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Sandri E, Borghesi D, Cantín Larumbe E, Cerdá Olmedo G, Vega-Bello MJ, Bernalte Martí V. Intermittent Fasting: Socio-Economic Profile of Spanish Citizens Who Practice It and the Influence of This Dietary Pattern on the Health and Lifestyle Habits of the Population. Nutrients 2024; 16:2028. [PMID: 38999776 PMCID: PMC11243379 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary approach that has gained popularity in recent years. More and more Spanish people are following this eating pattern, which consists of alternating periods of fasting with periods of food intake. Its benefits include improved metabolic and vascular health and weight loss. OBJECTIVES 1. To study the prevalence of IF among the Spanish population. 2. To explore how demographic factors influence the choice to adopt this dietary approach. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the Spanish population using the NutSo-HH questionnaire, which was constructed, validated, and disseminated by the research team through a non-probabilistic snowball sampling approach, collecting socio-demographic data and nutritional, social and lifestyle habits of the population. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A valid sample of 22,181 people participated, of whom 4.59% (n = 1018) said they practiced IF. The data show that more middle-aged men than women practice IF. In addition, individuals who follow IF methods are less likely to have no control over their food intake, are less scared to gain weight and have a higher body image, but no differences were found related to unhealthy food and nights out. There were also no significant differences in terms of the level of education, income, size of municipality, or region of residence. In conclusion, a person who practices IF seems to have adopted a healthier lifestyle and social habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sandri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Quevedo, 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (E.S.); (G.C.O.)
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Quevedo 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniele Borghesi
- Master’s Degree in Data Science and Business Informatics, University of Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Eva Cantín Larumbe
- Degree in Data Science, Polytechnical University of Valencia, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Germán Cerdá Olmedo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Quevedo, 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (E.S.); (G.C.O.)
| | - María Jesús Vega-Bello
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Quevedo, 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (E.S.); (G.C.O.)
| | - Vicente Bernalte Martí
- Predepartmental Nursing Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain;
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Griffith CA, Leidy HJ, Gwin JA. Indices of Sleep Health Are Associated With Timing and Duration of Eating in Young Adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024:S2212-2672(24)00204-1. [PMID: 38697355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist examining whether timing and/or duration of eating behaviors throughout the day affect sleep health. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between eating behaviors and sleep in young adults without chronic diseases or conditions. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study using 7 days of baseline data from a randomized crossover trial. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Participants included 52 young adults. The study took place in West Lafayette, Indiana, between April 2017 and May 2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Timing and duration of eating were assessed via 3 nonconsecutive, 24-hour dietary recalls. Bedtime, wake time, total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset were measured over 7 days via wrist actigraphy and sleep diaries. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Two-way analyses of variance were applied to assess group differences based on timing of consumption (early vs late eating) and duration of eating (long: >13 hours, short: <11 hours, or standard: 11-13 hours) with post-hoc pairwise comparisons. RESULTS Main effects of timing of consumption, but not duration of eating, were detected for wake time, bedtime, and sleep efficiency (all, P < .05). Specifically, participants with later eating patterns that included breakfast skipping had later wake times and later bedtimes than those with earlier eating patterns. In addition, those who had later eating patterns that included breakfast skipping and nighttime eating experienced lower sleep efficiency (mean [SE], 77.0% [2.3%]) vs those who consumed breakfast and no nighttime eating (mean [SE], 84.6% [1.4%]; P < .001) and those who skipped breakfast but had no nighttime eating (mean [SE], 84.2% [2.5]; P < .05). Those who consumed breakfast but also had nighttime eating had a mean (SE) sleep efficiency of 82.4% (1.4%) (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS The timing of eating was associated with sleep-wake onset and sleep efficiency. This study provides the preliminary characterization of eating behaviors relative to sleep-wake cycles and highlights the need for experimental studies to understand whether manipulating the timing of eating occasions to better align with sleep-wake cycles could improve sleep health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Griffith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Heather J Leidy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts.
