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Rosindell J, Manson K, Gumbs R, Pearse WD, Steel M. Phylogenetic Biodiversity Metrics Should Account for Both Accumulation and Attrition of Evolutionary Heritage. Syst Biol 2024; 73:158-182. [PMID: 38102727 PMCID: PMC11129585 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic metrics are essential tools used in the study of ecology, evolution and conservation. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) in particular is one of the most prominent measures of biodiversity and is based on the idea that biological features accumulate along the edges of phylogenetic trees that are summed. We argue that PD and many other phylogenetic biodiversity metrics fail to capture an essential process that we term attrition. Attrition is the gradual loss of features through causes other than extinction. Here we introduce "EvoHeritage", a generalization of PD that is founded on the joint processes of accumulation and attrition of features. We argue that while PD measures evolutionary history, EvoHeritage is required to capture a more pertinent subset of evolutionary history including only components that have survived attrition. We show that EvoHeritage is not the same as PD on a tree with scaled edges; instead, accumulation and attrition interact in a more complex non-monophyletic way that cannot be captured by edge lengths alone. This leads us to speculate that the one-dimensional edge lengths of classic trees may be insufficiently flexible to capture the nuances of evolutionary processes. We derive a measure of EvoHeritage and show that it elegantly reproduces species richness and PD at opposite ends of a continuum based on the intensity of attrition. We demonstrate the utility of EvoHeritage in ecology as a predictor of community productivity compared with species richness and PD. We also show how EvoHeritage can quantify living fossils and resolve their associated controversy. We suggest how the existing calculus of PD-based metrics and other phylogenetic biodiversity metrics can and should be recast in terms of EvoHeritage accumulation and attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kerry Manson
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rikki Gumbs
- EDGE of Existence Programme, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - William D Pearse
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Mike Steel
- Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Zhang J, Shu Z, Lv S, Zhou Q, Huang Y, Peng Y, Zheng J, Zhou Y, Hu C, Lan S. Fermented Chinese Herbs Improve the Growth and Immunity of Growing Pigs through Regulating Colon Microbiota and Metabolites. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3867. [PMID: 38136904 PMCID: PMC10740985 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the development of new antibiotic substitutes to promote pig growth and health has become an important way to solve the current dilemma and promote the pig industry. (2) Methods: to assess the effects of a fermented Chinese herbal (FCH) formula on the growth and immunity of growing pigs, 100 Duroc × Landrace × Yorshire three-way crossed growing pigs were randomly divided into control and treatment groups that were fed a basal diet, and a basal diet with 1% (group A), 2% (group B), and 3% (group C) FCH formulas, respectively. A sixty-day formal experiment was conducted, and their growth and serum indices, colonic microbiota, and metabolites were analyzed. (3) Results: the daily gain of growing pigs in groups A, B, and C increased by 7.93%, 17.68%, and 19.61%, respectively, and the feed-to-gain ratios decreased by 8.33%, 15.00%, and 14.58%, respectively. Serum immunity and antioxidant activities were significantly increased in all treatment groups. Particularly, adding a 2% FCH formula significantly changed the colon's microbial structure; the Proteobacteria significantly increased and Firmicutes significantly decreased, and the metabolite composition in the colon's contents significantly changed. (4) Conclusions: these results indicate that the FCH formula is a good feed additive for growing pigs, and the recommended addition ratio was 3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhiheng Shu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Sixiao Lv
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qingwen Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuanhao Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yingjie Peng
- Guangdong Chuangzhan Bona Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Guangning 526339, China;
| | - Jun Zheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chao Hu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shile Lan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.Z.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.H.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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Nishimoto Y, Fujisawa K, Ukawa Y, Kudoh M, Funahashi K, Kishimoto Y, Fukuda S. Effect of urolithin A on the improvement of vascular endothelial function depends on the gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1077534. [PMID: 36687672 PMCID: PMC9854132 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1077534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Urolithin A (UA) is a metabolite produced by gut microbiota from ingested ellagic acid. Although the effect of ellagic acid intake on vascular endothelial function (VEF) improvement has been reported, the effect of UA intake on VEF improvement remains obscure. In addition, UA has been reported to improve the intestinal barrier function, and UA may have improved VEF by gut microbiome alteration. Objective In this study, we conducted a clinical trial to explore and analyze the effects of UA intake on vascular endothelial function (VEF) and characteristics of the intestinal environment, such as gut microbiome profiling and organic acid composition. Methods A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded, parallel group trial was conducted on participants who could metabolize small amounts of UA from ellagic acid (non-UA producers) and had relatively poor VEF. VEF was assessed using the flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) score. Participants were administered placebo, UA 10 mg/day, or UA 50 mg/day for 12 weeks. FMD was measured and fecal samples were collected at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. Gut microbiome analysis and organic acid level measurements were performed to evaluate the effects of UA intake on the intestinal environment. This clinical trial is publicly registered at the UMIN-CTR, trial number: UMIN000042014. Results The gut microbiota of the UA 50 mg/day group showed a significant increase in alpha diversity (Faith's phylogenetic diversity). Four and nine microbial genera were significantly altered in the UA 10 mg/day and UA 50 mg/day groups, respectively (p < 0.05, not corrected). Participants whose FMD scores improved with UA intake had poor baseline FMD values as well as a low Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio. Conclusion Urolithin A intake alters the gut microbiota and improves their alpha diversity. In addition, the effect of UA on VEF correlated with the individual gut microbiota. Our results have practical implications for a new approach to providing healthcare that focuses on intestinal environment-based diet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kota Fujisawa
