1
|
Lv J, Jin S, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li M, Feng N. Equol: a metabolite of gut microbiota with potential antitumor effects. Gut Pathog 2024; 16:35. [PMID: 38972976 PMCID: PMC11229234 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-024-00625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have shown that the consumption of soybeans and soybeans products is beneficial to human health, and the biological activity of soy products may be attributed to the presence of Soy Isoflavones (SI) in soybeans. In the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, certain specific bacteria can metabolize soy isoflavones into equol. Equol has a similar chemical structure to endogenous estradiol in the human body, which can bind with estrogen receptors and exert weak estrogen effects. Therefore, equol plays an important role in the occurrence and development of a variety of hormone-dependent malignancies such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. Despite the numerous health benefits of equol for humans, only 30-50% of the population can metabolize soy isoflavones into equol, with individual variation in gut microbiota being the main reason. This article provides an overview of the relevant gut microbiota involved in the synthesis of equol and its anti-tumor effects in various types of cancer. It also summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor properties, aiming to provide a more reliable theoretical basis for the rational utilization of equol in the field of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shengkai Jin
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, China
| | - Yuhua Zhou
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Menglu Li
- Department of Urology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China.
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
- Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, China.
- Department of Urology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China.
- Jiangnan University Medical Center, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Himori N, Uchida K, Ninomiya T, Nagai M, Sato K, Tsuda S, Omodaka K, Nakazawa T. The relationship between equol production status and normal tension glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:287. [PMID: 38937293 PMCID: PMC11211100 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Equol is metabolized by intestinal bacteria from soy isoflavones and is chemically similar to estrogen. Dietary habits, such as consumption of soy products, influence equol production. A relationship between glaucoma and estrogen has been identified; here, we investigated the relationship between equol production status and glaucoma in Japan. METHODS We recruited 68 normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients (male to female ratio 26:42, average age 63.0 ± 7.6 years) and 31 controls (male to female ratio 13:18, average age 66.0 ± 6.3 years) from our hospital. All women included were postmenopausal. Urinary equol concentration was quantified with the ELISA method. MD was calculated based on the Humphrey visual field. The association between MD and equol was analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the equol-producing (> 1 μM) and non-producing (< 1 μM) subjects. We also investigated the association between equol and glaucoma with a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS There was a significant association between equol and MD (r = 0.36, P < 0.01) in the NTG patients. Glaucoma, represented by MD, was significantly milder in the equol-producing subjects than the non-equol producing subjects (P = 0.03). A multivariate analysis revealed the independent contributions of equol, cpRNFLT, and IOP to MD (P = 0.03, P = 0.04, and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that equol, acting through estrogen receptor-mediated neuroprotective effects, might be involved in suppressing the progression of NTG. This result also adds to evidence that glaucoma may be influenced by lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Aging Vision Healthcare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ninomiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | | | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Longtine AG, Greenberg NT, Bernaldo de Quirós Y, Brunt VE. The gut microbiome as a modulator of arterial function and age-related arterial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H986-H1005. [PMID: 38363212 PMCID: PMC11279790 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00764.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The arterial system is integral to the proper function of all other organs and tissues. Arterial function is impaired with aging, and arterial dysfunction contributes to the development of numerous age-related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiome has emerged as an important regulator of both normal host physiological function and impairments in function with aging. The purpose of this review is to summarize more recently published literature demonstrating the role of the gut microbiome in supporting normal arterial development and function and in modulating arterial dysfunction with aging in the absence of overt disease. The gut microbiome can be altered due to a variety of exposures, including physiological aging processes. We explore mechanisms by which the gut microbiome may contribute to age-related arterial dysfunction, with a focus on changes in various gut microbiome-related compounds in circulation. In addition, we discuss how modulating circulating levels of these compounds may be a viable therapeutic approach for improving artery function with aging. Finally, we identify and discuss various experimental considerations and research gaps/areas of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Longtine
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Nathan T Greenberg
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Yara Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Vienna E Brunt
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laudani S, Godos J, Romano GL, Gozzo L, Di Domenico FM, Dominguez Azpíroz I, Martínez Diaz R, Giampieri F, Quiles JL, Battino M, Drago F, Galvano F, Grosso G. Isoflavones Effects on Vascular and Endothelial Outcomes: How Is the Gut Microbiota Involved? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:236. [PMID: 38399451 PMCID: PMC10891971 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are a group of (poly)phenols, also defined as phytoestrogens, with chemical structures comparable with estrogen, that exert weak estrogenic effects. These phytochemical compounds have been targeted for their proven antioxidant and protective effects. Recognizing the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), there is a growing interest in understanding the potential cardiovascular benefits associated with these phytochemical compounds. Gut microbiota may play a key role in mediating the effects of isoflavones on vascular and endothelial functions, as it is directly implicated in isoflavones metabolism. The findings from randomized clinical trials indicate that isoflavone supplementation may exert putative effects on vascular biomarkers among healthy individuals, but not among patients affected by cardiometabolic disorders. These results might be explained by the enzymatic transformation to which isoflavones are subjected by the gut microbiota, suggesting that a diverse composition of the microbiota may determine the diverse bioavailability of these compounds. Specifically, the conversion of isoflavones in equol-a microbiota-derived metabolite-seems to differ between individuals. Further studies are needed to clarify the intricate molecular mechanisms behind these contrasting results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Laudani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.L.); (F.M.D.D.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Justyna Godos
