMID: 33801924 PMCID: PMC7998507 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Food ingestion induces homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (satisfaction, changes in mood) that characterize the postprandial experience. Both types of sensation are secondary to intraluminal stimuli produced by the food itself, as well as to the activity of the digestive tract. Postprandial sensations also depend on the nutrient composition of the meal and on colonic fermentation of non-absorbed residues. Gastrointestinal function and the sensitivity of the digestive tract, i.e., perception of gut stimuli, are determined by inherent individual factors, e.g., sex, and can be modulated by different conditioning mechanisms. This narrative review examines the factors that determine perception of digestive stimuli and the postprandial experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M. Livovsky
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
- ShaareZedek Medical Center, Digestive Diseases Institute, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-2746259
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9
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Livovsky DM, Barber C, Barba E, Accarino A, Azpiroz F. Abdominothoracic Postural Tone Influences the Sensations Induced by Meal Ingestion. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020658. [PMID: 33670508 PMCID: PMC7922384 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial objective abdominal distention is frequently associated with a subjective sensation of abdominal bloating, but the relation between both complaints is unknown. While the bloating sensation has a visceral origin, abdominal distention is a behavioral somatic response, involving contraction and descent of the diaphragm with protrusion of the anterior abdominal wall. Our aim was to determine whether abdominal distention influences digestive sensations. In 16 healthy women we investigated the effect of intentional abdominal distention on experimentally induced bloating sensation (by a meal overload). Participants were first taught to produce diaphragmatic contraction and visible abdominal distention. After a meal overload, sensations of bloating (0 to 10) and digestive well-being (-5 to + 5) were measured during 30-s. maneuvers alternating diaphragmatic contraction and diaphragmatic relaxation. Compared to diaphragmatic relaxation, diaphragmatic contraction was associated with diaphragmatic descent (by 21 + 3 mm; p < 0.001), objective abdominal distension (32 + 5 mm girth increase; p = 0.001), more intense sensation of bloating (7.3 + 0.4 vs. 8.0 + 0.4 score; p = 0.010) and lower digestive well-being (-0.9 + 0.5 vs. -1.9 + 0.5 score; p = 0.028). These results indicate that somatic postural tone underlying abdominal distention worsens the perception of visceral sensations (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04691882).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M. Livovsky
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (D.M.L.); (C.B.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel
| | - Claudia Barber
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (D.M.L.); (C.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Elizabeth Barba
- Neurogastroenterology Motility Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Anna Accarino
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (D.M.L.); (C.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (D.M.L.); (C.B.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-274-6259
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10
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Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport? Sports Med 2021; 51:895-915. [PMID: 33502701 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance has been defined as any exercise bout that exceeds 6 h. A number of exceptional, record-breaking performances by female athletes in ultra-endurance sport have roused speculation that they might be predisposed to success in such events. Indeed, while the male-to-female performance gap in traditional endurance sport (e.g., marathon) remains at ~ 10%, the disparity in ultra-endurance competition has been reported as low as 4% despite the markedly lower number of female participants. Moreover, females generally outperform males in extreme-distance swimming. The issue is complex, however, with many sports-specific considerations and caveats. This review summarizes the sex-based differences in physiological functions and draws attention to those which likely determine success in extreme exercise endeavors. The aim is to provide a balanced discussion of the female versus male predisposition to ultra-endurance sport. Herein, we discuss sex-based differences in muscle morphology and fatigability, respiratory-neuromechanical function, substrate utilization, oxygen utilization, gastrointestinal structure and function, and hormonal control. The literature indicates that while females exhibit numerous phenotypes that would be expected to confer an advantage in ultra-endurance competition (e.g., greater fatigue resistance, greater substrate efficiency, and lower energetic demands), they also exhibit several characteristics that unequivocally impinge on performance (e.g., lower O2-carrying capacity, increased prevalence of GI distress, and sex-hormone effects on cellular function/injury risk). Crucially, the advantageous traits may only manifest as ergogenic in the extreme endurance events which, paradoxically, are those that females less often contest. The title question should be revisited in the coming years, when/if the number of female participants increases.
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The Effect of Soluble Fiber Dextrin on Subjective and Physiological Markers of Appetite: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113341. [PMID: 33143121 PMCID: PMC7692066 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading public health problem throughout the world. The development of foods that increase satiety and reduce food may aid weight management. This study determined the effect of consuming soluble fiber dextrin (SFD) on appetite, appetitive hormones, breath hydrogen and food intake in adults. Forty-three participants completed this study. For each treatment, 50% of the SFD was provided in liquid form as part of breakfast and 50% in solid form as a morning snack. Appetite questionnaires, blood and breath samples were collected immediately before breakfast and at regular intervals during the test session. The participants consumed an ad libitum lunch meal, afternoon snack and dinner meal, and the amount eaten was recorded. Following dinner, participants left the laboratory but were required to keep a diet diary for the remainder of the day. Breath hydrogen concentration was significantly higher following the consumption of SFD compared to control (p < 0.05). There was no observed overall treatment effect of consuming SFD on GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1), ghrelin, CCK-8 (Cholecystokinin) or PYY3-36 (Petptide YY) (p > 0.05). Moreover, consuming foods containing SFD had no effect on subjective appetite or food intake (p > 0.05). Consuming foods containing SFD increased breath hydrogen but did not influence food intake, appetite or appetitive hormones. However, the limitations of this study may have individually or collectively masked an effect of SFD on food intake and appetite.
