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Miao Q, Tang C, Yang Y, Zhao Q, Li F, Qin Y, Zhang J. Deposition and bioconversion law of β-carotene in laying hens after long-term supplementation under adequate vitamin A status in the diet. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103046. [PMID: 37708765 PMCID: PMC10502406 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene, because it is the precursor of vitamin A and has versatile biological roles, has been applied as a feed additive in the poultry industry for a long time. In this study, we investigated the deposition and bioconversion of β-carotene in laying hens. A total of 600 Hy-line brown laying hens at 40 wk of age were randomly divided into 5 dietary treatments, each group's dietary supplemental levels of β-carotene were 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 mg/kg feed, and the vitamin A levels were all 8,000 IU/kg. After 14-wk trial, samples were collected, then carotenoids and different forms of vitamin A were detected using the novel method developed by our laboratory. We found that dietary β-carotene treatment had no significant effects on laying hens' production performance and egg quality (P > 0.05), except the yolk color. The deposition of β-carotene in the body gradually increased (P < 0.01) with the supplemental dose, whereas the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin decreased (P < 0.05). When the β-carotene supplemental level was above 30 mg/kg in the diet, the different forms of vitamin A in in serum, liver, ovary, and yolks were increased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, these indicators decreased when the additional dose was 120 mg/kg. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the genes involved in β-carotene absorption, bioconversion, and negative feedback regulation in duodenal mucosa and liver were upregulated after long-term feeding (P < 0.05). Histological staining of the ovaries indicated that the deposition of β-carotene led to a lower rate of follicle atresia (P < 0.05), and this positive effects may be related to the antioxidant function of β-carotene, which caused a reduction of oxidation products in the ovary (P < 0.05). Altogether, β-carotene could accumulate in laying hens intactly and exert its biological functions in tissue. Meanwhile, a part of β-carotene could also be converted into vitamin A but this bioconversion has an upper limit and negative feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Youyou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Li W, Huang G, Tang N, Lu P, Jiang L, Lv J, Qin Y, Lin Y, Xu F, Lei D. Identification of dietary components in association with abdominal aortic calcification. Food Funct 2023; 14:8383-8395. [PMID: 37609915 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02920d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The precise impact of dietary components on vascular health remains incompletely understood. To identify the dietary components and their associations with abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), the data from NHANES was employed in this cross-sectional study. The LASSO method and logistic regression were utilized to identify dietary components that exhibited the strongest association with AAC. Grouped WQS regression analysis was employed to evaluate the combined effects of dietary components on AAC. Furthermore, principal component analysis was employed to identify the primary dietary patterns in the study population. The present analysis included 1862 participants, from whom information on 35 dietary macro- and micronutrient components was obtained through 24-hour dietary recall interviews. The assessment of AAC was performed utilizing dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The LASSO method identified 10 dietary components that were associated with AAC. Total protein, total fiber, vitamin A, and β-cryptoxanthin exhibited a negative association with AAC. Compared to the first quartile, the adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for the highest quartile were 0.59 (0.38, 0.93), 0.63 (0.42, 0.93), 0.59 (0.41, 0.84), and 0.68 (0.48, 0.94), respectively. Grouped WQS regression demonstrated a positive association between the lipid group and AAC (aOR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.50), while the proteins and phytochemical group exhibited a negative association with AAC (aOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.82). For the dietary pattern analysis, high adherence to the plant-based pattern (aOR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.88) was associated with a lower risk of AAC, whereas the caffeine and theobromine pattern (aOR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.25, 2.41) was associated with a higher risk of AAC. The findings of this study indicate that adopting a dietary pattern characterized by high levels of protein and plant-based foods, as well as reduced levels of fat, may offers potential advantages for the prevention of AAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangyi Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ningning Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanjun Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunru Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Daizai Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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Bujosa F, Herreras Z, Catalán M, Pinyol M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Martínez-Huélamo M, Gilabert R, Jiménez A, Ortega E, Chiva-Blanch G. Total carotene plasma concentrations are inversely associated with atherosclerotic plaque burden: A post-hoc analysis of the DIABIMCAP cohort. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1168-1174. [PMID: 37230851 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerosis is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the first cause of death worldwide. Chronic low-grade inflammation and a sustained oxidative milieu are causatively related to atherosclerosis onset and progression, and therefore, dietary patterns rich in bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities might likely contribute to revert or slowing the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to analyse the association between fruit and vegetables intake, quantitatively measured through carotene plasma concentrations, and atherosclerotic burden, as a surrogate biomarker of CVD, in free-living subjects from the DIABIMCAP cohort study. METHODS The 204 participants of the DIABIMCAP Study cohort (Carotid Atherosclerosis in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Individuals, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01898572), were included in this cross-sectional study. Total, α-, and β-carotenes were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. Lipoprotein analysis in serum was performed by 2D- 1H NMR- DOSY, and atherosclerosis and intima media thickness (IMT) were measured through standardized bilateral carotid artery ultrasound imaging. RESULTS Subjects with atherosclerosis (n = 134) had lower levels of large HDL particles than subjects without atherosclerosis. Positive associations were found between α-carotene and both large and medium HDL particles, and inverse associations were found between β- and total carotene, and VLDL and its medium/small particles. Subjects with atherosclerosis presented significantly lower plasma concentrations of total carotene compared with subjects without atherosclerosis. Plasma concentrations of carotene decreased as the number of atherosclerotic plaques increased, although after multivariate adjustment, the inverse association between β- and total carotene with plaque burden remained significant only in women. CONCLUSIONS A diet rich in fruit and vegetables results in higher plasmatic carotene concentrations, which are associated with a lesser atherosclerotic plaque burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Bujosa
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zoe Herreras
- Consorcio de Atención Primaria del Eixample (CAPSE), Grup Transversal de Recerca en Atenció Primària, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Catalán
- Consorcio de Atención Primaria del Eixample (CAPSE), Grup Transversal de Recerca en Atenció Primària, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Pinyol
- Consorcio de Atención Primaria del Eixample (CAPSE), Grup Transversal de Recerca en Atenció Primària, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventos
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Martínez-Huélamo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, XIA, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gilabert
- Vascular Unit, Centre de Diagnòstic per l'Imatge, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Jiménez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Obesity and Nutrition Physiopathology (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Brychkova G, de Oliveira CL, Gomes LAA, de Souza Gomes M, Fort A, Esteves-Ferreira AA, Sulpice R, McKeown PC, Spillane C. Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Degradation in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) from Seedlings to Harvest. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10310. [PMID: 37373458 PMCID: PMC10298985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the commercially important leafy vegetables worldwide. However, lettuce cultivars vary widely in their carotenoid concentrations at the time of harvest. While the carotenoid content of lettuce can depend on transcript levels of key biosynthetic enzymes, genes that can act as biomarkers for carotenoid accumulation at early stages of plant growth have not been identified. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was performed on the inner and outer leaves of the six cultivars at different developmental stages to identify gene-to-metabolite networks affecting the accumulation of two key carotenoids, β-carotene and lutein. Statistical analysis, including principal component analysis, was used to better understand variations in carotenoid concentration between leaf age and cultivars. Our results demonstrate that key enzymes of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway can alter lutein and β-carotene biosynthesis across commercial cultivars. To ensure high carotenoids content in leaves, the metabolites sink from β-carotene and lutein to zeaxanthin, and subsequently, abscisic acid needs to be regulated. Based on 2-3-fold carotenoids increase at 40 days after sowing (DAS) as compared to the seedling stage, and 1.5-2-fold decline at commercial stage (60 DAS) compared to the 40 DAS stage, we conclude that the value of lettuce for human nutrition would be improved by use of less mature plants, as the widely-used commercial stage is already at plant senescence stage where carotenoids and other essential metabolites are undergoing degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Brychkova
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
| | - Cleiton Lourenço de Oliveira
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
- Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras (DAG/ESAL), Aquenta Sol, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Campus Patos de Minas, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Getúlio Vargas, 230, Patos de Minas 38700-103, MG, Brazil
| | - Antoine Fort
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
- Department of Life & Physical Science, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Alberto Abrantes Esteves-Ferreira
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter C. McKeown
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
| | - Charles Spillane
- Genetics & Biotechnology Laboratory, Agriculture, Food Systems & Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland; (C.L.d.O.)