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.L.); (F.M.D.D.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Luca Romano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | - Lucia Gozzo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit/Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Federica Martina Di Domenico
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.L.); (F.M.D.D.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Irma Dominguez Azpíroz
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain; (I.D.A.); (R.M.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.Q.); (M.B.)
- Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito EN250, Angola
- Universidad de La Romana, La Romana 22000, Dominican Republic
| | - Raquel Martínez Diaz
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain; (I.D.A.); (R.M.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.Q.); (M.B.)
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Arecibo 00613, Puerto Rico
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain; (I.D.A.); (R.M.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.Q.); (M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - José L. Quiles
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain; (I.D.A.); (R.M.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.Q.); (M.B.)
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Research Group on Food, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain; (I.D.A.); (R.M.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.Q.); (M.B.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.L.); (F.M.D.D.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.L.); (F.M.D.D.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.L.); (F.M.D.D.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (G.G.)
- Center for Human Nutrition and Mediterranean Foods (NUTREA), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tagorti G, Yalçın B, Güneş M, Kurşun AY, Kaya B. Genotoxic and genoprotective effects of phytoestrogens: a systematic review. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:1242-1254. [PMID: 36606318 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2146134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are xenoestrogens found in plants with a myriad of health benefits. However, various studies reported the genotoxic effects of these substances. Thus, we reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies published in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to evaluate the genotoxic and the genoprotective potential of phytoestrogens. Only studies written in English and intended to study commercially available phytoestrogens were included. The screening was performed manually. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of action of phytoestrogens was described. Around half of those studies (43%) reported genoprotective results. However, several studies revealed positive results for genotoxicity with specific model organisms and with dose/concentration dependence. The assessment of the selected articles showed substantial differences in the used concentrations and a biphasic response was recorded in some phytoestrogens. As far as we know, this is the first study to assess the genotoxic and genoprotective effects of phytoestrogens systematically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Tagorti
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burçin Yalçın
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Merve Güneş
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Bülent Kaya
- Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ubaid M, Salauddin, Shadani MA, Kawish SM, Albratty M, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Najmi A, Zoghebi K, Halawi MA, Ali A, Alam MS, Iqbal Z, Mirza MA. Daidzein from Dietary Supplement to a Drug Candidate: An Evaluation of Potential. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32271-32293. [PMID: 37780202 PMCID: PMC10538961 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Daidzein (DDZ) is a well-known nutraceutical supplement belonging to the class of isoflavones. It is isolated from various sources such as alfalfa, soybean, and red clover. It demonstrates a broad array of pharmacological/beneficial properties such as cardiovascular exercise, cholesterol reduction, and anticancer, antifibrotic, and antidiabetic effects, which make it effective in treating a wide range of diseases. Its structure and operation are the same as those of human estrogens, which are important in preventing osteoporosis, cancer, and postmenopausal diseases. It is thus a promising candidate for development as a phytopharmaceutical. Addressing safety, efficacy, and physicochemical properties are the primary prerequisites. DDZ is already ingested every day in varying amounts, so there should not be a significant safety risk; however, each indication requires a different dose to be determined. Some clinical trials are already being conducted globally to confirm its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic potential. Furthermore, as a result of its therapeutic influence on health, in order to establish intellectual property, patents are utilized. In light of the vast potential of eugenol, this review presents a detailed data collection on DDZ to substantiate the claim to develop it in the therapeutic category.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ubaid
- School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Salauddin
- School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Md Andalib Shadani
- School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - S. M. Kawish
- School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Pharmacy
Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of
Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Substance
Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Medical
Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A. Halawi
- Pharmacy
Practice, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Haematology, Division of Cancer & Genetics School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, U.K.