- Metagen Inc., Tsuruoka, Japan,Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ukawa
- Healthcare SBU, DAICEL Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshimi Kishimoto
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Metagen Inc., Tsuruoka, Japan,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan,Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan,Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,Laboratory for Regenerative Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Shinji Fukuda,
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Xie D, Shen Y, Su E, Du L, Xie J, Wei D. Anti-Hyperuricemic, Nephroprotective, and Gut Microbiota Regulative Effects of Separated Hydrolysate of α-Lactalbumin on Potassium Oxonate- and Hypoxanthine-Induced Hyperuricemic Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200162. [PMID: 36308034 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE This study aims to investigate the anti-hyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects and the potential mechanisms of the separated gastrointestinal hydrolysates of α-lactalbumin on hyperuricemic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS The gastrointestinal hydrolysate of α-lactalbumin, the hydrolysate fraction with molecular weight (MW) < 3 kDa (LH-3k), and the fragments with smallest MW among LH-3K harvested through dextran gel chromatography (F5) are used. Hyperuricemia mice are induced via daily oral gavage of potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine. F5 displays the highest in vitro xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition among all the fractions separated from LH-3k. Oral administration of F5 significantly reduces the levels of serum uric acid (UA), creatinine, and urea nitrogen. F5 treatment could ameliorate kidney injury through alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation. F5 alleviates hyperuricemia in mice by inhibiting hepatic XO activity and regulating the expression of renal urate transporters. Gut microbiota analysis illustrates that F5 administration increases the abundance of some SCFAs producers, and inhibits the growth of hyperuricemia and inflammation associated genera. LH-3k exhibits similar effects but does not show significance as those of the F5 fraction. CONCLUSION The anti-hyperuricemia and nephroprotective functions of F5 are mediated by inhibiting hepatic XO activity, ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation, regulating renal urate transporters, and modulating the gut microbiota in hyperuricemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yaling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Erzheng Su
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jingli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB), Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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Jeon JH, Lourenco JM, Fagan MM, Welch CB, Sneed SE, Dubrof S, Duberstein KJ, Callaway TR, West FD, Park HJ. Changes in Oral Microbial Diversity in a Piglet Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081111. [PMID: 36009173 PMCID: PMC9405691 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in the oral microbiome have gained attention due to their potential diagnostic role in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, but no studies have examined the changes in oral microbiome during the acute stage of TBI using a clinically translational pig model. Crossbred piglets (4-5 weeks old, male) underwent either a controlled cortical impact (TBI, n = 6) or sham surgery (sham, n = 6). The oral microbiome parameters were quantified from the upper and lower gingiva, both buccal mucosa, and floor of the mouth pre-surgery and 1, 3, and 7 days post-surgery (PS) using the 16S rRNA gene. Faith's phylogenetic diversity was significantly lower in the TBI piglets at 7 days PS compared to those of sham, and beta diversity at 1, 3, and 7 days PS was significantly different between TBI and sham piglets. However, no significant changes in the taxonomic composition of the oral microbiome were observed following TBI compared to sham. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential diagnostic role of the oral microbiome during the chronic stage of TBI with a larger number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Heejin Jeon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeferson M. Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Madison M. Fagan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christina B. Welch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sydney E. Sneed
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephanie Dubrof
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kylee J. Duberstein
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Todd R. Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Franklin D. West
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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Liu Y, Huang W, Ji S, Wang J, Luo J, Lu B. Sophora japonica flowers and their main phytochemical, rutin, regulate chemically induced murine colitis in association with targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway and gut microbiota. Food Chem 2022; 393:133395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dai Y, Zhu W, Zhou J, Shen T. The combination of berberine and evodiamine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with modulation of gut microbiota in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12096. [PMID: 35584453 PMCID: PMC9113531 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be a manifestation of hepatic metabolic syndrome. Some studies on the pathogenesis of NAFLD by targeting gut microbiota have attracted wide attention. Previous studies have demonstrated the positive effects of berberine and evodiamine on metabolic diseases and gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, it is not known whether the combination of berberine and evodiamine (BE) can prevent the development of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. Therefore, we aimed to explore the protective effects of BE on the development of HFD-induced NAFLD from the perspective of the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota profiles were established by high throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The effects of BE on liver and intestinal tissue, intestinal barrier integrity, and hepatic inflammation were also investigated. The results showed that the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota were enriched by BE treatment, with an increase in beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, and Prevotella, and a decrease in pathogenic bacteria such as Fusobacterium and Lachnospira. In addition, BE effectively improved liver fat accumulation and tissue damage, inhibited the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, increased the contents of intestinal tight junction proteins, and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Consequently, BE treatment could be an effective and alternative strategy for alleviating NAFLD by modulating gut microbiota and safeguarding the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Dai