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Teixé-Roig J, Oms-Oliu G, Odriozola-Serrano I, Martín-Belloso O. Enhancing in vivo retinol bioavailability by incorporating β-carotene from alga Dunaliella salina into nanoemulsions containing natural-based emulsifiers. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112359. [PMID: 36737947 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of microalgae as a source of bioactive compounds has gained interest since they present advantages vs higher plants. Among them, Dunaliella salina is one of the best sources of natural β-carotene, which is the precursor of vitamin A. However, β-carotene shows reduced oral bioavailability due to its chemical degradation and poor absorption. The work aimed to evaluate the influence of the emulsifier and oil concentration on the digestive stability of Dunaliella Salina-based nanoemulsions and study their influence on the digestibility and the β-carotene bioaccessibility. In addition, the effect of the emulsifier nature on the absorption of β-carotene and its conversion to retinol in vivo was also investigated. Results showed that the coalescence observed in soybean lecithin nanoemulsion during the gastrointestinal digestion reduced the digestibility and β-carotene bioaccessibility. In contrast, whey protein nanoemulsion that showed aggregation in the gastric phase could be redispersed in the intestinal phase facilitating the digestibility and bioaccessibility of the compound. In vivo results confirmed that whey protein nanoemulsion increased the bioavailability of retinol to a higher extent (Cmax 685 ng/mL) than soybean lecithin nanoemulsion (Cmax 394 ng/mL), because of an enhanced β-carotene absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Teixé-Roig
- Department of Food Technology University of Lleida - Agrotecnio CERCA Center, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Oms-Oliu
- Department of Food Technology University of Lleida - Agrotecnio CERCA Center, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Isabel Odriozola-Serrano
- Department of Food Technology University of Lleida - Agrotecnio CERCA Center, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Olga Martín-Belloso
- Department of Food Technology University of Lleida - Agrotecnio CERCA Center, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Zhi W, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang H. Recent advances of traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115749. [PMID: 36181983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common systemic disease with increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with characteristics of multiple pathways and targets, presents advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. AIM OF THE STUDY With the modernization of TCM, the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of TCM for AS treatment have been gradually revealed. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the existing studies on TCM therapies aimed at regulating AS over the past two decades. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using "atherosclerosis" and "Traditional Chinese medicine" as keywords, all relevant TCM literature published in the last 10 years was collected from electronic databases (such as Elsevier, Springer, PubMed, CNKI, and Web of Science), books and papers until March 2022, and the critical information was statistically analyzed. RESULTS In this review, we highlighted extracts of 8 single herbs, a total of 41 single active ingredients, 20 TCM formulae, and 25 patented drugs, which were described with chemical structure, source, model, efficacy and potential mechanism. CONCLUSION We summarized the cytopathological basis for the development of atherosclerosis involving vascular endothelial cells, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, and categorically elaborated the medicinal TCM used for AS, all of which provide the current evidence on the better management of atherosclerosis by TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Zhi
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Xi'an, 710003, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Xi'an, 710003, PR China.
