1
|
Qin Y, Pillidge C, Harrison B, Adhikari B. Pathways in formulating foods for the elderly. Food Res Int 2024; 186:114324. [PMID: 38729692 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The growth of the elderly population worldwide is posing significant challenges to human society. The progressive physical and physiological changes occur with aging, including decreased appetite, incomplete digestion, and reduced absorption of nutrients. A common feature of many elderly people's diets is a deficiency in proteins (especially easily digestible ones) and micronutrients (e.g., vitamins, zinc, iron, and calcium). One of the solutions to this problem is the incorporation of these components into suitably texture-modified foods. There is a dearth of products that meet the needs of the elderly with special medical/health conditions such as dysphagia, osteoporosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as well as those who are in hospital and palliative care. Future research and development of foods for the elderly must address specific dietary needs of different subgroups of elderly people with underlying health conditions. The existence of different physical and physiological stages of the elderly means that their specific dietary requirements must be considered. This review summarizes current knowledge on nutritional requirements including those with underlying health problems and outlines the research and innovation pathways for developing new foods considering nutrition, texture, flavor, and other sensory aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qin
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | | | | | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; The Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marklund M, Aminde LN, Wanjau MN, Ale BM, Ojo AE, Okoro CE, Adegboye A, Huang L, Veerman JL, Wu JH, Huffman MD, Ojji DB. Estimated health benefits, costs and cost-effectiveness of eliminating industrial trans -fatty acids in Nigeria: cost-effectiveness analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 9:e014294. [PMID: 38631705 PMCID: PMC11029410 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nigeria is committed to reducing industrial trans-fatty acids (iTFA) from the food supply, but the potential health gains, costs and cost-effectiveness are unknown. METHODS The effect on ischaemic heart disease (IHD) burden, costs and cost-effectiveness of a mandatory iTFA limit (≤2% of all fats) for foods in Nigeria were estimated using Markov cohort models. Data on demographics, IHD epidemiology and trans-fatty acid intake were derived from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. Avoided IHD events and deaths; health-adjusted life years (HALYs) gained; and healthcare, policy implementation and net costs were estimated over 10 years and the population's lifetime. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios using net costs and HALYs gained (both discounted at 3%) were used to assess cost-effectiveness. RESULTS Over the first 10 years, a mandatory iTFA limit (assumed to eliminate iTFA intake) was estimated to prevent 9996 (95% uncertainty interval: 8870 to 11 118) IHD deaths and 66 569 (58 862 to 74 083) IHD events, and to save US$90 million (78 to 102) in healthcare costs. The corresponding lifetime estimates were 259 934 (228 736 to 290 191), 479 308 (95% UI 420 472 to 538 177) and 518 (450 to 587). Policy implementation costs were estimated at US$17 million (11 to 23) over the first 10 years, and US$26 million USD (19 to 33) over the population's lifetime. The intervention was estimated to be cost-saving, and findings were robust across several deterministic sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Our findings support mandating a limit of iTFAs as a cost-saving strategy to reduce the IHD burden in Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Marklund
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Food Policy, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leopold N Aminde
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary Njeri Wanjau
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Boni M Ale
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
- Holo Healthcare, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Adedayo E Ojo
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Abimbola Adegboye
- National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Liping Huang
- Food Policy, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Lennert Veerman
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Hy Wu
- Food Policy, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D Huffman
- Food Policy, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, St Louis, USA
| | - Dike B Ojji
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wan X, Ao Y, Liu X, Zhuang P, Huang Y, Shi H, Jiao J, Zhang Y. Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and incident obesity: a prospective study. Food Funct 2024; 15:2760-2771. [PMID: 38385219 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02803h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Background and aims: Genetic and dietary factors contribute to adiposity risk, but little evidence supports genetic personalization of fried food intake recommendations for the management of obesity. This study aimed to assess the associations between fried food consumption and adiposity incidence and whether the associations were modified by an individual's genotype. Methods: We included 27 427 participants who had dietary data assessed by a validated 24 h dietary recall and available anthropometric information from the UK Biobank study. The genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated using 940 BMI associated variants. Results: With an average of 8.1 years of follow-up, 1472 and 2893 participants were defined as having overall obesity and abdominal obesity, respectively. Individuals in the highest categories of fried food consumption were positively associated with the risk of obesity (HR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.10-1.56) and abdominal obesity (HR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.12-1.45) compared with the lowest categories. Moreover, fried food consumption had a significant interatction with obesity GRS for abdominal obesity risk (P interaction = 0.016). Fried food intake was associated with a higher abdominal obesity risk (HR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.25-2.00) among participants with a lower genetic risk. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that fried food consumption had a higher abdominal obesity risk among individuals with a lower genetic risk, suggesting the restriction of fried food intake for this group of people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yang Ao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yingyu Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hongbo Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marklund M, Aminde LN, Wanjau MN, Huang L, Awuor C, Steele L, Cobb LK, Veerman JL, Wu JH. Estimated health benefits, costs and cost-effectiveness of eliminating dietary industrial trans fatty acids in Kenya: cost-effectiveness analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012692. [PMID: 37848268 PMCID: PMC10583044 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To model the potential health gains and cost-effectiveness of a mandatory limit of industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) in Kenyan foods. DESIGN Multiple cohort proportional multistate life table model, incorporating existing data from the Global Burden of Disease study, pooled analyses of observational studies and peer-reviewed evidence of healthcare and policy implementation costs. SETTING Kenya. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged ≥20 years at baseline (n=50 million). INTERVENTION A mandatory iTFA limit (≤2% of all fats) in the Kenyan food supply compared with a base case scenario of maintaining current trans fat intake. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Averted ischaemic heart disease (IHD) events and deaths, health-adjusted life years; healthcare costs; policy implementation costs; net costs; and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS Over the first 10 years, the intervention was estimated to prevent ~1900 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 1714; 2148) IHD deaths and ~17 000 (95% UI: 15 475; 19 551) IHD events, and to save ~US$50 million (95% UI: 44; 56). The corresponding estimates over the lifespan of the model population were ~49 000 (95% UI: 43 775; 55 326) IHD deaths prevented, ~113 000 (95% UI: 100 104; 127 969) IHD events prevented and some ~US$300 million (256; 331) saved. Policy implementation costs were estimated as ~US$9 million over the first 10 years and ~US$20 million over the population lifetime. The intervention was estimated to be cost saving regardless of the time horizon. Findings were robust across multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Findings support policy action for a mandatory iTFA limit as a cost-saving strategy to avert IHD events and deaths in Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Marklund
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leopold N Aminde
- Public Health and Economics Modelling Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary Njeri Wanjau
- Public Health and Economics Modelling Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liping Huang
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Celine Awuor
- International Institute for Legislative Affairs, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - J Lennert Veerman
- Public Health and Economics Modelling Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Hy Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen M, Zhu R, Wu T, Zhao W. Amelioration of oxidative kidney damage in offspring by maternal trans-fatty acid exposure in mice by secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:967-978. [PMID: 37724399 PMCID: PMC10930046 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trans-fatty acids (TFAs), primarily derived from the food industry's production processes, have become a globally recognized public health issue due to the detrimental impact they have on human well-being. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a polyphenolic compound derived from flax lignans, possessing antioxidative properties. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of SDG on kidney oxidative damage in offspring of mice caused by maternal exposure to TFA during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS A total of 30 c57BL/6 female rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: a control group, a TFA-exposed group, a low-(TFA+LSDG) group, a medium-(TFA+MSDG) group, and a high-(TFA+HSDG) group (n=6 in each group). With the exception of the control group, the maternal mice in the remaining 4 groups received a daily oral gavage of TFA at a dosage of 60 mg/(kg·BW) throughout the experimental period. The mothers in the control group were administered physiological saline via oral gavage once daily. Meanwhile, the 3 SDG intervention groups were provided with ad libitum access to SDG feed containing 10 mg/kg (low), 20 mg/kg (medium), and 30 mg/kg (high) of SDG. The female mice were conceived overnight. If the vaginal plug appeared in the next morning, the female mice were conceived and included in the experimental stage until the end of the 21th day lactation period. The body weight and kidney mass of offspring were recorded, and the kidney coefficient was calculated. The kidney was detected by HE staining to observe the histopathological changes, and the level of reactive oxidative species (ROS) was detected by fluorescence probe-dihydroethidium (DHE) staining; the expression levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in renal homogenate were detected, and the expression of nuclear factor E2-related fator2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by real-time PCR, and the protein expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the kidney coefficient in the TFA-exposed group was increased, the morphology and structure of kidney tissue was abnormal; the activity of T-SOD enzyme was decreased, and the content of MDA was increased, the level of ROS was increased; the expressions of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx1 protein were decreased, and the mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were decreased, there were all significant difference (all P<0.05). Compared with the TFA-exposed group, the ROS levels were reduced, and the T-SOD enzyme activity as well as the protein expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, GPx-1, Mn-SOD, Nrf2 and HO-1 were up-regulated in the low, middle and high dose SDG intervention groups; the kidney coefficient and MDA content were decreased in the middle and high dose SDG groups; the Nrf2 mRNA expression in the high dose SDG group was up-regulated, there were all significant difference (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to TFA during pregnancy and lactation can lead to oxidative damage in the kidney of offspring, and the SDG intervention may alleviate TFA-induced oxidative damage by up-regulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 signal pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China.
