1
|
Yang Y, Li Y, Yuan H, Tang Z, Chen M, Cai S, Piao W, Nan J, Li F, Yu D, Gao X. Hypertension-Related Status and Influencing Factors among Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 6~17 Years: Data from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017). Nutrients 2024; 16:2685. [PMID: 39203821 PMCID: PMC11357336 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is currently highly prevalent worldwide and serves as one of the significant risk factors for chronic diseases and mortality. Adult hypertension can be traced back to, as well as prevented starting in, childhood and adolescence. However, due to the lack of surveillance among children and adolescents, the prevalence and influencing factors of hypertension-related conditions have not been well described. Hence, a total of 67,947 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017) were enrolled to describe the weighted average blood pressure level and the weighted prevalence of hypertension, pre-hypertension, and their distribution and to analyze the risk factors for hypertension and pre-hypertension among Chinese children and adolescents at a nationwide level. In summary, the weighted mean values of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 111.8 (95% CI, 111.2-112.5) mmHg and 66.5 (95% CI, 66.0-67.0) mmHg, respectively. The weighted prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was 24.9% and 17.1%, respectively. Moreover, general obesity, overweight, and central obesity served as risk factors for hypertension and pre-hypertension among Chinese children and adolescents. The current study indicated that the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in Chinese children and adolescents was at a high level. Moreover, blood pressure screening should be further intensified for children and adolescents at a high risk of being overweight or obese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuge Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
| | - Hongtao Yuan
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
| | - Zengxu Tang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
| | - Mulei Chen
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Shuya Cai
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
| | - Wei Piao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Nan
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
| | - Fusheng Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
| | - Dongmei Yu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Z.T.); (S.C.); (W.P.); (J.N.); (F.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Institute of Nutrition, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dickson CA, Ergun-Longmire B, Greydanus DE, Eke R, Giedeman B, Nickson NM, Hoang LN, Adabanya U, Payares DVP, Chahin S, McCrary J, White K, Moon JH, Haitova N, Deleon J, Apple RW. Health equity in pediatrics: Current concepts for the care of children in the 21st century (Dis Mon). Dis Mon 2024; 70:101631. [PMID: 37739834 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
This is an analysis of important aspects of health equity in caring for children and adolescents written by a multidisciplinary team from different medical centers. In this discussion for clinicians, we look at definitions of pediatric health equity and the enormous impact of social determinants of health in this area. Factors involved with pediatric healthcare disparities that are considered include race, ethnicity, gender, age, poverty, socioeconomic status, LGBT status, living in rural communities, housing instability, food insecurity, access to transportation, availability of healthcare professionals, the status of education, and employment as well as immigration. Additional issues involved with health equity in pediatrics that are reviewed will include the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, behavioral health concepts, and the negative health effects of climate change. Recommendations that are presented include reflection of one's own attitudes on as well as an understanding of these topics, consideration of the role of various healthcare providers (i.e., community health workers, peer health navigators, others), the impact of behavioral health integration, and the need for well-conceived curricula as well as multi-faceted training programs in pediatric health equity at the undergraduate and postgraduate medical education levels. Furthermore, ongoing research in pediatric health equity is needed to scrutinize current concepts and stimulate the development of ideas with an ever-greater positive influence on the health of our beloved children. Clinicians caring for children can serve as champions for the optimal health of children and their families; in addition, these healthcare professionals are uniquely positioned in their daily work to understand the drivers of health inequities and to be advocates for optimal health equity in the 21st century for all children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Dickson
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Berrin Ergun-Longmire
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Donald E Greydanus
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States.
| | - Ransome Eke
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
| | - Bethany Giedeman
- Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nikoli M Nickson
- Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Linh-Nhu Hoang
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Uzochukwu Adabanya
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
| | - Daniela V Pinto Payares
- Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Summer Chahin
- Department of Psychology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital/Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jerica McCrary
- Center for Rural Health and Health Disparities, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
| | - Katie White
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Jin Hyung Moon
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA, United States
| | - Nizoramo Haitova
- Department of Educational Leadership, Research and Technology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Jocelyn Deleon
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Roger W Apple
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antoniotti V, Amore M, Caputo M, Fania C, Mancioppi V, Casoli G, Tini S, Antonioli A, Aimaretti G, Rabbone I, Bellone S, Prodam F. Glucose Alterations, Insulin Resistance, Arterial Hypertension, and Renin are Strictly Associated in Pediatric Obesity. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad088. [PMID: 37424701 PMCID: PMC10326241 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Insulin resistance, glucose alterations, arterial hypertension (HTN), and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are related in adult obesity. This crosstalk is still unexplored in childhood. Objective Characterize the relationships of fasting and postload glucose and insulin levels with new American Academy of Pediatrics classification of HTN and RAAS in pediatric obesity. Methods This was a retrospective observational study; 799 pediatric outpatients (11.4 ± 3.1 years) at a tertiary center who were overweight or obese and not yet on diet were included. The main outcome measures were mean and correlations among parameters of a complete clinical and metabolic screening (body mass index, blood pressure, and glucose and insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test, and renin and aldosterone levels and their ratio). Results 774 subjects had all the parameters, of whom 87.6% had HTN (5% elevated blood pressure, 29.2% stage I HTN, and 53.4% stage II HTN). Eighty subjects had 1 or more glucose alterations, and more frequently presented HTN. Blood pressure levels were higher in subjects with glucose alterations than in those with normal glucose levels. Fasting and stimulated glucose and insulin levels were directly related to the HTN stages, and insulin sensitivity was lower in HTN than in normal blood pressure. Aldosterone, renin, and aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR) were similar in sexes, whereas aldosterone was higher in prepubertal individuals. Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) had higher renin and lower ARR. Renin was positively correlated with postload glucose, and ARR was negatively correlated with the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance index. Conclusion A close relationship exists among insulin resistance, glucose alterations, HTN, and renin in childhood obesity. Specific categories of risk could provide indicators for strict clinical surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Antoniotti
