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Yumrukaya L, Sözen-Şahne B, Saraçoğlu İ, Yeğenoğlu S. Exploring the Dietary Supplement Use During COVID-19: Insights from Community Pharmacists, Pharmacy Staff, Academics, and Industry Experts. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2024. [PMID: 39046925 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2023.0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: The increased use of dietary supplements is a consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although their efficacy has not been consistently proven, they have been perceived as a preventive tool against COVID-19. Less strict regulations and debates on their definitions in a regulatory framework raise concerns about safety issues. Apart from dietary supplement use, information demand has increased, and pharmacists have played a key role as accessible health professionals. This study aimed to reveal the opinions of community pharmacists, pharmacy staff, sector representatives, and academicians regarding the sale and use of dietary supplements during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative study approach was followed, using grounded theory. Data were collected between September 2021 and July 2022, analyzed using MAXQDA 2020 software, and reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. Results: After refining the open codes, two themes emerged: dietary supplements and the effects of the pandemic. It was found that increased dietary supplement use was rooted in COVID-19 fear, promotional activities, and social media influence. The interaction between consumers and the dietary supplement industry is bidirectional. Conclusions: Pharmacies, as access points for these products, played a crucial role in struggling with the effects of the pandemic. Although dietary supplements are considered safe, their potential for adverse reactions poses a public health risk. Flexible regulations, unregulated alternative advertising channels, and a lack of awareness of the safety of these products pose a challenge to public health. In this regard, all stakeholders should work to minimize the risks from undergraduate education to professional life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Yumrukaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge Sözen-Şahne
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İclal Saraçoğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selen Yeğenoğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Espeño PR, Ong AKS, German JD, Gumasing MJJ, Casas ES. Analysis of Actual Fitness Supplement Consumption among Health and Fitness Enthusiasts. Foods 2024; 13:1424. [PMID: 38731795 PMCID: PMC11083979 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rising popularity of fitness supplements, understanding the factors driving their consumption behaviors is crucial. This study investigated the actual consumption of fitness supplements utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Health Belief Model (HBM), and the Theory of Effort Minimization in Physical Activity (TEMPA) frameworks. The TPB provided insights into how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influence individuals' intentions to consume fitness supplements. Additionally, the HBM sheds light on perceived effectiveness, benefits, barriers, and health motivation related to supplement consumption. Integrating the TEMPA framework further investigated the role of effort minimization in physical activity contexts. Through an online questionnaire, data were collected from a sample of 250 fitness supplement-consuming respondents. SEM analysis revealed significant associations between behavioral intentions and attitudes, perceived behavioral control, health motivation, and controlled precursors. However, it was seen that subjective norms, perceived effectiveness, perceived benefits, and automatic precursors were deemed insignificant. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping actual consumption behaviors, offering valuable implications for marketers, health professionals, and policymakers seeking to promote informed and responsible supplement use among health and fitness enthusiasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Renzo Espeño
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Ardvin Kester S. Ong
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
- E.T. Yuchengo School of Business, Mapúa University, 1191 Pablo Ocampo Sr. Ext., Makati 1204, Philippines
| | - Josephine D. German
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Ma. Janice J. Gumasing
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave., Manila 1007, Philippines
| | - Ethan S. Casas
- School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
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Codella R, Lucidi F, Alivernini F, Palombi T, Glad B, Gracia J, Gotti D, La Torre A, Chirico A. "I RUN CLEAN Project"-An Innovative and Self-Sustainable Approach to Develop Clean Sport Behaviours in Grassroots Athletes. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:2561-2573. [PMID: 37998068 PMCID: PMC10670097 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13110178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of doping is a public health issue that poses threats to sport and society. In recent decades, the emphasis on efforts to address the issue and reduce the incidence of doping by young people in sport has shifted from deterrence through testing and punishment to the promotion of clean sport behaviours through values-based education. The "I Run Clean project" sought to develop new and effective tools targeting grassroots athletes and those around them (coaches, medical support personnel, sport leaders, parents). These included sport-specific e-learning and in-person peer-to-peer workshops led by trained volunteer ambassadors. The aim of all "I Run Clean" measures is to go beyond the warnings and provision of factual information about early anti-doping campaigns to a more holistic educational approach that focuses participants on their personal and sport-related values in order to encourage good decision-making and resistance to doping-related behaviours. This study evaluates the efficacy of the peer-to-peer workshops and their impact on selected psycho-social variables. The collaboration of the volunteer ambassadors is shown to effectively transmit the desired reasoning, reduce doping risk factors and enhance protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (D.G.); (A.L.T.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (F.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Fabio Alivernini
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (F.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Tommaso Palombi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (F.A.); (T.P.)