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Janssen H, Koekkoek LL, Swirski FK. Effects of lifestyle factors on leukocytes in cardiovascular health and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:157-169. [PMID: 37752350 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Exercise, stress, sleep and diet are four distinct but intertwined lifestyle factors that influence the cardiovascular system. Abundant epidemiological, clinical and preclinical studies have underscored the importance of managing stress, having good sleep hygiene and responsible eating habits and exercising regularly. We are born with a genetic blueprint that can protect us against or predispose us to a particular disease. However, lifestyle factors build upon and profoundly influence those predispositions. Studies in the past 10 years have shown that the immune system in general and leukocytes in particular are particularly susceptible to environmental perturbations. Lifestyle factors such as stress, sleep, diet and exercise affect leukocyte behaviour and function and thus the immune system at large. In this Review, we explore the various mechanisms by which lifestyle factors modulate haematopoiesis and leukocyte migration and function in the context of cardiovascular health. We pay particular attention to the role of the nervous system as the key executor that connects environmental influences to leukocyte behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Janssen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura L Koekkoek
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- The Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Mishra A, Sobha D, Patel D, Suresh PS. Intermittent fasting in health and disease. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37828854 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2268301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Intermittent fasting, a new-age dietary concept derived from an age-old tradition, involves repetitive cycles of fasting/calorie restriction and eating. OBJECTIVE We aim to take a deep dive into the biological responses to intermittent fasting, delineate the disease-modifying and cognitive effects of intermittent fasting, and also shed light on the possible side effects. METHODS Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies were reviewed, followed by an in-depth analysis, and compilation of their implications in health and disease. RESULTS Intermittent fasting improves the body's stress tolerance, which is further amplified with exercise. It impacts various pathological conditions like cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSION During dietary restriction, the human body experiences a metabolic switch due to the depletion of liver glycogen, which promotes a shift towards utilising fatty acids and ketones in the system, thereby significantly impacting adiposity, ageing and the immune response to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Devika Sobha
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Dimple Patel
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Padmanaban S Suresh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Calicut, India
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Gangitano E, Baxter M, Voronkov M, Lenzi A, Gnessi L, Ray D. The interplay between macronutrients and sleep: focus on circadian and homeostatic processes. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1166699. [PMID: 37680898 PMCID: PMC10482045 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1166699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are an emerging risk factor for metabolic diseases, for which the burden is particularly worrying worldwide. The importance of sleep for metabolic health is being increasingly recognized, and not only the amount of sleep plays an important role, but also its quality. In this review, we studied the evidence in the literature on macronutrients and their influence on sleep, focusing on the mechanisms that may lay behind this interaction. In particular, we focused on the effects of macronutrients on circadian and homeostatic processes of sleep in preclinical models, and reviewed the evidence of clinical studies in humans. Given the importance of sleep for health, and the role of circadian biology in healthy sleep, it is important to understand how macronutrients regulate circadian clocks and sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gangitano
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matthew Baxter
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Voronkov
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Sleep Duration, Body Mass Index, and Dietary Behaviour among KSU Students. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030510. [PMID: 36771217 PMCID: PMC9918940 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents who receive an adequate amount of sleep benefit from a positive health status. Previous studies have documented several health consequences connected with obesity as well as short sleep duration among adolescents. Poor sleep quality with obesity and uncontrolled diet can lead to chronic diseases in the future. This study aimed to examine the link between eating habits, sleep duration, and body mass index (BMI) among King Saud University (KSU) students. METHODS The study was cross-sectional and conducted from February to May 2021 on 311 recruited students (male and female) of KSU premises. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire was used to describe sleep duration linked with a dietary pattern that included fruit and vegetable intake. The questionnaire consists of two sections of 15 and 10 questions each. The questionnaire was created using the Google Forms tool and distributed through social media platforms like Twitter and WhatsApp. The obtained data was transferred into excel to perform the statistical analysis. RESULTS The mean total of students who participated in this study was 21.45 ± 23.11. Female students (72.3%) were actively involved in this study. About 30.2% of students were found to be overweight and obese. Around 67.8% of students had insufficient sleep, 32.2% had adequate sleep, and over 70% of students fell asleep within 30 min of going to bed. A total of 71.7% of students showed good sleep quality, whereas 28.3% reported poor sleep quality. BMI was categorized into four groups: 17.7% of individuals were underweight, 52.1% were of normal weight threshold, 20.6% were overweight, and 9.6% were obese. On a regular basis, 12.5% of students consume vegetables and 6.4% fruits daily. The results of this study show that only 8% of students eat breakfast, whereas 62.1% eat lunch, and 29.9% eat dinner. CONCLUSION This study concludes that short sleep duration was associated with obesity among KSU students. This association was also found between sleep duration and dietary factors, specifically in the consumption of fruits and vegetables in terms of eating behaviour.