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12
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Kim YS, Kim N. Functional Dyspepsia: A Narrative Review With a Focus on Sex-Gender Differences. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 26:322-334. [PMID: 32606255 PMCID: PMC7329152 DOI: 10.5056/jnm20026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is among the most common gastrointestinal disorders affecting quality of life (QoL). As it frequently occurs in women than in men the comparison of various aspects including prevalence, clinical manifestations, and QoL in FD between women and men is very important for understanding the disease distribution and burden, evaluating treatment options, developing new drugs, and allocating medical resources. However, little is known about sex or gender differences among patients with FD. In spite of limited studies, consistent points are that FD occurs more often in women than in men and there are several symptom differences between men and women with FD. In addition, women with FD tend to have lower QoL than men with FD. Similarly, the pathophysiology of FD likely to vary depending on gender. Furthermore, a sex-gender-oriented approach in healthcare system could enhance understanding heterogeneous patients suffering from FD. Due to the sex-gender differences in physiological and psychological factors, treatment strategies should differ between women and men with FD. In conclusion, an individualized and multicomponent approach that considers sex and gender issues might improve FD treatment and improve patient Qol, especially for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kilpatrick L, Pribic T, Ciccantelli B, Malagelada C, Livovsky DM, Accarino A, Pareto D, Azpiroz F, Mayer EA. Sex Differences and Commonalities in the Impact of a Palatable Meal on Thalamic and Insular Connectivity. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1627. [PMID: 32492812 PMCID: PMC7352462 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying subjective responses to meal ingestion remain incompletely understood. We previously showed in healthy men an increase in thalamocortical, and a decrease in insular-cortical connectivity in response to a palatable meal. As sex is increasingly recognized as an important biological variable, we aimed to evaluate sex differences and commonalities in the impact of a well-liked meal on thalamic and anterior insular connectivity in healthy individuals. Participants (20 women and 20 age-matched men) underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rsMRI) before and after ingesting a palatable meal. In general, the insula showed extensive postprandial reductions in connectivity with sensorimotor and prefrontal cortices, while the thalamus showed increases in connectivity with insular, frontal, and occipital cortices, in both women and men. However, reductions in insular connectivity were more prominent in men, and were related to changes in meal-related sensations (satiety and digestive well-being) in men only. In contrast, increases in thalamic connectivity were more prominent in women, and were related to changes in satiety and digestive well-being in women only. These results suggest that brain imaging may provide objective and sex-specific biomarkers of the subjective feelings associated with meal ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kilpatrick
- Division of Digestive Diseases, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (L.K.); (E.A.M.)
| | - Teodora Pribic
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (T.P.); (B.C.); (C.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Barbara Ciccantelli
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (T.P.); (B.C.); (C.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Carolina Malagelada
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (T.P.); (B.C.); (C.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Dan M. Livovsky
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, 9103102 Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Anna Accarino
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (T.P.); (B.C.); (C.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Deborah Pareto
- Radiology Department, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; (T.P.); (B.C.); (C.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Division of Digestive Diseases, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (L.K.); (E.A.M.)
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14
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Livovsky DM, Pribic T, Azpiroz F. Food, Eating, and the Gastrointestinal Tract. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040986. [PMID: 32252402 PMCID: PMC7231022 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food ingestion induces a metered response of the digestive system. Initially, the upper digestive system reacts to process and extract meal substrates. Later, meal residues not absorbed in the small bowel, pass into the colon and activate the metabolism of resident microbiota. Food consumption also induces sensations that arise before ingestion (e.g., anticipatory reward), during ingestion (e.g., gustation), and most importantly, after the meal (i.e., the postprandial experience). The postprandial experience involves homeostatic sensations (satiety, fullness) with a hedonic dimension (digestive well-being, mood). The factors that determine the postprandial experience are poorly understood, despite their potential role in personalized diets and healthy eating habits. Current data suggest that the characteristics of the meal (amount, palatability, composition), the activity of the digestive system (suited processing), and the receptivity of the eater (influenced by multiple conditioning factors) may be important in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Livovsky
- Digestive Diseases Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9103102 Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Teorora Pribic
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Fernando Azpiroz
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-274-6222; Fax: +34-93-489-4456
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