| | - Abuzer Ali
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taif
University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Shamsher Alam
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd. Aamir Mirza
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Estrogenic flavonoids and their molecular mechanisms of action. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 114:109250. [PMID: 36509337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a major group of phytoestrogens associated with physiological effects, and ecological and social impacts. Although the estrogenic activity of flavonoids was reported by researchers in the fields of medical, environmental and food studies, their molecular mechanisms of action have not been comprehensively reviewed. The estrogenic activity of the respective classes of flavonoids, anthocyanidins/anthocyanins, 2-arylbenzofurans/3-arylcoumarins/α-methyldeoxybenzoins, aurones/chalcones/dihydrochalcones, coumaronochromones, coumestans, flavans/flavan-3-ols/flavan-4-ols, flavanones/dihydroflavonols, flavones/flavonols, homoisoflavonoids, isoflavans, isoflavanones, isoflavenes, isoflavones, neoflavonoids, oligoflavonoids, pterocarpans/pterocarpenes, and rotenone/rotenoids, was summarized through a comprehensive literature search, and their structure-activity relationship, biological activities, signaling pathways, and applications were discussed. Although the respective classes of flavonoids contained at least one chemical mimicking estrogen, the mechanisms varied, such as those with estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, non-estrogenic, and biphasic activities, and additional activities through crosstalk/bypassing, which exert biological activities through cell signaling pathways. Such mechanistic variations of estrogen action are not limited to flavonoids and are observed among other broad categories of chemicals, thus this group of chemicals can be termed as the "estrogenome". This review article focuses on the connection of estrogen action mainly between the outer and the inner environments, which represent variations of chemicals and biological activities/signaling pathways, respectively, and form the basis to understand their applications. The applications of chemicals will markedly progress due to emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence for precision medicine, which is also true of the study of the estrogenome including estrogenic flavonoids.
Collapse
|
8
|
Effects of Spray Drying, Freeze Drying and Gamma Irradiation on the Antioxidant Activities of Camel and Cow Milk Fractions. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to establish an integrated approach to investigate the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of dried skim camel and cow milk and their fractions. The milk fractions were obtained by acid or enzymatic coagulation followed by spray drying (inlet temperature/outlet temperature: 125 ± 2 °C/90 ± 2 °C) or freeze drying (−50 °C, 0.05 mbar) coupled or not to gamma irradiation (at 5, 11, 22 kGy). The results showed that the total phenolic content (measured in gallic acid equivalent, GAE) varied depending on the drying technique. The freeze-drying process corresponded to the highest values of total phenolic compounds, with 247.23 ± 2.08 mg GAE/100 g powder for the β-casein fraction of camel milk (βC CaM) and 621.13 ± 4.16 mg GAE/100 g powder for the β-casein fraction of cow milk (βC CoM). Compared to spray-dried fractions, freeze-dried fractions showed generally higher ferric reducing antioxidant power for both camel milk and cow milk. The highest values of free radical scavenging activity were seen in the spray-dried β-casein fractions of camel milk (βC CaM) and cow milk (βC CoM) and in the freeze-dried acid whey of cow and camel milk (AW CaM and AW CaM). Freeze-dried acid whey (AW CaM and AW CoM) appeared to be less sensitive to gamma irradiation at 5 and 11 kGy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu YY, Gou W, Yan Y, Liu CY, Yang Y, Chen D, Xie K, Jiang Z, Fu Y, Zhu HL, Zheng JS, Chen YM. Gut microbiota and acylcarnitine metabolites connect the beneficial association between equol and adiposity in adults: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1831-1841. [PMID: 36095141 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated the effects of soy isoflavones on weight control, but few have focused on the role of equol, a gut-derived metabolite of daidzein with greater bioavailability than other soy isoflavones. OBJECTIVES This study examined the association of equol production with obesity and explored the mediating roles of equol-related gut microbiota and microbial carnitine metabolites. METHODS This 6.6-y prospective study included 2958 Chinese adults (2011 females and 947 males) aged 60.6 ± 6.0 y (mean ± SD) at baseline. Urinary equol and isoflavones were measured using HPLC-tandem MS. BMI, percentage fat mass (%FM), and serum triglycerides (TGs) were assessed every 3 y. Metagenomics sequencing and assessment of carnitine metabolites in feces were performed in a subsample of 897 participants. RESULTS Urinary equol, but not daidzein and genistein, was independently and inversely associated with the obesity-related indicators of BMI, %FM, and a biomarker (TGs). Equol producers (EPs) had lower odds of adiposity conditions and a reduced risk of 6.6-y obesity progression than non-EPs among total participants. Gut microbial analyses indicated that EPs had higher microbiome species richness (P = 3.42 × 10-5) and significantly different β-diversity of gut microbiota compared with the non-EP group (P = 0.001), with 20 of 162 species differing significantly. EPs (compared with non-EPs) had higher abundances of Alistipes senegalensis and Coprococcus catus but lower abundances of Ruminococcus gnavus (false discovery rate <0.05). Among the 7 determined fecal acylcarnitine metabolites, palmitoylcarnitine, oleylcarnitine 18:1, and stearylcarnitine were inversely associated with EPs but positively correlated with obesity conditions and progression. Path analyses indicated that the beneficial association between equol and obesity might be mediated by gut microbiota and decreased production of 3 acylcarnitines in feces. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a beneficial association between equol and obesity, mediated by the gut microbiome and acylcarnitines, in adults.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03179657.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanglong Gou
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingdi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keliang Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deng H, Gao S, Zhang W, Zhang T, Li N, Zhou J. High Titer of ( S)-Equol Synthesis from Daidzein in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:4043-4053. [PMID: 36282480 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
(S)-Equol is the terminal metabolite of daidzein and plays important roles in human health. However, due to anaerobic inefficiency, limited productivity in (S)-equol-producing strains often hinders (S)-equol mass production. Here, a multi-enzyme cascade system was designed to generate a higher (S)-equol titer. First, full reversibility of the (S)-equol synthesis pathway was found and a blocking reverse conversion strategy was established. As biosynthetic genes are present in the microbial genome, an effective daidzein reductase was chosen using evolutionary principles. And our analyses showed that NADPH was crucial for the pathway. In response to this, a novel NADPH pool was redesigned after analyzing a cofactor metabolism model. By adjusting synthesis pathway genes at the right expression level, the entire synthesis pathway can take place smoothly. Thus, the cascade system was optimized by regulating the gene expression intensity. Finally, after optimizing fermentation conditions, a 5 L bioreactor was used to generate a high (S)-equol production titer (3418.5 mg/L), with a conversion rate of approximately 85.9%. This study shows a feasible green process route for the production of (S)-equol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanning Deng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, 678 Tianchen Street, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Tianmeng Zhang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, 678 Tianchen Street, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, 678 Tianchen Street, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ohishi T, Miyoshi N, Mori M, Sagara M, Yamori Y. Health Effects of Soy Isoflavones and Green Tea Catechins on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases Based on Urinary Biomarker Levels. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248899. [PMID: 36558031 PMCID: PMC9781513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant polyphenols have various health effects. Genistein, which is abundant in soybeans, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which is abundant in green tea, are major flavonoids, a subclass group of polyphenols. Several epidemiological studies have shown that these flavonoids have beneficial effects against cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, other studies did not show such effects. Several confounding factors, including recall bias, are related to these inconsistent findings, and the determination of metabolites in the urine may be useful in reducing the number of confounding factors. Equipment, which can be used by research participants to collect samples from a portion of voided urine within 24 h without the help of medical workers, has been developed for epidemiological investigations. Previous studies, in which flavonoid metabolites in these urine samples were measured, revealed that soy intake was correlated with a reduced risk of certain types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Although soybeans and green tea consumption may have protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, further clinical studies that consider different confounding factors are required to provide evidence for the actual impact of dietary flavonoids on human diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. One possible mechanism involved is discussed in relation to the downregulation of reactive oxygen species and the upregulation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase elicited by these flavonoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Ohishi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shizuoka 410-0301, Japan
- Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mari Mori
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Studies, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- NPO World Health Frontier Institute, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
| | - Miki Sagara
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