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Tao Shen
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Ferguson L, Barnett M. Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics Research in New Zealand, and Its Relevance and Application to Gastrointestinal Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:1743. [PMID: 35565709 PMCID: PMC9103310 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrigenomics New Zealand (NuNZ) was a collaborative research programme built among three organisations-the University of Auckland, AgResearch Limited and Plant & Food Research. The programme ran for ten years, between 2004 and 2014, and was tasked with developing the then emerging field of nutrigenomics, investigating its applications to New Zealand, and potential benefits to the plant food and agricultural sectors. Since the beginning of the programme, nutrigenomics was divided into two fields-nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. The first of these is now more commonly called personalised nutrition, and has recently been recognised and criticised by elements of the dietetics and management sector in New Zealand, who currently do not appear to fully appreciate the evolving nature of the field, and the differing validity of various companies offering the tests that form the basis of this personalisation. Various science laboratories are utilising "omics" sciences, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics and the comprehensive analysis of microbial communities such as the gut microbiota, in order to understand the mechanisms by which certain food products and/or diets relevant to New Zealand, confer a health benefit, and the nature of potential health claims that may be made on the basis of this information. In this article, we give a brief overview of the nutrigenomics landscape in New Zealand since the end of the NuNZ programme, with a particular focus on gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Barnett
- Physiology & Health Team, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Changes in the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1448. [PMID: 35087123 PMCID: PMC8795436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is largely unknown, it is accepted that OCD is a complex disorder. There is a known bi-directional interaction between the gut microbiome and brain activity. Several authors have reported associations between changes in gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression or autism. Furthermore, a pediatric-onset neuropsychiatric OCD-related syndrome occurs after streptococcal infection, which might indicate that exposure to certain microbes could be involved in OCD susceptibility. However, only one study has investigated the microbiome of OCD patients to date. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based metagenomic sequencing to analyze the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome composition of 32 OCD cases and 32 age and gender matched controls. We estimated different α- and β-diversity measures and performed LEfSe and Wilcoxon tests to assess differences in bacterial distribution. OCD stool samples showed a trend towards lower bacterial α-diversity, as well as an increase of the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae, particularly of the genus Alistipes, and lower relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, and two genera within the Lachnospiraceae: Agathobacer and Coprococcus. However, we did not observe a different Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio between OCD cases and controls. Analysis of the oropharyngeal microbiome composition showed a lower Fusobacteria to Actinobacteria ratio in OCD cases. In conclusion, we observed an imbalance in the gut and oropharyngeal microbiomes of OCD cases, including, in stool, an increase of bacteria from the Rikenellaceae family, associated with gut inflammation, and a decrease of bacteria from the Coprococcus genus, associated with DOPAC synthesis.
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Tang S, Zhang S, Zhong R, Su D, Xia B, Liu L, Chen L, Zhang H. Time-course alterations of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids after short-term lincomycin exposure in young swine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8441-8456. [PMID: 34651253 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that antibiotic administration causes gut injury, negatively affecting nutrient digestion, immune regulation, and colonization resistance against pathogens due to the disruption of gut microbiota. However, the time-course effects of therapeutic antibiotics on alterations of gut microbes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in young swine are still unknown. In this study, twenty piglets were assigned into two groups and fed commercial diets with or without lincomycin in the first week for a 28-day trial period. Results showed that 1-week lincomycin exposure (LE) did reduce the body weight on day 14 (p = 0.0450) and 28 (p = 0.0362). The alpha-diversity notably reduced after 1-week LE, and then gradually raised and reached the control group level in the second week on cessation of LE, indicated by the variation of Sobs, Chao, Shannon, and ACE index (p < 0.05). Beta-diversity analysis revealed that the distinct microbial cluster existed persistently for the whole trial period between two groups (p < 0.001). The relative abundance of most microbes including fiber-degrading (e.g., Agathobacter and Coprococcus), beneficial (e.g., Lactobacillus and Mitsuokella), or pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Terrisporobacter and Lachnoclostridium) decreased (LDA score > 3), and the concentration of SCFAs also diminished in the feces of 1-week lincomycin-administrated young swine, indicating that therapeutic LE killed most bacteria and reduced SCFA production with gut dysbiosis occurring. After the LE stopped, the state of gut dysbiosis gradually attenuated and formed new gut-microbe homeostasis distinct from microbial homeostasis of young pigs unexposed to lincomycin. The increased presence of potential pathogens, such as Terrisporobacter, Negativibacillus, and Escherichia-Shigella, and decreased beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Agathobacter, were observed in new homeostasis reshaped by short-lincomycin administration (LDA score > 3 or p < 0.05), adversely affecting gut development and health of young pigs. Collectively, these results suggested that severe disruption of the commensal microbiota occurred after short-term LE or termination of LE in young swine. KEY POINTS: • Therapeutic lincomycin exposure induced gut dysbiosis, killing most bacteria and reducing short-chain fatty acid production. • Gut dysbiosis gradually attenuated and formed new homeostasis after lincomycin exposure stopped. • The new homeostasis, increased Escherichia-Shigella etc. and decreased Lactobacillus etc., was potentially harmful to gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunfen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Yin F, Huang L, Teng H, Shen T, Qin H. Long-term and continuous administration of Bacillus subtilis during remission effectively maintains the remission of inflammatory bowel disease by protecting intestinal integrity, regulating epithelial proliferation, and reshaping microbial structure and function. Food Funct 2021; 12:2201-2210. [PMID: 33595001 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota takes part in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical research has found that probiotics have a beneficial effect on active ulcerative colitis, but to date, significant efficacy has rarely been found in the use of probiotics in the remission phase of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. More studies are needed to assess the utilization of probiotics in IBD remission. In this study, we assessed the administration of Bacillus subtilis in remission and its possible mechanism in mice with IBD. Oral administration of B. subtilis was implemented for 6 weeks (dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-P6w group), 2 weeks (DSS-P2w group) or 0 weeks (DSS-control(CT) group) in the remission phase in rodents with (DSS)-induced IBD. The body weight, colon length and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded, and colon H&E staining was performed. The expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) mRNA and epithelium proliferation-related Ki67 was detected. Gut microbiota were tested by 16S rRNA sequencing. Administration of B. subtilis in remission effectively increased the body weight and colon length and decreased DAI in the DSS-P6w group compared with the DSS-CT group, but there is no significant difference between the DSS-P2w and DSS-CT groups. The epithelial integrity was improved, and the expression of ZO-1 and occludin increased due to administration of B. subtilis in remission, which was more evident in the DSS-P6w group. The expression of Ki67 increased in the DSS-CT group compared with that in the CT group. The administration of B. subtilis effectively down-regulated the expression of Ki67 in the DSS-P6w and DSS-P2w groups compared with the DSS-CT group. Furthermore, gut microbial structure was improved, with significantly decreased Escherichia/Shigella and Enterococcus, and increased Akkermansia and corresponding microbial function in the DSS-P6w group. Short-term administration of B. subtilis in the remission phase showed no significant improvement in mice with IBD. Long-term and continuous supplementation of B. subtilis in remission could effectively maintain the remission by protecting epithelial integrity, regulating proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, and improving gut microbiota and the corresponding microbial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Linsheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hongfei Teng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Tongyi Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China.
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12
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Lv Q, Xu D, Zhang X, Yang X, Zhao P, Cui X, Liu X, Yang W, Yang G, Xing S. Association of Hyperuricemia With Immune Disorders and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:524236. [PMID: 33329010 PMCID: PMC7729003 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.524236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 30–40% of uric acid is excreted via the intestine, and the dysfunction of intestinal epithelium disrupts uric acid excretion. The involvement of gut microbiota in hyperuricemia has been reported in previous studies, but the changes and mechanisms of intestinal immunity in hyperuricemia are still unknown. Methods This study developed a urate oxidase (Uox)-knockout (Uox–/–) mouse model for hyperuricemia using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The lipometabolism was assessed by measuring changes in biochemical indicators. Furthermore, 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate–labeled dextran was used to assess gut barrier function. Also, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to examine the changes in gut microbiota in mouse feces. RNA sequencing, Western blot, Q-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemical analysis were used for measuring gene transcription, the number of immune cells, and the levels of cytokines in intestinal tissues, serum, kidney, liver, pancreas, and vascellum. Results This study showed that the abundance of inflammation-related microbiota increased in hyperuricemic mice. The microbial pattern recognition–associated Toll-like receptor pathway and inflammation-associated TNF and NF-kappa B signaling pathways were significantly enriched. The increased abundance of inflammation-related microbiota resulted in immune disorders and intestinal barrier dysfunction by upregulating TLR2/4/5 and promoting the release of IL-1β and TNF-α. The levels of epithelial tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 decreased. The expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax increased. The levels of LPS and TNF-α in systemic circulation increased in hyperuricemic mice. A positive correlation was observed between the increase in intestinal permeability and serum levels of uric acid. Conclusion Hyperuricemia was characterized by dysregulated intestinal immunity, compromised intestinal barrier, and systemic inflammation. These findings might serve as a basis for future novel therapeutic interventions for hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulan Lv
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Daxing Xu
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuezhi Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomin Yang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuena Cui
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wan Yang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanpin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shichao Xing
