Lentinus edodes Exposure before and after Fetus Implantation: Materno-Fetal Development in Rats with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Pharmacological evaluation and phytochemical profiling of butanol extract of L. edodes with in- silico virtual screening

L. edodes (L. edodes) is the most consumed mushroom in the world and has been well known for its therapeutic potential as an edible and medicinal candidate, it contains dietary fibers, vitamins, proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates. In the current study butanolic extract of mushroom was used to form semisolid butanol extract. The current study aimed to explore biometabolites that might have biological activities in n-butanol extract of L. edodes using FT-IR and GC-MS and LC-MS. The synergistic properties of bioactive compounds were futher assessed by performing different biological assays such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic. FTIR spectra showed different functional groups including amide N-H group, Alkane (C-H stretching), and (C = C stretching) groups at different spectrum peaks in the range of 500 cm-1 to 5000 cm-1 respectively. GC-MS profiling of n-butanol extract depicted 34 potent biomolecules among those dimethyl; Morphine, 2TMS derivative; Benzoic acid, methyl ester 1-(2-methoxy-1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol were spotted at highest range. Results indicate that L. edodes n-butanol extract showed a maximum anti-inflammatory potential 91.4% at 300 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was observed by measuring free radical scavenging activity which is 64.6% at optimized concentration along with good antidiabetic activity. In-silico study executed the biopotential of active ingredient morphine which proved the best docking score (- 7.0 kJ/mol) against aldose reductase. The in-silico drug design analysis was performed on biometabolites detected through GC-MS that might be a potential target for sulfatase-2 to treat ruminated arthritis. Morphine binds more strongly (- 7.9 kJ/mol) than other bioactive constituents indicated. QSAR and ADMET analysis shown that morphine is a good candidates against ruminated arthritis. The current study showed that L. edodes might be used as potent drug molecules to cure multiple ailments. As mushrooms have high bioactivity, they can be used against different diseases and to develop antibacterial drugs based on the current situation in the world in which drug resistance is going to increase due to misuse of antibiotics so new and noval biological active compounds are needed to overcome the situation.

Beneficial effects of dietary omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on offspring brain development in gestational diabetes mellitus

Various mechanisms through which maternal diet influences offspring brain development in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear. We speculate that prenatal omega 3 fatty acids will improve the levels of brain neurotrophins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic factor leading to improved cognitive performance in the offspring. GDM was induced in Wistar rats using streptozotocin. They were assigned to either control, GDM or GDM+O (GDM + omega-3 fatty acid supplementation). The offspring were followed till 3 mo of age and cognitive assessment was undertaken. Data analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test. GDM induction increased (p < 0.01) dam glucose levels and lowered brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels (p = 0.056) in the offspring at birth. At 3 months, GDM group showed significantly lower levels of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor-2 (NTRK-2) and VEGF, lower mRNA levels of NTRK-2 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) (P < 0.05 for all) as compared to control. The GDM offspring had a higher escape latency (p < 0.01), made lesser % correct choices and more errors (p < 0.05 for both). Prenatal supplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was beneficial since it ameliorated some of the adverse effects of GDM.

Mushrooms and Fungi and Their Biological Compounds with Antidiabetic Activity: A Review

Mushrooms have been used by humans for centuries as food and medicine because they have been shown to affect certain diseases. Mushrooms for medicinal purposes have been consumed in the form of extracts and/or biomass of the mycelium or fruiting body. The beneficial health effects of mushrooms are due to their content of bioactive compounds (polysaccharides, proteins, ergosterol, lectins, etc.). On the other hand, diabetes is one of the metabolic diseases that affects the population worldwide, characterized by hyperglycemia that involves a defective metabolism of insulin, a hormone secreted by β cells and that mainly stimulates glucose absorption by the cells. However, it also affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; poor control of this disease leads to serious damage to eyesight, kidneys, bones, heart, skin, blood vessels, nerves, etc. It has been reported that the consumption of some mushrooms helps control and treat diabetes, since among other actions, they promote the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, help reduce blood glucose and have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which improves glucose uptake by cells, which are effects that prescription medications have for patients with diabetes. In that sense, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the abilities of some mushrooms to be used in the control and/or treatment of diabetes.