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Li S, Liu P, Feng X, Du M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang J. Mechanism of Tao Hong Decoction in the treatment of atherosclerosis based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1111475. [PMID: 36776258 PMCID: PMC9909180 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis (AS) has long been recognized as a cardiovascular disease and stroke risk factor. A well-known traditional Chinese medicine prescription, Tao Hong decoction (THD), has been proven effective in treating AS, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. Objective To assess the effects, explore THD's primary mechanism for treating AS, and provide a basis for rational interpretation of its prescription compatibility. Methods Based on network pharmacology, we evaluated the mechanism of THD on AS by data analysis, target prediction, the construction of PPI networks, and GO and KEGG analysis. AutoDockTools software to conduct Molecular docking. Then UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify significant constituents of THD. Furthermore, an AS mice model was constructed and intervened with THD. Immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and Western blot were used to verify the critical targets in animal experiments. Results The network pharmacology results indicate that eight core targets and seven core active ingredients play an essential role in this process. The GO and KEGG analysis results suggested that the mechanism is mainly involved in Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis and Lipid and atherosclerosis. The molecular docking results indicate a generally strong affinity. The animal experiment showed that THD reduced plaque area, increased plaque stability, and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β) in high-fat diet -induced ApoE-/-mice. Decreased levels of PTGS2, HIF-1α, VEGFA, VEGFC, FLT-4, and the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and p38 were detected in the THD-treated group. Conclusion THD plays a vital role in treating AS with multiple targets and pathways. Angiogenesis regulation, oxidative stress regulation, and immunity regulation consist of the crucial regulation cores in the mechanism. This study identified essential genes and pathways associated with the prognosis and pathogenesis of AS from new insights, demonstrating a feasible method for researching THD's chemical basis and pharmacology.
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Oleskin AV, Boyang C. Microalgae in Terms of Biomedical Technology: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Metabiotics. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022; 58:813-825. [PMID: 36531290 PMCID: PMC9734902 DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Green, red, brown, and diatomic algae, as well as cyanobacteria, have been in the focus of attention of scientists and technologists for over 5 decades. This is due to their importance as efficient and economical producers of food additives, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biofertilizers, biofuels, and wastewater bioremediation agents. Recently, the role of microalgae has increasingly been considered in terms of their probiotic function, i.e., of their ability to normalize the functioning of the microbiota of humans and agricultural animals and to produce biologically active substances, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and immunostimulators. A separate brief subsection of the review deals with the potential functions of microalgae with respect to the brain and psyche, i.e., as psychobiotics. Moreover, algal polysaccharides and some other compounds can be broken down to short fragments that will stimulate the development of useful intestinal microorganisms, i.e., function as efficient prebiotics. Finally, many components of microalgal cells and chemical agents produced by them can exert important health-promoting effects per se, which indicates that they are as potentially valuable metabiotics (the term preferred by late Prof. B.A. Shenderov), which are alternatively denoted as postbiotics in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Oleskin
- Department of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Cao Boyang
- Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China
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Molteni C, La Motta C, Valoppi F. Improving the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Carotenoids by Means of Nanostructured Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101931. [PMID: 36290651 PMCID: PMC9598319 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are bioactive compounds provided by the diet playing a key role in maintaining human health. Therefore, they should be ingested daily in an adequate amount. However, even a varied and well-balanced diet does not guarantee an adequate intake, as both the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the compounds significantly affect their absorption. This review summarizes the main results achieved in improving the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids by means of nanostructured delivery systems, discussing in detail the available lipid-based and biopolymeric nanocarriers at present, with a focus on their formulation and functional efficiency. Although the toxicity profile of these innovative delivery systems is not fully understood, especially for long-term intake, these systems are an effective and valuable approach to increase the availability of compounds of nutritional interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Molteni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2219593