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Shi J, Du P, Xie Q, Wang N, Li H, Smith EE, Li C, Liu F, Huo G, Li B. Protective effects of tryptophan-catabolizing Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0386 against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:10736-10747. [PMID: 33231244 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02622k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for the human body, whose intake is through the diet. Several studies support the theory that microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolite played a crucial role in maintaining the balance between gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system. Previously, we selected the Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0386 strain with high tryptophan-metabolic activity after the screening of 16 Lactobacillus strains. The current study aimed to assess the effects of L. plantarum KLDS 1.0386 combination with tryptophan in improving ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the potential mechanisms involved. Our results showed that L. plantarum KLDS 1.0386 combined with tryptophan (LAB + Trp) decreased DAI score, MPO level, and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) concentration. It also increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) production, tight junction proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1), and mucin (MUC1 and MUC2) mRNA expressions. The level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an important tryptophan metabolite in the liver, serum, and colon, was elevated after LAB + Trp treatment, which further upregulated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mRNA expression to activate the IL-22/STAT3 signaling pathway. Moreover, the supplementation with LAB + Trp modulated gut microbiota composition. The present study provided novel insights that can be used to reduce the number of UC patients by employing a method utilizing tryptophan-catabolizing Lactobacillus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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14
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Montrose DC, Nishiguchi R, Basu S, Staab HA, Zhou XK, Wang H, Meng L, Johncilla M, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Morales DK, Wells MT, Simpson KW, Zhang S, Dogan B, Jiao C, Fei Z, Oka A, Herzog JW, Sartor RB, Dannenberg AJ. Dietary Fructose Alters the Composition, Localization, and Metabolism of Gut Microbiota in Association With Worsening Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:525-550. [PMID: 32961355 PMCID: PMC7797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases has increased over the last half century, suggesting a role for dietary factors. Fructose consumption has increased in recent years. Recently, a high fructose diet (HFrD) was shown to enhance dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The primary objectives of the current study were to elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying the pro-colitic effects of dietary fructose and to determine whether this effect occurs in both microbially driven and genetic models of colitis. METHODS Antibiotics and germ-free mice were used to determine the relevance of microbes for HFrD-induced worsening of colitis. Mucus thickness and quality were determined by histologic analyses. 16S rRNA profiling, in situ hybridization, metatranscriptomic analyses, and fecal metabolomics were used to determine microbial composition, spatial distribution, and metabolism. The significance of HFrD on pathogen and genetic-driven models of colitis was determined by using Citrobacter rodentium infection and Il10-/- mice, respectively. RESULTS Reducing or eliminating bacteria attenuated HFrD-mediated worsening of DSS-induced colitis. HFrD feeding enhanced access of gut luminal microbes to the colonic mucosa by reducing thickness and altering the quality of colonic mucus. Feeding a HFrD also altered gut microbial populations and metabolism including reduced protective commensal and bile salt hydrolase-expressing microbes and increased luminal conjugated bile acids. Administration of conjugated bile acids to mice worsened DSS-induced colitis. The HFrD also worsened colitis in Il10-/- mice and mice infected with C rodentium. CONCLUSIONS Excess dietary fructose consumption has a pro-colitic effect that can be explained by changes in the composition, distribution, and metabolic function of resident enteric microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Srijani Basu
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hannah A. Staab
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hanhan Wang
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lingsong Meng
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Diana K. Morales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Martin T. Wells
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Shiying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Belgin Dogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Akihiko Oka
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeremy W. Herzog
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J. Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Andrew J. Dannenberg, MD, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, Room E-803, New York, New York 10065. fax: (646) 962-0891.
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15
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Chen J, Yue Y, Wang L, Deng Z, Yuan Y, Zhao M, Yuan Z, Tan C, Cao Y. Altered gut microbiota correlated with systemic inflammation in children with Kawasaki disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14525. [PMID: 32884012 PMCID: PMC7471315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multi-systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that occurs mainly in children, and the disturbance of gut microbiota is generally believed to cause a hyperimmune reaction triggering KD. The aim of the study was to investigate the alterations in the fecal microbiota and assess its relationship with systemic inflammation. Totally 30 KD children were enrolled and followed up for 6 months, with another group of 30 age- and sex-matched healthy children as controls. Phylotype profiles of fecal microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Serum inflammatory markers were detected by flow cytometer. We showed that KD children exhibited a significant reduction in fecal microbial diversity in the acute phase compared with the healthy controls. Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, Helicobacter, Lactococcus, Staphylococcus and Butyricimonas in acute KD children were significantly higher than the healthy children. Levels of systemic inflammation biomarkers, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and INF-γ, were significantly elevated in the acute KD children. Altered microbiota genera Enterococcus and Helicobacter abundances were shown to be correlated positively with IL-6, which were never previously reported in KD. This study suggested that gut microbiota alteration is closely associated with systemic inflammation, which provides a new perspective on the etiology and pathogenesis of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Yanghua Yue
- Department of Laboratory Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Zhonghua Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Yonghua Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Menghua Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Zijie Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Chaochao Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China.
| | - Youde Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, China.