| | - Runze Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - Wenhong Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zainal Arifen ZN, Shahril MR, Shahar S, Mohamad H, Mohd Yazid SFZ, Michael V, Taketo T, Trieu K, Harith S, Ibrahim NH, Abdul Razak S, Mat Jusoh H, Hun Pin C, Lee JS, Mohamed Ismail R, Lai Kuan L, Haron H. Fatty Acid Composition of Selected Street Foods Commonly Available in Malaysia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061234. [PMID: 36981160 PMCID: PMC10048182 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite growing evidence of increased saturated and trans fat contents in street foods, little is known about their fatty acid (FA) compositions. This study aimed to analyse the saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and trans fatty acids (TFAs) content of 70 selected and most commonly available street foods in Malaysia. The street foods were categorised into main meals, snacks, and desserts. TFAs were not detected in any of the street foods. Descriptively, all three categories mainly contained SFAs, followed by MUFAs, and PUFAs. However, the one-way ANOVA testing showed that the differences between each category were insignificant (p > 0.05), and each FA was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from one to another. Nearly half of the deep-fried street foods contained medium to high SFAs content (1.7 g/100 g–24.3 g/100 g), while the MUFAs were also high (32.0–44.4%). The Chi-square test of association showed that the type of preparation methods (low or high fat) used was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the number of SFAs. These findings provide valuable information about fat composition in local street foods for the Malaysian Food Composition Database and highlight the urgency to improve nutritional composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zainorain Natasha Zainal Arifen
- Nutritional Sciences Programme, Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (Z.N.Z.A.)
| | - Mohd Razif Shahril
- Nutritional Sciences Programme, Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (Z.N.Z.A.)
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Dietetic Programme, Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Hamdan Mohamad
- Non-Communicable Disease Section, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | | | - Viola Michael
- Enforcement Section, Allied Health Sciences Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62050, Malaysia
| | - Tanaka Taketo
- Representative Office for Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Singapore, World Health Organization, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia
| | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health Level 5, 1 King St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Sakinah Harith
- Nutrition & Dietetic Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus 21300, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hayati Ibrahim
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Malaysia
| | - Shariza Abdul Razak
- Nutrition Programme, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Hanapi Mat Jusoh
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
| | - Chua Hun Pin
- Food Science and Technology Research Centre, Malaysia Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Kuching 93050, Malaysia
| | - Jau-Shya Lee
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | | | - Lee Lai Kuan
- Food Technology Programme, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Haron
- Nutritional Sciences Programme, Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness (H-Care), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (Z.N.Z.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9289-7457
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Revealing the heat-induced cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in camellia oil. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
Variations in Microstructural and Physicochemical Properties of Soy Wax/Soybean Oil-Derived Oleogels Using Soy Lecithin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193928. [PMID: 36235877 PMCID: PMC9570507 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging natural-based polymers and materials progress and new technology innovations open the way for unique food products with high nutritional value development. In this regard, oleogel may be essential in replacing fatty acids from food products. In this study, we researched the effects of varied soy lecithin (SYL) concentrations on the various physicochemical characteristics of soy wax (SW)/refined soybean oil (RSO) oleogels. These oleogels had a soft texture. The microscopic analysis of the oleogels suggested that the thickness, length, and density of the wax crystals (needle-shaped) varied as the SYL content was changed. Colorimetric analysis indicated that the oleogels were slightly yellowish. FTIR spectrometry helped analyze the functional groups of the raw materials and the oleogels. All the functional groups present in the raw materials could be accounted for within the oleogels. The only exception is the hydrogen-bonding peak in SW, which was not seen in the FTIR spectrum of the oleogels. It was found that at a critical SYL content, the oleogel showed a stable and repeatable wax network structure. This can be described by the presence of the uniformly distributed fat crystal network in the sample. The DSC analysis revealed that the oleogel samples were thermo-reversible, with their melting and crystallization temperatures ~43 °C and ~22 °C, respectively. In gist, it can be concluded that the incorporation of SYL can impact the color, wax crystal network characteristics, thermal characteristics, and mechanical characteristics of the oleogels in a composition-dependent manner.
Collapse
|