| | - Bill Glad
- Agency for the Development of Athletics in Europe, 75013 Paris, France; (B.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Jean Gracia
- Agency for the Development of Athletics in Europe, 75013 Paris, France; (B.G.); (J.G.)
| | - Daniel Gotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (D.G.); (A.L.T.)
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (R.C.); (D.G.); (A.L.T.)
| | - Andrea Chirico
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (F.A.); (T.P.)
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Jagim AR, Harty PS, Erickson JL, Tinsley GM, Garner D, Galpin AJ. Prevalence of adulteration in dietary supplements and recommendations for safe supplement practices in sport. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1239121. [PMID: 37841887 PMCID: PMC10570429 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1239121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes continues to rise with 60-80% of athletes often reporting current or previous use of dietary supplements. While select dietary ingredients have been shown to improve acute performance and enhance training adaptations over time, it is important to still consider the risk vs. reward for athletes before opting to consume a dietary supplement. Previous work has indicated that certain dietary supplements may pose risks for inadvertent doping, may be susceptible to mislabelling, could be banned by certain governing bodies of sport, or pose health risks for certain populations. The purpose of the current narrative review is to summarize the prevalence of adulteration in dietary sport supplement products, outline the risks of inadvertent doping for athletes, and highlight best practices regarding safe supplementation strategies. Analytical studies have found anywhere from 14 to 50% of samples analyzed from dietary supplement products have tested positive for anabolic agents or other prohibited substances. It is important for the consumer to adhere to safe supplementation strategies, which include following serving size recommendations, cross-referencing ingredient profiles with the list of prohibited substances, choosing quality products that have been verified by a third-party certification program, and being cognizant of consuming multiple dietary supplement products with overlapping ingredient profiles. Once these practices have been considered, it is reasonable for an athlete to utilize dietary supplements as a strategy to optimize performance and health, with a low risk of failing a drug test (adverse analytical finding) and experiencing adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Jacob L. Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Dan Garner
- BioMolecular Athlete, LLC., Wilmington, DE, United States
| | - Andrew J. Galpin
- BioMolecular Athlete, LLC., Wilmington, DE, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, CA, United States
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Veron L, Chaltiel D, Raynard B, Rassy N, Scotté F, Charles C, Pons M, De Jesus A, Accolas LG, Bergougnoux A, Caron O, Delaloge S. Information needs on nutrition in link to cancer prevention among cancer patients, high-risk individuals and general population - A national cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:421-429. [PMID: 36963889 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nutrition is one of the fundamentals of cancer prevention. Knowing what are the patients' needs and beliefs in terms of "nutrition and cancer" information helps tailor future nutritional interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate specific information needs about "nutrition in relation to cancer prevention", including primary and tertiary prevention, among cancer patients, cancer-free individuals, and genetic high cancer risk individuals. METHODS This online survey was shared within two large National cancer social networks and proposed to all attendees and carers of a comprehensive cancer center. RESULTS 2887 individuals answered the survey (of whom 33% were cancer patients, 13% high-risk individuals and 55% participants of the general population). More than 80% of participants were women, had at least a high school degree. Median body mass index was 23.2 kg/m2. Eleven percent (n = 321) were following a diet, mostly low carbohydrate and weight-loss diets. Around 70% of all categories felt they lacked information on nutrition and cancer interplays. Only 12% of cancer patients (n = 108) considered they had received enough information on nutrition during their care pathway. A majority of participants agreed that food can modify cancer risk (93%, n = 2526) and 66% (n = 1781) considered that nutrition should be personalized according to the risk of cancer. Only twenty-nine percent (n = 792) believed that eating 5 fruits and vegetables a day was enough to avoid cancer, but 64% (n = 1720) thought that dietary supplements could help obtain a better health. All proposed nutrition topics were considered important by the participants. CONCLUSIONS Although cancer patients and cancer-free respondents, whether at high risk of cancer or not, share a common broad interest on the interplay between nutrition and cancer and seek after more information on this topic, some false beliefs are observed. Healthcare providers could successfully propose more evidence-based information to these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Veron
- Department of Cancer Medicine/Interception Programme, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | - D Chaltiel
- Service de Biostatistique et d'Épidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Oncostat U1018, Inserm, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - B Raynard
- Department of Care Pathways, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Réseau Nacre, France