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16
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Gut microorganisms and their metabolites modulate the severity of acute colitis in a tryptophan metabolism-dependent manner. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3591-3601. [PMID: 32055962 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing evidence shows that nutrient metabolism affects inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) development. Previously, we showed that deficiency of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (Ido1), a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme, reduced the severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. However, the roles played by intestinal microbiota in generating the differences in disease progression between Ido1+/+ and Ido1-/- mice are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the interactions between the intestinal microbiome and host IDO1 in governing intestinal inflammatory responses. METHODS Microbial 16s rRNA sequencing was conducted in Ido1+/+ and Ido1-/- mice after DSS treatment. Bacteria-derived tryptophan metabolites were measured in urine. Transcriptome analysis revealed the effects of the metabolite and IDO1 expression in HCT116 cells. Colitis severity of Ido1+/+ was compared to Ido1-/- mice following fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). RESULTS Microbiome analysis through 16S-rRNA gene sequencing showed that IDO1 deficiency increased intestinal bacteria that use tryptophan preferentially to produce indolic compounds. Urinary excretion of 3-indoxyl sulfate, a metabolized form of gut bacteria-derived indole, was significantly higher in Ido1-/- than in Ido1+/+ mice. Transcriptome analysis showed that tight junction transcripts were significantly increased by indole treatment in HCT116 cells; however, the effects were diminished by IDO1 overexpression. Using FMT experiments, we demonstrated that bacteria from Ido1-/- mice could directly attenuate the severity of DSS-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that a genetic defect in utilizing tryptophan affects intestinal microbiota profiles, altering microbial metabolites, and colitis development. This suggests that the host and intestinal microbiota communicate through shared nutrient metabolic networks.
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17
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Li N, Wang Q, Wang Y, Sun A, Lin Y, Jin Y, Li X. Fecal microbiota transplantation from chronic unpredictable mild stress mice donors affects anxiety-like and depression-like behavior in recipient mice via the gut microbiota-inflammation-brain axis. Stress 2019; 22:592-602. [PMID: 31124390 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1617267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that there are significant changes in the gut microbiota (GM) of humans with depression and animal models of depression and chronic stress. In our present study, we determined whether an alteration in GM is a decisive factor in anxiety-like and depression-like behavior and its impact on brain neurochemistry. An antibiotic cocktail was used to deplete the GM of mice before they were colonized, via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), by the GM of control mice or mice that had been exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS donors). The CUMS-donor group of mice and the mice that were colonized by their microbiota (the CUMS-recipient group) both showed higher levels of anxiety- and depression-like behavior compared to the controls. The GM community of the CUMS-donor and CUMS-recipient was distinctively different from the controls, with the CUMS group characterized by a lower relative abundance of Lactobacillus and a higher relative abundance of Akkermansia. Interestingly, FMT affected both behavior and neuroinflammation. Mice given the CUMS microbiota had significant elevations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampus, which were accompanied by upregulated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in the hippocampus. These results suggest that GM modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus through dysfunctional microbiota-gut-brain axis, exacerbating anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes. Key Points Chronic unpredictable mild stress increased anxiety- and depression-like behavior in mice. Mice colonized with gut microbiota (GM) from stressed mice showed similar behaviors. The GM composition of the donor and recipient mice was also comparable. Their relative pattern of two bacteria has been tied to neuroinflammatory activity. The results suggest a link between GM, brain function, and anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Li
- a Department of Geriatrics Cardiology, First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Qi Wang
- b Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yan Wang
- c Mental Health Center, China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Anji Sun
- b Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yiwei Lin
- b Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Ye Jin
- b Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Xiaobai Li
- b Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
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Lee C, Hong SN, Paik NY, Kim TJ, Kim ER, Chang DK, Kim YH. CD1d Modulates Colonic Inflammation in NOD2-/- Mice by Altering the Intestinal Microbial Composition Comprising Acetatifactor muris. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:1081-1091. [PMID: 31094420 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS NOD2 and CD1d play a key role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved molecular patterns of pathogens. While NOD2-/- and CD1d-/- mice display structural and functional alterations in Paneth cells, animal studies have reported no impact of NOD2 or CD1d deficiency on experimental colitis. NOD2 mutations increase the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases and the CD1d bound to α-galactosylceramide [α-GalCer] alleviates intestinal inflammation. We evaluated the effect of CD1d modulation on experimental colitis in NOD2-/- mice. METHODS The effect of CD1d augmentation and depletion in NOD2-/- mice was assessed in a dextran sodium sulphate [DSS]-induced colitis model via administration of α-GalCer and construction of NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice. The structural and functional changes in Paneth cells were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and pilocarpine administration. Colitogenic taxa were analysed in the faeces of NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS In NOD2-/- mice, α-GalCer alleviated and CD1d depletion [NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice] aggravated colitis activity and histology compared with co-housed littermates NOD2-/-, CD1d-/- and wild-type mice after administration of 3% DSS. In NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice, the ultrastructure and degranulation ability of secretary granules in Paneth cells were altered and the intestinal microbial composition differed from that of their littermates. Faecal microbiota transplantation [FMT] with NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice faeces into wild-type mice aggravated DSS-induced colitis, while FMT with wild-type mice faeces into NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice alleviated DSS-induced colitis. Acetatifactor muris was identified only in NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice faeces and the oral gavage of A. muris in wild-type mice aggravated DSS-induced colitis. CONCLUSION CD1d modulates colonic inflammation in NOD2-/- mice by altering the intestinal microbial composition comprising A. muris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansu Lee
