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Masztalerz-Kozubek D, Zielinska-Pukos MA, Plichta M, Hamulka J. The influence of early and current feeding practices, eating behaviors, and screen time on dietary patterns in Polish toddlers - A cross-sectional study. Appetite 2024; 201:107580. [PMID: 38936700 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Early nutrition has an important influence on a child's proper health and development, and understanding factors that may be related to desirable dietary patterns is key to improving the diet of future generations. The aim of this study was to assess whether early and current feeding practices, eating behaviors, and screen time viewing are associated with toddlers' dietary patterns. A cross-sectional sample of 467 mothers of toddlers (aged 1 year to 3) was surveyed between 2020 and 2022. Food consumption was evaluated by the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The k-means algorithm was used to define dietary patterns on the basis of data collected from the FFQ and mealtime environment patterns, based on the data about practices during meals consumption. The odds of following a prohealth dietary pattern among early feeding factors were lower when infants ate commercial complementary foods more often. Distracted mealtime environment pattern increased the odds of following a non-eaters pattern, and commercial complementary foods pattern increased the odds of following a processed pattern. Currently, the odds of following a processed dietary pattern were higher when children were not breastfed and had higher screen time. Toddlers who ate during distraction and were more fussy had lower odds of following a prohealth dietary pattern, whereas higher enjoyment of food and satiety responsiveness increased the odds. The results indicate the need to increase parents' awareness about the importance of early factors in establishing dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Masztalerz-Kozubek
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika A Zielinska-Pukos
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Plichta
- Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland.
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López-Gil JF, Smith L, Tully MA, Álvarez-Pitti J, Gómez SF, Schröder H. Prevalence of daily family meals among children and adolescents from 43 countries. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024:e13706. [PMID: 39186933 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Prevalence studies about family meals, including large and representative samples of children and adolescents on this topic, are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was twofold: first, to determine the prevalence of daily family meals in large and representative samples of school-going children and adolescents from 43 countries, and second, to identify the sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure, immigrant status and parental labour market status inequalities associated with this prevalence. Using data from the 2017/2018 wave of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study, a total of 179,991 participants from 43 countries were involved in this cross-sectional study. Family meals were assessed by the following question: 'How often do you and your family usually have meals together?'. Participants had five different response options: 'every day', 'most days', 'about once a week', 'less often', and 'never'. The meta package was utilized for conducting a meta-analysis of single proportions, specifically applying the metaprop function. The analysis involved pooling the data using a random-effects model and presenting the outcomes through a forest plot generated using the inverse variance method. Moreover, we applied generalized linear mixed models to explore the relationships between the studied sociodemographic factors as fixed effects, country as a random effect and the status of daily family meals as an outcome. Overall, the prevalence of daily family meals was 49.12% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.00-53.25). A greater probability of having daily family meals was identified for children aged 10-12 years (61.55%; 95% CI: 57.44%-65.49%), boys (61.55%, 95% CI: 57.44%-65.49%), participants with high SES (64.66%, 95% CI: 60.65%-68.48%), participants with both parents at home (65.05%, 95% CI: 61.16%-68.74%) and those with both unemployed parents (61.55%, 95% CI: 57.44%-65.49%). In the present study, which included large representative samples of school-going children and adolescents from 43 countries, more than half of the participants did not have daily family meals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark A Tully
- School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Julio Álvarez-Pitti
- Cardiovascular Risk Unit, Hospital General Universitario, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER Obn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago F Gómez
- Gasol Foundation Europe, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Gasol Foundation Europe, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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López-Gil JF, Ezzatvar Y, Ojeda-Rodríguez A, Galan-Lopez P, Royo JMP, Gaya AR, Agostinis-Sobrinho C, Martín-Calvo N. Is family meal frequency associated with obesity in children and adolescents? A cross-sectional study including 155 451 participants from 43 countries. Pediatr Obes 2024; 19:e13124. [PMID: 38798042 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tried to examine the association between the frequency of family meals and excess weight using large and representative samples of children and adolescents from 43 countries. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), which included nationally representative samples of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years, involving a total of 155 451 participants (mean age = 13.6 years; standard deviation [SD] = 1.6; 51.4% girls). Family meal frequency was gauged through the following question: 'How frequently do you and your family typically share meals?' The possible responses were: 'never', 'less often', 'approximately once a week', 'most days' and 'every day'. The body weight and height of the participants were self-reported and utilized to calculate body mass index (BMI). Subsequently, BMI z-scores were computed based on the International Obesity Task Force criteria, and the prevalence of excess weight was defined as +1.31 SD for boys and + 1.24 SD for girls, with obesity defined as +2.29 SD for boys and + 2.19 SD for girls. Generalized linear mixed models were conducted to examine the associations between the frequency of family meals and excess weight or obesity. RESULTS The lowest predicted probabilities of having excess weight and obesity were observed for those participants who had family meals every day (excess weight: 34.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 31.4%-37.5%; obesity: 10.8%, 95% CI 9.0%-13.0%). CONCLUSIONS A higher frequency of family meals is associated with lower odds of having excess weight and obesity in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasmin Ezzatvar