| | - Fabio Valoppi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, PL 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PL 64, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Li Y, Liu B, Liu L, Xu Q, Shen Q, Li W, Zhao J. Potential active compounds and molecular mechanism of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction for atherosclerosis, based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29654. [PMID: 35960089 PMCID: PMC9371493 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the potential active compounds and molecular mechanism of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) in the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS) based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. The effective components and action targets of XFZYD were screened by using TCMSP database. And then, the action targets of AS were collected by GeneCards database. The intersection targets between the effective components' targets of XFZYD and AS-related action targets were used to construct PPI networks. GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis were performed on these intersection targets. Finally, molecular docking software was used to excavate the active compounds of the core targets VEGFA and AKT1. We detected 225 active components of XFZYD, and found that quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, β-sitosterol, isorhamnetin, stigmasterol, baicalein, nobiletin, and β-carotene are the potential active compounds of XFZYD; STAT3, IL6, JUN, VEGFA, MAPK14, and AKT1 are the core target proteins of the active compounds, among which VEGFA and AKT1 are the key target proteins. PPI network results showed that β-carotene, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and naringenin had higher degree values and more corresponding targets than other 5 active compounds and had the stable binding ability to regulatory proteins VEGFA and AKT1. The core components β-carotene, quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin exerted their therapeutic effects on AS by acting on the key target proteins VEGFA and AKT1 to regulate fluid shear stress and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and IL-17 signaling pathway of diabetic complications of AS. The molecular docking results showed that VEGFA and AKT1 had great docking ability with the targeted active compounds, and β-carotene is the best. The active components of XFZYD, including β -carotene, quercetin, kamanol, and luteolin, can act on VEGFA and AKT1. These active ingredients play a role in alleviating and treating AS by regulating fluid shear stress and participating in signaling pathways such AS AGE-RAGE of atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus complicated with AS. β-carotene is a potential inhibitor of VEGFA and AKT1 and treats AS through antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Boyu Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research on Cardiocerebrovascular Disease, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- College of Basic Medical, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Weikang Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jingshan Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research on Cardiocerebrovascular Disease, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- College of Basic Medical, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
- * Correspondence: Jingshan Zhao, MA, Hebei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China (e-mail: )
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11
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Melnikov N, Kamari Y, Kandel-Kfir M, Barshack I, Ben-Amotz A, Harats D, Shaish A, Harari A. β-Carotene from the Alga Dunaliella bardawil Decreases Gene Expression of Adipose Tissue Macrophage Recruitment Markers and Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070433. [PMID: 35877726 PMCID: PMC9316718 DOI: 10.3390/md20070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids are involved in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation. We examined the effect of dietary supplementation using all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene-rich Dunaliella bardawil alga as the sole source of vitamin A on obesity-associated comorbidities and adipose tissue dysfunction in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. Three-week-old male mice (C57BL/6) were randomly allocated into two groups and fed a high-fat, vitamin A-deficient diet supplemented with either vitamin A (HFD) or β-carotene (BC) (HFD-BC). Vitamin A levels in the liver, WATs, and BAT of the HFD-BC group were 1.5–2.4-fold higher than of the HFD group. BC concentrations were 5–6-fold greater in BAT compared to WAT in the HFD-BC group. The eWAT mRNA levels of the Mcp-1 and Cd68 were 1.6- and 2.1-fold lower, respectively, and the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were 30% and 28% lower in the HFD-BC group compared with the HFD group. Dietary BC can be the exclusive vitamin A source in mice fed a high-fat diet, as shown by the vitamin A concentration in the plasma and tissues. Feeding BC rather than vitamin A reduces adipose tissue macrophage recruitment markers and plasma lipid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Melnikov
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.-K.); (I.B.); (D.H.); (A.S.)
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yehuda Kamari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.-K.); (I.B.); (D.H.); (A.S.)
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michal Kandel-Kfir
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.-K.); (I.B.); (D.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Iris Barshack
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.-K.); (I.B.); (D.H.); (A.S.)
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ami Ben-Amotz
- N.B.T., Nature Beta Technologies Ltd., Eilat 8851100, Israel;
| | - Dror Harats
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.-K.); (I.B.); (D.H.); (A.S.)
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Aviv Shaish
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.-K.); (I.B.); (D.H.); (A.S.)