Oat β-glucan supplementation pre- and during pregnancy alleviates fetal intestinal immunity development damaged by gestational diabetes in rats

Oat β-glucan (OG) has been shown to improve intestinal microecology in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the effect on fetal intestine health is unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of OG supplementation during gestation in GDM dams on fetal intestinal immune development. OG was supplemented one week before mating until the end of the experiment. GDM rats were made with a high-fat diet (HFD) with a minimal streptozotocin (STZ) dose. The fetal intestines were sampled at gestation day (GD) 19.5, and the intestinal morphology, chemical barrier molecules, intraepithelial immune cell makers, and levels of inflammatory cytokines were investigated. The results showed that OG supplementation alleviated the decrease of the depth of fetal intestinal villi and crypts, the number of goblet cells (GCs), protein expression of mucin-1 (Muc1) and Muc2, the mRNA levels of Gpr41, Gpr43, and T cell markers, and increased the number of paneth cells (PCs), the mRNA levels of defensin-6 (defa6), and macrophage (Mø) marker and the expression of cytokines induced by GDM. In addition, OG supplementation alleviated the function of immune cell self-proliferation, chemotaxis and assembly capabilities, protein, fat, folic acid, and zinc absorption damaged by GDM. As indicated by these findings, OG supplementation before and during pregnancy improved the fetal intestinal chemical barriers, immune cells, cytokines, and the metabolism of nutrients to protect the fetal intestinal immunity.

Protective effect of Agaricus bisporus mushroom against maternal and fetal damage induced by lead administration during pregnancy in rats

INTRODUCTION

Lead (Pb) is a toxic pollutant, which can affect different tissues of the human body. The use of natural elements, as medicinal mushroom can reduce the toxic effects of Pb.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated, through preclinical tests, the oral co exposures to mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Ab) by gavage and Pb in drinking water, and the capability of Ab be a protective agent for both pregnant rats and their fetuses.

METHODS

Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 5/group): Group I-Control; Group II-Ab 100 mg/kg; Group III-Pb 100 mg/L; Group IV-Ab +Pb -100 mg/kg +100 mg/L. Exposure was performed until the 19th day of gestation. On the 20th day, pregnant rats were euthanized, and the outcomes evaluated were weight gain; hematological profile; biochemical markers; oxidative stress markers; reproductive capacity; and embryo fetal development.

RESULTS

The characterization of mushrooms reveals them to be a valuable source of nutrients. However, Pb ingestion resulted in reduced weight gain and negative impacts on hematological and biochemical parameters. Fortunately, co administration of mushrooms helped to mitigate these negative effects and promote recovery. The mushroom also showed antioxidant activity, improving parameters of oxidative stress. In addition, Ab partially recovered the damage in fetal morphology and bone parameters.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that the co administration of Ab improved the toxicity caused by Pb, and the mushroom could be used as a natural alternative as a protective/chelator agent.

Exploring Edible Mushrooms for Diabetes: Unveiling Their Role in Prevention and Treatment

Diabetes mellitus is a complex illness in which the body does not create enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. Worldwide, this disease is life-threatening and requires low-cost, side-effect-free medicine. Due to adverse effects, many synthetic hypoglycemic medications for diabetes fail. Mushrooms are known to contain natural bioactive components that may be anti-diabetic; thus, scientists are now targeting them. Mushroom extracts, which improve immune function and fight cancer, are becoming more popular. Mushroom-derived functional foods and dietary supplements can delay the onset of potentially fatal diseases and help treat pre-existing conditions, which leads to the successful prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, which is restricted to the breakdown of complex polysaccharides by pancreatic-amylase and the suppression of intestinal-glucosidase. Many mushroom species are particularly helpful in lowering blood glucose levels and alleviating diabetes symptoms. Hypoglycaemic effects have been observed in investigations on Agaricussu brufescens, Agaricus bisporus, Cordyceps sinensis, Inonotus obliqus, Coprinus comatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Pleurotus spp., Poria cocos, and Sparassis crispa. For diabetics, edible mushrooms are high in protein, vitamins, and minerals and low in fat and cholesterol. The study found that bioactive metabolites isolated from mushrooms, such as polysaccharides, proteins, dietary fibers, and many pharmacologically active compounds, as well as solvent extracts of mushrooms with unknown metabolites, have anti-diabetic potential in vivo and in vitro, though few are in clinical trials.