| | - N Rassy
- Department of Cancer Medicine/Interception Programme, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - F Scotté
- Department of Care Pathways, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - C Charles
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center (U1219), University of Bordeaux, France
| | - M Pons
- Department of Care Pathways, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - A De Jesus
- Patients' Committee, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - O Caron
- Department of Cancer Medicine/Interception Programme, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - S Delaloge
- Department of Cancer Medicine/Interception Programme, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Yager Z, Doley JR, McLean SA, Griffiths S. Goodform: A cluster randomised controlled trial of a school-based program to prevent body dissatisfaction and muscle building supplement use among adolescent boys. Body Image 2023; 44:24-35. [PMID: 36434957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although body dissatisfaction is common among adolescent boys, few intervention programs specifically developed for boys have been shown to be effective for reducing body dissatisfaction. Our study aim was to evaluate Goodform, a 4-session, teacher delivered intervention program specifically developed for boys to reduce body dissatisfaction and muscle building supplement use. The Goodform program was based on cognitive dissonance, social learning theory, and a social norms approach, and drew from two existing body image intervention programs that have shown promise among males: The Body Project- More than Muscles, and the Athletes Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids Program (ATLAS). A sample of 488 boys in grades 9 and 10 (Mage = 14.81, SDage = 0.51) at nine secondary schools in Australia were randomly assigned to Goodform (n = 244) or control (n = 244) at the school level. Self-reported body image, supplement use, anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use, and attitudes around using AAS and muscle building supplements were measured at baseline, post-intervention, and eight-week follow-up. Analyses with multi-level, mixed-effect regression models revealed no changes over time attributable to the intervention. Our results have implications for researchers in the body image and eating disorder prevention fields. Lessons learned in this study can inform future school-based efforts for reducing muscle building supplement use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zali Yager
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray Park, Australia; Body Confident Collective, Australia.
| | - Jo R Doley
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray Park, Australia
| | - Siân A McLean
- The Bouverie Centre and Department of Psychology, Counselling, and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Mallick M, Camacho CB, Daher J, El Khoury D. Dietary Supplements: A Gateway to Doping? Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040881. [PMID: 36839238 PMCID: PMC9964767 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely used among athletes, but many may be unaware of the potential for unintentional doping, especially considering that supplements can often be contaminated with prohibited substances. The reason behind the widespread use of dietary supplements among athletes is often cited as being for the purposes of enhancing health or performance. However, many athletes turn to unreliable sources of information, and often lack knowledge of dietary supplement regulations. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the current research surrounding the psychological constructs (such as norms, attitudes, and beliefs) related to dietary supplement use among athletes that may lead to inadvertent doping. This review also covers possible programme structures that may be effective at preventing inadvertent doping.
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Processes in Doping System: Quantification Reports in Mixed Martial Arts Fighters. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed martial arts (MMA) has always been surrounded by controversy due to the unusual muscle development of its participants, so it is crucial to know the strategies that have been implemented to reduce doping cases. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the various cases of doping detected by USADA in UFC MMA participants. In addition, strategies that are being developed to reduce cases of positive doping are proposed. From the UFC USADA database, doping cases were extracted, obtaining the substance or substances involved; the formula, physiological effect and the athletes involved; the dates of the sampling; if it was out of competition or in-competition and the sanction time. The substances that were most involved were found to be Ostarine (22), Clomiphene (9), Diuretics (10) and Stanozolol (9). Some sanctions were diminished because they were treated with contamination of supplements (cases of Ostarine) and cases of contamination of meat (Clomiphene). When contaminated supplements were reported, they were added to the list of high-risk supplements maintained as part of USADA’s online dietary supplement safety education and awareness resource—Supplement 411. There were also cases in which positive doping could be avoided through the early report of therapeutic use exemptions. The methodology that the USADA has implemented allows us to register the athletes with positive doping, check the risk of the supplements before being bought and provide a teaching portal. These efforts are necessary to implement in all countries in which MMA is practiced, avoiding the participation of doped martial artists.