- The Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, Arugot 7980400, Israel
| | - Ayelet Harari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel; (N.M.); (Y.K.); (M.K.-K.); (I.B.); (D.H.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-5302006
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O’Connor C, Varshosaz P, Moise AR. Mechanisms of Feedback Regulation of Vitamin A Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061312. [PMID: 35334970 PMCID: PMC8950952 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient required throughout life. Through its various metabolites, vitamin A sustains fetal development, immunity, vision, and the maintenance, regulation, and repair of adult tissues. Abnormal tissue levels of the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, can result in detrimental effects which can include congenital defects, immune deficiencies, proliferative defects, and toxicity. For this reason, intricate feedback mechanisms have evolved to allow tissues to generate appropriate levels of active retinoid metabolites despite variations in the level and format, or in the absorption and conversion efficiency of dietary vitamin A precursors. Here, we review basic mechanisms that govern vitamin A signaling and metabolism, and we focus on retinoic acid-controlled feedback mechanisms that contribute to vitamin A homeostasis. Several approaches to investigate mechanistic details of the vitamin A homeostatic regulation using genomic, gene editing, and chromatin capture technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O’Connor
- MD Program, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 317-MSE Bldg., 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Parisa Varshosaz
- Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Alexander R. Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 317-MSE Bldg., 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-705-662-7253
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Assessment of the potential of Dunaliella microalgae for different biotechnological applications: A systematic review. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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All-trans-retinoic acid ameliorates atherosclerosis, promotes perivascular adipose tissue browning, and increases adiponectin production in Apo-E mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4451. [PMID: 33627760 PMCID: PMC7904836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, exerts a potential role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It has been shown that atRA ameliorates atherosclerosis while the exact mechanism underlying this protection remains unknown. This study investigated the influence of atRA on insulin resistance (IR), atherosclerosis, and the process of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) browning. Moreover, syntheses of adiponectin, adipokine with anti-atherogenic effects, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, were determined in PVAT. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (Apo-E) and control C57BL/6J wild-type mice were treated with atRA (5 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (corn oil) by plastic feeding tubes for 8 weeks. Long-term atRA treatment in Apo-E mice did not affect insulin resistance. AtRa administration ameliorated atherosclerosis, induced PVAT browning, and increased adiponectin production in PVAT in Apo-E mice. Furthermore, atRA increased nitric oxide (NO) level but did not affect adiponectin concentration in the aorta of Apo-E mice. These results indicate that atRA ameliorates atherosclerosis in Apo-E mice. We also observed the browning of PVAT. Besides, atRA increased the synthesis of adiponectin in PVAT and augmented NO level in the aorta in ApoE mice.
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Marcelino G, Machate DJ, Freitas KDC, Hiane PA, Maldonade IR, Pott A, Asato MA, Candido CJ, Guimarães RDCA. β-Carotene: Preventive Role for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245803. [PMID: 33316948 PMCID: PMC7763535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are vital antioxidants for plants and animals. They protect cells from oxidative events and act against the inflammatory process and carcinogenesis. Among the most abundant carotenoids in human and foods is β-carotene. This carotenoid has the highest level of provitamin A activity, as it splits into two molecules of retinol through the actions of the cytosolic enzymes: β-carotene-15,15′-monooxygenase (β-carotene-15,15′-oxygenase 1) and β-carotene-9′,10′-dioxygenase (β-carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase 2). The literature supports the idea that β-carotene acts against type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Due to the many processes involved in β-carotene biosynthesis and metabolic function, little is known about such components, since many mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, our study concisely described the relationships between the consumption of carotenoids, with emphasis on β-carotene, and obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated parameters in order to understand the preventive role of carotenoids better and encourage their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Marcelino
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
| | - David Johane Machate
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health (GEBABS), Graduate Program in Science of Materials, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Karine de Cássia Freitas
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
| | - Iriani Rodrigues Maldonade
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Vegetables), Brasília 70275-970, Brazil;
| | - Arnildo Pott
- Laboratory of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Arakaki Asato
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil;
| | - Camila Jordão Candido
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil; (G.M.); (P.A.H.); (C.J.C.); (R.d.C.A.G.)
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