Influence of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom on Pb Toxicokinetic in Pregnant Rats

(Pb) is a toxic metal, responsible for several damages to human health. Agaricus bisporus (Ab) is a mushroom with promising antioxidant properties to be used as an alternative chelator in Pb intoxication. The aim was to understand the Pb toxicokinetic and the potential of Ab as a protective agent. A total of 20 female Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups (n = 5/group): Control (receiving water); Group Ab 100 mg/kg (gavage); Group Pb 100 mg/L in water; and Group Ab + Pb-100 mg/kg + 100 mg/L (gavage and water). Pb administration occurred daily until the 19th day of pregnancy. On day 19 of gestation, the rats were euthanized, and the blood and tissues were collected for Pb measurement, using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The results showed that the levels of Pb in the blood, placenta, and liver of the mothers, and in the brain of the fetuses increased significantly in the Pb group. On the other hand, the combined exposure to Pb + Ab showed a significant decrease in the metal concentration in relation to the Pb group, returning to normal levels. Kidney and bone lead levels also increased significantly in the Pb group. However, in the combined exposure group, levels did not return to the control amounts; there was protection, but the Pb concentration was still significantly higher than in the control. In the brain, no significant differences were observed. In conclusion, we suggest A. bisporus is a natural chelator, because the co-administration of the mushroom was able to interact with Pb ions, minimizing the Pb absorption and distribution. These effects are suggested since A. bisporus have antioxidants and beta glucan that interact with Pb, chelating it and, thus, reducing its toxic effects.

Consequences of the exposome to gestational diabetes mellitus

The exposome is the cumulative measure of environmental influences and associated biological responses throughout the lifespan, including those from the environment, diet, behaviour, and endogenous processes. The exposome concept and the 2030 Agenda for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the United Nations are the basis for understanding the aetiology and consequences of non-communicable diseases, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Pregnancy may be developed in an environment with adverse factors part of the immediate internal medium for fetus development and the external medium to which the pregnant woman is exposed. The placenta is the interface between maternal and fetal compartments and acts as a protective barrier or easing agent to transfer exposome from mother to fetus. Under and over-nutrition in utero, exposure to adverse environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pesticides, drugs, pharmaceuticals, lifestyle, air pollutants, and tobacco smoke plays a determinant role in the development of GDM. This phenomenon is worsened by metabolic stress postnatally, such as obesity which increases the risk of GDM and other diseases. Clinical risk factors for GDM development include its aetiology. It is proposed that knowledge-based interventions to change the potential interdependent ecto-exposome and endo-exposome could avoid the occurrence and consequences of GDM.

Medicinal Components in Edible Mushrooms on Diabetes Mellitus Treatment

Mushrooms belong to the family “Fungi” and became famous for their medicinal properties and easy accessibility all over the world. Because of its pharmaceutical properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties, it became a hot topic among scientists. However, depending on species and varieties, most of the medicinal properties became indistinct. With this interest, an attempt has been made to scrutinize the role of edible mushrooms (EM) in diabetes mellitus treatment. A systematic contemporary literature review has been carried out from all records such as Science Direct, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar with an aim to represents the work has performed on mushrooms focuses on diabetes, insulin resistance (IR), and preventive mechanism of IR, using different kinds of mushroom extracts. The final review represents that EM plays an important role in anticipation of insulin resistance with the help of active compounds, i.e., polysaccharide, vitamin D, and signifies α-glucosidase or α-amylase preventive activities. Although most of the mechanism is not clear yet, many varieties of mushrooms’ medicinal properties have not been studied properly. So, in the future, further investigation is needed on edible medicinal mushrooms to overcome the research gap to use its clinical potential to prevent non-communicable diseases.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Crosslink among Inflammation, Nitroxidative Stress, Intestinal Microbiota and Alternative Therapies

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by a set of metabolic complications arising from adaptive failures to the pregnancy period. Estimates point to a prevalence of 3 to 15% of pregnancies. Its etiology includes intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the progenitress, which may contribute to the pathophysiogenesis of GDM. Recently, researchers have identified that inflammation, oxidative stress, and the gut microbiota participate in the development of the disease, with potentially harmful effects on the health of the maternal-fetal binomial, in the short and long terms. In this context, alternative therapies were investigated from two perspectives: the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, with probiotics and prebiotics, and the use of natural products with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may mitigate the endogenous processes of the GDM, favoring the health of the mother and her offspring, and in a future perspective, alleviating this critical public health problem.