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Cao V, Clark A, Aggarwal B. Dieting Behavior Characterized by Caloric Restriction and Relation to Sleep: A Brief Contemporary Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:276. [PMID: 36612601 PMCID: PMC9819120 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is sufficient evidence showing that greater sleep quality improves weight loss outcomes achieved through dietary modifications; however, the effects of dietary modifications such as caloric restriction on sleep outcomes is less established. Caloric restriction is a commonly recommended weight-loss method, yet it may result in short-term weight loss and subsequent weight regain, known as "weight cycling", which has recently been shown to be associated with both poor sleep and worse cardiovascular health. The purpose of this brief narrative review was to summarize the evidence from recent studies of the effects of caloric restriction on sleep. Six articles were identified that specifically measured effects of a caloric restriction-based intervention on aspects of sleep as primary or secondary outcomes. Most research to date indicates that caloric restriction improves sleep outcomes including sleep quality and sleep onset latency. However, the relation between caloric restriction and sleep duration is less clear. Given the mixed results and the potential for severe caloric restriction to lead to weight cycling, future studies are needed to clarify how caloric restriction affects sleep and the potential implications for weight-management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Cao
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alisha Clark
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brooke Aggarwal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Obermayer A, Tripolt NJ, Pferschy PN, Kojzar H, Jacan A, Schauer M, Aziz F, Oulhaj A, Aberer F, Sourij C, Obermayer‐Pietsch B, Stadlbauer V, Sourij H. INTERmittent FASTing in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus - the INTERFAST-2 study protocol. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14813. [PMID: 35179802 PMCID: PMC9304224 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM Intermittent fasting, a dietary intervention of alternate eating and fasting, has gained popularity in people trying to lose weight. Intermittent fasting could provide an alternative to classic caloric restriction in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of a 12-week intermittent fasting regimen compared with usual care in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving insulin therapy. METHODS This open, single-centre, randomized controlled trial investigates participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy and a glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of ≥53 mmol/mol (≥7.0%) and a minimum insulin dose of 0.3 IU/kg body weight per day. Participants are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either 12 weeks of intermittent fasting or the standard care group. All participants receive dietary counselling, continuous glucose monitoring, measurement of the resting metabolic rate, an oral glucose tolerance test, body composition measurement via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and stool samples for microbiome analyses at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Two co-primary outcomes (analysed in hierarchical order) were chosen for the study: (i) the difference in the change of HbA1c from baseline to 12 weeks and (ii) the difference in the number of participants achieving a combined end point encompassing a body weight reduction of at least 2%, an insulin dose reduction of at least 10% and an absolute HbA1c reduction of at least 3 mmol/mol (0.3%) between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Obermayer
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials UnitDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Norbert J. Tripolt
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials UnitDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Peter N. Pferschy
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials UnitDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
- CBmed – Center for Biomarker Research in MedicineGrazAustria
| | - Harald Kojzar
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials UnitDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Angela Jacan
- CBmed – Center for Biomarker Research in MedicineGrazAustria
| | - Markus Schauer
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials UnitDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Faisal Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials UnitDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Abderrahim Oulhaj
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesKhalifa UniversityAbu DhabiUAE
- Institute of Public HealthCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl AinUAE
| | - Felix Aberer
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials UnitDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Caren Sourij
- Division of CardiologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Barbara Obermayer‐Pietsch
- Endocrinology Lab PlatformDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- CBmed – Center for Biomarker Research in MedicineGrazAustria
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials UnitDivision of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
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A Time to Rest, a Time to Dine: Sleep, Time-Restricted Eating, and Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030420. [PMID: 35276787 PMCID: PMC8840563 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a serious health and economic burden worldwide. Modifiable lifestyle factors are a focus of research into reducing the burden of CVD, with diet as one of the most investigated factors. Specifically, the timing and regularity of food intake is an emerging research area, with approaches such as time-restricted eating (TRE) receiving much attention. TRE involves shortening the time available to eat across the day and is associated with improved CVD outcomes compared with longer eating windows. However, studies that have examined TRE have not considered the impact of sleep on CVD outcomes despite recent evidence showing that sleep duration can influence the timing and amount of food eaten. In this article, we argue that as TRE and sleep influence each other, and influence the same cardiometabolic parameters, experiencing inadequate sleep may attenuate any positive impact TRE has on CVD. We examine the relationship between TRE and CVD, with sleep as a potential mediator in this relationship, and propose a research agenda to investigate this relationship. This will provide necessary evidence to inform future interventions aimed at reducing the burden of CVD.
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