- Department of Nursing, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Ojeda-Rodríguez
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Galan-Lopez
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cesar Agostinis-Sobrinho
- Polytechnic Institute Of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
- Health Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Klaipeda University, Klaipėda, Lithuania
| | - Nerea Martín-Calvo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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van der Heijden A, Wiggins S. Interaction as the foundation for eating practices in shared mealtimes. Appetite 2024:107585. [PMID: 38945367 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Mealtimes shared with other people define how, what, how much, and with whom we eat. On such occasions, whether in private or public spaces, and as formal or informal events, our eating practices are inseparable from our interactions with other people. In this Editorial for the Special Issue on Interactional approaches to eating together and shared mealtimes, we provide an overview of the interdisciplinary field of research on eating together and shared mealtimes to illustrate the breadth and depth of work that has been developed in this area to date. The overview is divided into three broad clusters of research that focus primarily on (1) cultural or societal aspects, (2) individual outcomes, or (3) interactional practices. Commonalities across these clusters are discussed, the need for more research across a greater global and cultural diversity of eating practices is highlighted, and the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration on research on eating together and shared mealtimes across diverse scientific disciplines is explored. The papers in this Special Issue showcase a sample of contemporary work from within the cluster of research on interactional practices, and a brief overview of these papers is discussed. Finally, it is argued that as a common area of interest, social interaction as the foundation of eating practices within shared mealtimes poses considerable potential for interdisciplinary collaboration across scientific disciplines, and between scientists, professionals, and participants from the study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy van der Heijden
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sally Wiggins
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Division of Psychology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Nomura S, Eguchi A, Maruyama-Sakurai K, Higashino R, Yoneoka D, Kawashima T, Tanoue Y, Kawamura Y, Kumar RS, Fujita T, Miyata H. Characterizing Healthy Dietary Practices in Japan: Insights from a 2024 Nationwide Survey and Cluster Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1412. [PMID: 38794650 PMCID: PMC11124242 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing burden of lifestyle-related diseases highlights the need to address unhealthy dietary habits. This study aims to explore the latest dietary patterns in Japan following the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on trends in health-promoting food choices. A web-based survey was conducted among 27,154 Japanese adults, selected via quota sampling to mirror national demographics. The study evaluated dietary diversity, measured through the Dietary Variety Score (Outcome 1), and the prioritization of nutritional and health considerations in food selection, assessed via a Likert scale (Outcome 2). Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure (OPTICS) algorithms were used to delineate patterns in health-centric food selections. OPTICS clustering revealed four distinct clusters for each outcome. Cluster 3, with a diverse diet, comprised older, predominantly female individuals with higher well-being and lower social isolation compared to Cluster 4, which lacked distinct dietary patterns. Cluster 3 also engaged more in snacking, treat foods, home cooking, and frozen meals. Similarly, a divide emerged between those prioritizing dietary considerations (Cluster C) and those indifferent to such aspects (Cluster D). The findings underscore the need for holistic post-COVID-19 public health initiatives addressing socioeconomic and cultural barriers to healthier dietary practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nomura
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
- Data for Social Transformation, 1-11-2 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akifumi Eguchi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
- Data for Social Transformation, 1-11-2 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Keiko Maruyama-Sakurai
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
- Data for Social Transformation, 1-11-2 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, 3-2-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6234, Japan
| | - Ruka Higashino
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
- Data for Social Transformation, 1-11-2 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoneoka
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Disease, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
- Data for Social Transformation, 1-11-2 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Computing Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yuta Tanoue
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 2-1-6, Etchujima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan;
| | - Yumi Kawamura
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
| | - Rauniyar Santosh Kumar
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
- Ocean Policy Research Institute, Sasakawa Peace Foundation, 1-15-16 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8524, Japan
| | - Takanori Fujita
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
- Data for Social Transformation, 1-11-2 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
- Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, 3-2-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6234, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyata
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.-S.); (R.H.); (T.K.); (Y.K.); (R.S.K.); (T.F.); (H.M.)