- Disease Model Cooperative Research Association, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.O.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang X, Fujiyoshi A, Kadota A, Kondo K, Torii S, Okami Y, Hisamatsu T, Yano Y, Barinas-Mitchell E, Magnani J, Miura K, Ueshima H, Sekikawa A. Cross-sectional association of equol producing status with aortic calcification in Japanese men aged 40-79 years. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20114. [PMID: 36418419 PMCID: PMC9684435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Equol is an isoflavone (ISF)-derived metabolite by the gut microbiome in certain individuals termed equol-producers (EP). Equol might be the critical anti-atherogenic component of ISFs. In a population-based study of 979 Japanese men aged 40-79 without cardiovascular (CVD) or chronic kidney disease, we measured the urinary levels of equol and ISFs. Aortic calcification (AC) in the entire aorta was assessed by electron-beam or multi-detector-row computed tomography. Subjects with log10 (urinary equol to daidzein concentration) > - 1.5 were classified as EP. EP was further classified as person with low- and high-equol. We analyzed the association between equol-producing status and AC presence, defined as AC score > 0, by the logistic regressions. We found that EP (50% of the sample) had significantly lower odds of AC presence (odds ratio (OR): 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39, 0.98) compared to non-EP. This association was independent of CVD risk factors. For the dose-response association, compared to non-EP, subjects with low and high levels of equol had ORs of 0.51 (95% CI 0.30, 0.84) and 0.67 (95% CI 0.39, 1.14) after adjusting for major CVD risk factors (p for trend = 0.06). ISFs concentrations were not significantly associated with AC presence (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.69). In conclusion, EP had a significantly lower burden of AC than non-EP, while ISFs were not associated with AC presence in Japanese men aged 40-79 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Avenue, Suite 331, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Akira Fujiyoshi
- grid.412857.d0000 0004 1763 1087Department of Hygiene, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Aya Kadota
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Keiko Kondo
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Sayuki Torii
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okami
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Hisamatsu
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806NCD Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Emma Barinas-Mitchell
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Avenue, Suite 331, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Jared Magnani
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- grid.410827.80000 0000 9747 6806Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 North Bellefield Avenue, Suite 331, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cardiac involvement in Wilson's disease: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 34:1147-1150. [PMID: 36170683 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disorder with perturbations in copper metabolism and can cause multiorgan damage. This study aims to explore cardiac findings mainly based on electrocardiography (ECG) in WD patients. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled adult patients who were diagnosed with WD between January 2011 and December 2020. Demographic and clinical data were collected and reevaluated. RESULTS A total of 126 patients were included. There were 71 men and 55 women. The mean age was 27.2 years. Ninety-nine had hepatic presentation as the initial symptom and 27 had neuropsychiatric presentation as the initial symptom. Thirty-seven patients (29.4%) had cardiac manifestations. Of these patients, nine presented apparent cardiac symptoms (three with discontinuous chest tightness, three with dizziness, two with palpitation and one with atypical chest pain) and 28 had asymptomatic electrocardiography (ECG) abnormalities. Among the nine patients, four had second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, three had ST-segment change and two had ventricular tachycardia. ECG abnormalities in the 28 patients included increase in the width of the QRS complex in 8, atrial premature beats in 8, T-wave inversion in 5, P-wave inversion in 2, sinus bradycardia in 2, ST-segment change in 2, and coexistence of sinus bradycardia and T-wave inversion in 1. No statistical difference (P = 0.32) existed in the occurrence of ECG abnormalities between patients with hepatic presentation (27/99) and those with neuropsychiatric presentation (10/27). CONCLUSION Cardiac involvement is not rare in adult WD patients. We suggest that cardiac evaluation should be routinely performed in the population.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sekikawa A, Wharton W, Butts B, Veliky CV, Garfein J, Li J, Goon S, Fort A, Li M, Hughes TM. Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11921. [PMID: 36233223 PMCID: PMC9570153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy isoflavones are regularly consumed, show that dietary isoflavone intake is inversely associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, randomized controlled trials of soy isoflavones in Western countries did not generally show their cognitive benefit. The discrepant results may be attributed to S-equol production capability; after consuming soy isoflavones, 40-70% of East Asians produce S-equol, whereas 20-30% of Westerners do. Recent observational and clinical studies in Japan show that S-equol but not soy isoflavones is inversely associated with multiple vascular pathologies, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia, including arterial stiffness and white matter lesion volume. S-equol has better permeability to the blood-brain barrier than soy isoflavones, although their affinity to estrogen receptor-β is similar. S-equol is also the most potent antioxidant among all known soy isoflavones. Although S-equol is available as a dietary supplement, no long-term trials in humans have examined the effect of S-equol supplementation on arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, or dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Whitney Wharton