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Noh Hong
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Young Paik
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ran Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Kyung Chang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wang Y, Zhang N, Kan J, Zhang X, Wu X, Sun R, Tang S, Liu J, Qian C, Jin C. Structural characterization of water-soluble polysaccharide from Arctium lappa and its effects on colitis mice. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Pouokam E, Diener M. Segmental differences in ion transport in rat cecum. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1007-1023. [PMID: 31093757 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion-transport properties of the epithelium of the cecum, the biggest fermental chamber in non-ruminant species, are largely unknown. Recently, in Ussing chamber experiments, segmental differences in basal short-circuit current (Isc) in rat corpus ceci were observed. The oral segment usually exhibited a much lower or even negative basal Isc in comparison with the aboral segment. The aim of the present study was the closer characterization of these differences. Basal Isc was inhibited by bumetanide and tetrodotoxin in both segments, whereas indomethacin reduced basal Isc only in the aboral corpus. Amiloride did not inhibit basal Isc suggesting that spontaneous anion secretion (but not electrogenic Na+ absorption via ENaC) contributes to the baseline current. In both segments, mucosally applied K+ channel blockers increased Isc indicating a spontaneous K+ secretion. Basolateral depolarization was used to characterize the ion conductances in the apical membrane. When a Cl- gradient was applied, apical Cl- conductance stimulated by carbachol and by forskolin was revealed. When the Cl- gradient was omitted and instead a K+ gradient was used to drive currents across apical K+ channels, a Ba2+-sensititve K+ conductance was observed in both segments, and carbachol stimulated this conductance leading to a negative Isc. Conversely, forskolin induced a positive Isc under these conditions which was dependent on the presence of mucosal Na+ consistent with electrogenic Na+ absorption. This current was reduced by amiloride and several blockers of members of the TRP channel superfamily. These results indicate that similar transport mechanisms are involved in electrogenic ion transport across cecal oral and aboral segments, but with a higher spontaneous prostaglandin production in the aboral segment responsible for higher basal transport rates of both anions and cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervice Pouokam
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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21
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Hassell JE, Nguyen KT, Gates CA, Lowry CA. The Impact of Stressor Exposure and Glucocorticoids on Anxiety and Fear. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 43:271-321. [PMID: 30357573 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders and trauma- and stressor-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are common and are associated with significant economic and social burdens. Although trauma and stressor exposure are recognized as a risk factors for development of anxiety disorders and trauma or stressor exposure is recognized as essential for diagnosis of PTSD, the mechanisms through which trauma and stressor exposure lead to these disorders are not well characterized. An improved understanding of the mechanisms through which trauma or stressor exposure leads to development and persistence of anxiety disorders or PTSD may result in novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these disorders. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art theories, with respect to mechanisms through which stressor exposure leads to acute or chronic exaggeration of avoidance or anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses and fear, endophenotypes in both anxiety disorders and trauma- and stressor-related psychiatric disorders. In this chapter, we will explore physiological responses and neural circuits involved in the development of acute and chronic exaggeration of anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses and fear states, focusing on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K T Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C A Gates
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, CO, USA.
- Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO, USA.
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Colonoscopic-Guided Pinch Biopsies in Mice as a Useful Model for Evaluating the Roles of Host and Luminal Factors in Colonic Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2811-2825. [PMID: 30273600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colonic inflammation, a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease, can be influenced by host intrinsic and extrinsic factors. There continues to be a need for models of colonic inflammation that can both provide insights into disease pathogenesis and be used to investigate potential therapies. Herein, we tested the utility of colonoscopic-guided pinch biopsies in mice for studying colonic inflammation and its treatment. Gene expression profiling of colonic wound beds after injury showed marked changes, including increased expression of genes important for the inflammatory response. Interestingly, many of these gene expression changes mimicked those alterations found in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Biopsy-induced inflammation was associated with increases in neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Injury also led to elevated levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid that is an important mediator of inflammation mainly through its receptor, S1P1. Genetic deletion of S1P1 in the endothelium did not alter the inflammatory response but led to increased colonic bleeding. Bacteria invaded into the wound beds, raising the possibility that microbes contributed to the observed changes in mucosal gene expression. In support of this, reducing bacterial abundance markedly attenuated the inflammatory response to wounding. Taken together, this study demonstrates the utility of the pinch biopsy model of colonic injury to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of colonic inflammation and its treatment.