Diabetic Uterine Environment Leads to Disorders in Metabolism of Offspring

Aims

Research evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications of gametes in obese or diabetic parents may contribute to metabolic disorders in offspring. In the present study, we sought to address the effect of diabetic uterine environment on the offspring metabolism.

Methods

Type 2 diabetes mouse model was induced by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ) administration. We maintained other effect factors constant and changed uterine environment by zygote transfers, and then determined and compared the offspring numbers, symptoms, body weight trajectories, and metabolism indices from different groups.

Result

We found that maternal type 2 diabetes mice had lower fertility and a higher dystocia rate, accompanying the increased risk of offspring malformations and death. Compared to only a pre-gestational exposure to hyperglycemia, exposure to hyperglycemia both pre- and during pregnancy resulted in offspring growth restriction and impaired metabolism in adulthood. But there was no significant difference between a pre-gestational exposure group and a no exposure group. The deleterious effects, no matter bodyweight or glucose tolerance, could be rescued by transferring the embryos from diabetic mothers into normal uterine environment.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that uterine environment of maternal diabetes makes critical impact on the offspring health.

Role of bone morphogenic protein-4 in gestational diabetes mellitus-related hypertension

Hyperglycaemia stimulates the synthesis and release of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in vascular endothelial cells, which further induces peroxide production and inflammatory responses, leading to vascular endothelial dysfunction. However, the role of BMP-4 in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-related vascular endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. In the present study, the hypothesis that the overexpression of BMP-4 would induce GDM-related hypertension by impairing vascular endothelial function was evaluated. An animal model of GDM was established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Based on blood pressure, rats were divided into control, GDM and GDM + hypertension (HT) groups. The expression levels of BMP-4, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 (NOX-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in the endothelium of the abdominal aorta of rats in each group were determined via immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Pregnant SD rats were divided into four groups, separately infused with BMP-4, BMP-4 + noggin, noggin or vehicle by osmotic pumps, and blood pressure and vasorelaxation were examined. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the expression levels of the four proteins were lower in the control group than in the GDM and GDM + HT groups. The positive expression rate of VCAM-1 was significantly lower in the control group than in the GDM and GDM+HT groups, and the differences were statistically significant (χ²=17.325, P<0.05; χ²=10.080, P<0.05). Western blotting revealed that the expression level of the COX-2 protein exhibited a sequential increase in the three groups. The expression level of COX-2 in the control and GDM groups was significantly lower than that in the GDM+HT group (3.358±1.286; P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively). The expression level of VCAM-1 protein in the three groups also exhibited a significant sequential increase (F=31.732; P≤0.001). The expression level of VCAM-1 in the control and GDM groups was significantly lower than that in the GDM+HT group (2.698±0.223; P≤0.001 and P≤0.001, respectively). Infusion of BMP-4 increased systolic blood pressure (from 82 to 112 mmHg) and impaired vasorelaxation in pregnant SD rats after 2 weeks. Co-treatment with noggin completely blocked BMP-4-induced effects. Thus, the BMP-4/NOX-1/COX-2 signalling pathway may be involved in GDM-related hypertension, but VCAM-1 may be substantially associated with GDM-related hypertension. Furthermore, overexpression of BMP-4 could lead to hypertension by impairing endothelial function in pregnancy.

Evaluation of Polish wild Mushrooms as Beta-Glucan Sources

Mushroom beta-glucans show immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant features. Numerous papers have been published in the last years on fungal polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans, demonstrating their various biological activities. However substantial data about beta-glucan contents in many mushroom species, especially wild mushrooms, are still missing. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to evaluate β-glucans in 18 species of wild mushrooms and three species of commercial mushrooms for comparison purposes. The contents of β-glucans were determined by the Megazyme method and with the Congo red method, which differ in analytical procedure. Among wild mushrooms, the highest mean β-glucan content assessed with the Megazyme method was found in Tricholoma portentosum (34.97 g/100 g DM), whereas with the Congo red method in Lactarius deliciosus (17.11 g/100 g DM) and Suillus grevillei (16.97 g/100 g DM). The β-glucans in wild mushrooms assessed with the Megazyme method were comparable to commercial mushrooms, whereas β-glucans assessed with the Congo red method were generally higher in wild mushrooms, especially in Russula vinosa, L. deliciosus and S. grevillei. This study indicates wild mushrooms as interesting material for β-glucan extraction for food industry and medicinal purposes.