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Implementation and Evaluation of a School-Based Educational Program Targeting Healthy Diet and Exercise (DIEX) for Greek High School Students. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120196. [PMID: 36548493 PMCID: PMC9781068 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effectiveness of a school-based health education program promoting healthy diet and exercise, named DIEX, implemented on adolescents. The program is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and is supported by life skills training. The recipients of the program were high school students (n = 367; 168 boys and 199 girls) from 14 schools in Greece who attended 10 1 h sessions implemented by their schoolteachers. Data were collected before and after the program implementation through online questionnaires for: a. attitude, intention, subjective norms, and PBC toward healthy eating; b. knowledge about healthy eating; c. exercise behavior and attitude toward the DIEX program; and d. satisfaction with the DIEX program (only post-program). The results showed that there were significant differences among the pre- and post-measures of students' knowledge and behavior about healthy diet, as well as attitudes and satisfaction toward the program's application. The results show that the DIEX program may have improved nutrition behavior variables. Conclusively, a theory-based behavioral intervention with skills training may result in positive behavioral changes for young students during health education in school settings with the assistance of new technologies.
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Daher J, Mallick M, El Khoury D. Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use among Athletes Worldwide: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194109. [PMID: 36235761 PMCID: PMC9570738 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes represent a major part of dietary supplement users. This scoping review aims to explore the prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes worldwide, most commonly used supplements, sources of information on dietary supplements and their reasons for use of these supplements. PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo were searched for original research articles. Studies were included if they involved athletes, identified the prevalence of dietary supplement use, and were published after 2017. A total of 26 articles were reviewed. Prevalence of dietary supplement use varied among articles, but sex-based differences related to the types of used dietary supplements existed. Generally, the findings were consistent in terms of reasons for use and sources of information. Unfortunately, the lack of homogeneity regarding the definition of dietary supplements, definition of use, reporting timeframes, and data collection methods complicates the attempt to compare the findings among studies.
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Dietary Supplements Use among Athletes in Lebanon: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Correlates. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101521. [PMID: 35627091 PMCID: PMC9140456 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes are under the utmost pressure to reach excellence in their performance and achieve the desired outcomes in competitions, prompting them to use dietary supplements. Given the threats to both health and eligibility, it is crucial to observe the prevalence, sources of information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) among Lebanese athletes practicing their sports for at least two years. In the present paper, a cross-sectional study is performed using the snowball sampling method, in which a self-administered KAP questionnaire is used to collect data from 455 athletes (mean age: 27.4 ± 7.9 years; men: 73.1%) participating in four sports categories (ball games, combat sports, endurance sports, and weightlifting). Among the Lebanese athletes, the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use was 74%, where half of them had predominately used sports supplements. Athletes in Lebanon heavily rely on coaches (74%) and online sources, including webpages and social media (64%), as key information sources for DSs. The findings suggest that significant proportions of athletes show knowledge deficits and unsatisfactory attitudes towards multiple aspects related to supplementation. Moreover, education and sports type modulate the use of DSs among athletes. Furthermore, 34% reported using supplements without a recommendation from specialists, and 69% admitted to not reading the supplement's nutrition facts. This study urges the need for the regulation of concerned authorities and education programs to help overcome the existing challenges.
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12
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Siegmund LA. Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs and Substances: The Role of the School Nurse. NASN Sch Nurse 2022; 37:263-269. [PMID: 35466806 DOI: 10.1177/1942602x221093938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide the school nurse with the ability to recognize performance and appearance enhancing substance use and understand treatment and prevention strategies to reduce associated health risks. The use of appearance and performance enhancing drugs and substances, also known as "doping," has been an ethical and health issue in sports for many years. It is vital that school nurses learn to recognize performance and appearance enhancing substance use to ensure student athletes and exercisers receive the care and education they need. Commonly used performance and appearance enhancing substances include anabolic-androgenic steroids, stimulants, diuretics, growth hormone, and supplements. Signs and symptoms that may look similar to other health concerns include palpitations, stunted growth, acne, severe headaches, muscle cramps, dizziness, and dehydration, but some long-term severe complications occur as well. Doping can lead to severe and sometimes permanent organ damage, including liver, kidney, and heart disease. The school nurse can play a key role by working with parents, coaches, school counselors, and educators to foster an anti-doping culture.
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