- Data for Social Transformation, 1-11-2 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
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López-Gil JF, Victoria-Montesinos D, Gutiérrez-Espinoza H, Jiménez-López E. Family Meals and Social Eating Behavior and Their Association with Disordered Eating among Spanish Adolescents: The EHDLA Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:951. [PMID: 38612985 PMCID: PMC11013300 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the association of family meals and social eating behavior with disordered eating behavior in Spanish adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that included 706 adolescents (43.9% boys) from the Eating Habits and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) study (aged 12 to 17) from Valle de Ricote, Region of Murcia, Spain. The frequency of family meals was assessed by asking participants to report how often their family, or most household members, had shared meals in the past week. Social eating behavior was evaluated using three statements: "I enjoy sitting down with family or friends for a meal", "Having at least one meal a day with others (family or friends) is important to me", and "I usually have dinner with others". To evaluate disordered eating, two psychologists administered the Sick, Control, One, Fat and Food (SCOFF) questionnaire. RESULTS After adjusting for several covariates, for each additional family meal, the likelihood of having disordered eating behavior was lower (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 0.9997, p = 0.049). On the other hand, a lower likelihood of having disordered eating behavior was observed for each additional point in the social eating behavior scale (OR = 0.85; 95% CI 0.77 to 0.93, p = 0.001). The likelihood of having disordered eating behavior was 0.7% lower for each additional family meal (95% CI 0.01% to 1.4%, p = 0.046). Furthermore, for each additional point in the social eating behavior scale, a lower probability of having disordered eating behavior was observed (3.2%; 95% CI 1.4% to 5.0%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS While disordered eating behavior is complex and can be shaped by various factors, both family meals and social eating behavior emerge as significant factors inversely associated with this condition among adolescents. Promoting regular engagement in family meals and fostering positive social eating experiences could serve as effective strategies in public health initiatives aimed at mitigating the incidence of disordered eating behavior among the young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco López-Gil
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Seville, Spain;
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Estela Jiménez-López
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Vos M, Deforche B, Van Lippevelde W. Home-delivered meal boxes in a family setting: a qualitative study investigating reasons for use and perceived impact on meal practices. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:277. [PMID: 38263018 PMCID: PMC10807195 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cooking and consuming a homemade meal is associated with health benefits. Home-delivered meal boxes can support families in cooking this fresh meal. The current study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the determinants of meal box use, and of the perceived impact on meal practices of parents with younger (i.e., aged 6-12 years) and older children (i.e., 13-18 years). METHODS Four focus groups were conducted (n = 19); two with parents of younger children, and two with parents of older children. A semi-structured interview guide was developed and interviews were recorded and transcribed. Reflexive thematic analysis was performed using NVivo 1.4. RESULTS Most parents mentioned practical reasons like saving time and money, as well as inspiration, as reasons to choose a home-delivered meal box. Also, tastiness and menu variation were often mentioned as determining factors by both parent groups. However, a few parents stated to stop using the meal boxes because of returning menus or too small portion sizes. Meal box providers were chosen based on the price, the freshness and the quality of the products. Moreover, positive effects on parents' perceived cooking skills and knowledge were reported. Also, some parents mentioned positively changed attitudes towards vegetarian dishes. Lastly, parents reported healthier eating due to more appropriate portion sizes and more vegetables. A prominent difference between parent groups was that older children played a role in continuing the use of meal boxes, and helped to prepare the meals (contrary to younger children). CONCLUSIONS Home-delivered meal boxes might be promising to enhance families' meal practices. This study could inform social marketeers and health promotors to adopt an optimal strategy to reach families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolijn Vos
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Unit Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Benedicte Deforche
- Unit Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Wendy Van Lippevelde
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organization, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Allman-Farinelli M. Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Weight Gain and Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4180. [PMID: 37836463 PMCID: PMC10574331 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It has now been 25 years since the World Health Organisation (Geneva, Switzerland) drew attention to the obesity epidemic (later becoming a pandemic) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Allman-Farinelli
- Sydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and Charles Perkins Centre D17, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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