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Amore
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marina Caputo
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Fania
- SCDU Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Mancioppi
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gloria Casoli
- SCDU Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Tini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonioli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ivana Rabbone
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bellone
- SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Flavia Prodam
- Correspondence: Flavia Prodam, MD, PhD, Department of Health Sciences, SCDU Endocrinology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pérez-Gimeno G, Seral-Cortes M, Sabroso-Lasa S, Esteban LM, Lurbe E, Béghin L, Gottrand F, Meirhaeghe A, Muntaner M, Kafatos A, Molnár D, Leclercq C, Widhalm K, Kersting M, Nova E, Salazar-Tortosa DF, Gonzalez-Gross M, Breidenassel C, Sinningen K, De Ruyter T, Labayen I, Rupérez AI, Bueno-Lozano G, Moreno LA. Development of a genetic risk score to predict the risk of hypertension in European adolescents from the HELENA study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1118919. [PMID: 37324619 PMCID: PMC10267871 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1118919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction From genome wide association study (GWAS) a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have previously been associated with blood pressure (BP) levels. A combination of SNPs, forming a genetic risk score (GRS) could be considered as a useful genetic tool to identify individuals at risk of developing hypertension from early stages in life. Therefore, the aim of our study was to build a GRS being able to predict the genetic predisposition to hypertension (HTN) in European adolescents. Methods Data were extracted from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) cross-sectional study. A total of 869 adolescents (53% female), aged 12.5-17.5, with complete genetic and BP information were included. The sample was divided into altered (≥130 mmHg for systolic and/or ≥80 mmHg for diastolic) or normal BP. Based on the literature, a total of 1.534 SNPs from 57 candidate genes related with BP were selected from the HELENA GWAS database. Results From 1,534 SNPs available, An initial screening of SNPs univariately associated with HTN (p < 0.10) was established, to finally obtain a number of 16 SNPs significantly associated with HTN (p < 0.05) in the multivariate model. The unweighted GRS (uGRS) and weighted GRS (wGRS) were estimated. To validate the GRSs, the area under the curve (AUC) was explored using ten-fold internal cross-validation for uGRS (0.802) and wGRS (0.777). Further covariates of interest were added to the analyses, obtaining a higher predictive ability (AUC values of uGRS: 0.879; wGRS: 0.881 for BMI z-score). Furthermore, the differences between AUCs obtained with and without the addition of covariates were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions Both GRSs, the uGRS and wGRS, could be useful to evaluate the predisposition to hypertension in European adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pérez-Gimeno
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Seral-Cortes
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Sabroso-Lasa
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group (GMEG), Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Empar Lurbe
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laurent Béghin
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Frederic Gottrand
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, INFINITE—Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
| | - Aline Meirhaeghe
- Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases (RID-AGE), Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Manon Muntaner
- Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases (RID-AGE), Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Catherine Leclercq
- INRAN, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, Food and Nutrition Research Centre-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathilde Kersting
- Departement of Nutrition—Human Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Esther Nova
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego F. Salazar-Tortosa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- PROFITH ‘PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity’ Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcela Gonzalez-Gross
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christina Breidenassel
- Departement of Nutrition—Human Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathrin Sinningen
- Research Department of Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thaïs De Ruyter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Azahara I. Rupérez
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gloria Bueno-Lozano
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD), Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132730. [PMID: 35807910 PMCID: PMC9268943 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
6
|
Gor Z, Bezen D, Turkmenoglu Y, Vurgun E, Irdem A, Dursun H. Serum copeptin as a biomarker of hypertension in children with obesity. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15355. [PMID: 36564342 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HT) in obesity has been reported frequently in children in recent years. The role of copeptin and uric acid here are not well known. We aimed to investigate the relationship between HT and serum copeptin and uric acid levels in children with obesity. METHODS We included 80 children with obesity who were admitted to our hospital between April 2018 and September 2018. The patients were separated into two groups: hypertensive and non-hypertensive. Serum copeptin levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Copeptin levels were significantly higher in patients with HT than in those without (p = 0.0001). In addition, serum uric acid levels in patients with HT were significantly higher, while the serum potassium levels were significantly lower (p = 0.01) than in those without HT (p = 0.001). In correlation analyses, a positive correlation was detected between blood sodium and copeptin levels (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Hypertensive children with obesity had higher serum copeptin and uric acid and lower blood potassium levels. Moreover, copeptin levels were positively correlated with blood sodium levels. Thus, in addition to copeptin, serum uric acid, potassium, and sodium levels may be important in the diagnosis and follow-up of children with HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Gor
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Science University, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Digdem Bezen
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Health Science University, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yelda Turkmenoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Science University, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eren Vurgun
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Science University, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Irdem
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Health Science University, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Dursun
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Health Science University, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|