- School of Nursing and Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brittany Butts
- School of Nursing and Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cole V. Veliky
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua Garfein
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jiatong Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shatabdi Goon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annamaria Fort
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mengyi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Timothy M. Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interest in preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease extends beyond essential nutrients and dietary patterns. This article reviews the potential for bioactive compounds to play a role in prevention and the recent process in guidance for developing policy for bioactives. RECENT FINDINGS A framework for developing recommended intakes of bioactives dietary substances was recently developed and the first guideline expected is for a bioactive targeted for cardiometabolic health. Bioactives target endothelial health, the gut microbiome, serum lipids, blood pressure, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The evidence base is growing and will be enhanced further with the discovery of good biomarkers of exposure and health outcomes. A robust evidence base is essential to develop policy and influence clinical practice for bioactives, an exciting and growing area of research.
Collapse
|
16
|
Swallah MS, Yang X, Li J, Korese JK, Wang S, Fan H, Yu H, Huang Q. The Pros and Cons of Soybean Bioactive Compounds: An Overview. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2062763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sharif Swallah
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesCAS Key, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Joseph Kudadam Korese
- Agricultural Mechanization and Irrigation Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development StudiesDepartment of, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Sainan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Hongliang Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Processing, Soybean Research & Development Centre, Chinese Agricultural Research SystemDivision of Soybean, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Iron Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Intelligent Agriculture, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesCAS Key, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang X, Fujiyoshi A, Ahuja V, Vishnu A, Barinas-Mitchell E, Kadota A, Miura K, Edmundowicz D, Ueshima H, Sekikawa A. Association of equol producing status with aortic calcification in middle-aged Japanese men: The ERA JUMP study. Int J Cardiol 2022; 352:158-164. [PMID: 35122909 PMCID: PMC8915951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equol, an isoflavone (ISF)-derived metabolite by the gut microbiome in certain individuals termed as equol-producers, might be the key anti-atherogenic component of ISFs. Our objective was to determine the association between equol-producing status and aortic atherosclerosis assessed as aortic calcification (AC). METHODS This population-based study of 302 Japanese men aged 40-49, free of cardiovascular disease, examined serum levels of equol and ISFs, AC in the entire aorta by electron-beam computed tomography with Agatston method, and cardiovascular risk factors. We defined equol-producers as individuals with serum levels of equol ≥20 nM and prevalent AC as an AC score ≥ 10. We analyzed the association between equol-producing status and AC using Tobit and logistic regressions. We performed age-stratified analyses since age was a significant effect-modifier. RESULTS The 60th to 90th percentile AC scores were 4 to 243 in equol-producers and 15 to 444 in non-producers, respectively. Overall, equol-producers (41% of the sample) had lower AC scores (-209, [95% confidence interval (CI): -455, 36]) and odds of AC (odds ratio (OR): 0.7 [95% CI: 0.4, 1.3]), although not statistically significant, compared to non-producers after controlling for cardiovascular risk factors. Among men aged 46-49, equol-producers had significantly lower AC scores (-428 [95% CI: -827, -29]). Furthermore, there were null associations between serum levels of ISFs and both AC score and the odds of AC. CONCLUSION In middle-aged Japanese men, equol-producers had a non-significantly lower burden of aortic atherosclerosis than non-producers whereas ISFs had a null association. Studies with larger sample sizes in both sexes are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Akira Fujiyoshi
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Vasudha Ahuja
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Vishnu
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emma Barinas-Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daniel Edmundowicz
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, USA
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|