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Sebastián VP, Salazar GA, Coronado-Arrázola I, Schultz BM, Vallejos OP, Berkowitz L, Álvarez-Lobos MM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Heme Oxygenase-1 as a Modulator of Intestinal Inflammation Development and Progression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1956. [PMID: 30258436 PMCID: PMC6143658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme Oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that degrades the heme group contained in several important proteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome p450. The enzymatic reaction catalyzed by HMOX1 generates Fe2+, biliverdin and CO. It has been shown that HMOX1 activity and the by-product CO can downmodulate the damaging immune response in several models of intestinal inflammation as a result of pharmacological induction of HMOX1 expression and the administration of non-toxic amounts of CO. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, which includes Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), are one of the most studied ailments associated to HMOX1 effects. However, microbiota imbalances and infections are also important factors influencing the occurrence of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation, where HMOX1 activity may play a major role. As part of this article we discuss the immune modulatory capacity of HMOX1 during IBD, as well during the infections and interactions with the microbiota that contribute to this inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina P. Sebastián
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Geraldyne A. Salazar
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irenice Coronado-Arrázola
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara M. Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar P. Vallejos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loni Berkowitz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel M. Álvarez-Lobos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Zhuang P, Shou Q, Wang W, He L, Wang J, Chen J, Zhang Y, Jiao J. Essential Fatty Acids Linoleic Acid and α-Linolenic Acid Sex-Dependently Regulate Glucose Homeostasis in Obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800448. [PMID: 29935107 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE To assess the associations of dietary linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk in a population-based cohort and further explore the mechanism of action in a high-fat-diet (HFD) induced obese (DIO) mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS The occurrence of T2D among 15 100 Chinese adults from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS, 1997-2011) were followed up for a median of 14 years. The relations of ALA and LA intakes with T2D risk were modified by BMI, with significant associations restricted to obese/overweight subjects. Among them, relative risks (95% confidence intervals) comparing extreme quartiles of intakes were 0.55 (0.32-0.93) in men and 0.53 (0.34-0.85) in women for ALA, while 0.71 (0.41-1.16) in men and 0.56 (0.36-0.89) in women for LA. DIO mice were fed with LA- or ALA-enriched HFD (0.2% wt wt-1 ) for 15 weeks and then significant sex-dependent changes of gut microbiota were detected. Endotoxemia, systematic and adipose inflammation were relieved in ALA-fed male and LA-fed female mice. CONCLUSIONS Long-term intake of LA (for women) and ALA may have a protective effect on T2D development for obese/overweight subjects through sex-specific gut microbiota modulation and gut-adipose axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiyang Shou
- Experimental Animal Research Center & Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenqiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lilin He
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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25
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Cuperus T, Kraaij MD, Zomer AL, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. Immunomodulation and effects on microbiota after in ovo administration of chicken cathelicidin-2. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198188. [PMID: 29870564 PMCID: PMC5988267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host Defense Peptides (HDPs) such as cathelicidins are multifunctional effectors of the innate immune system with both antimicrobial and pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions. Chicken cathelicidin-2 (CATH-2) has multiple immunomodulatory effects in vitro and the D-amino acid analog of this peptide has been shown to partially protect young chicks from a bacterial infection. However, the mechanisms responsible for CATH-2 mediated in vivo protection have not been investigated so far. In this study, D-CATH-2 was administered in ovo and the immune status and microbiota of the chicks were investigated at 7 days posthatch to elucidate the in vivo mechanisms of the peptide. In three consecutive studies, no effects on numbers and functions of immune cells were found and only small changes were seen in gene expression of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). In two studies, intestinal microbiota composition was determined which was highly variable, suggesting that it was strongly influenced by environmental factors. In both studies, in ovo D-CATH-2 treatment caused significant reduction of Ruminococcaceae and Butyricicoccus in the cecum and Escherichia/Shigella in both ileum and cecum. In conclusion, this study shows that, in the absence of an infectious stimulus, in ovo administration of a CATH-2 analog alters the microbiota composition but does not affect the chicks' immune system posthatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tryntsje Cuperus
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marina D. Kraaij
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert L. Zomer
- Division Clinical Infectiology, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Fang J, Sun X, Xue B, Fang N, Zhou M. Dahuang Zexie Decoction Protects against High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD by Modulating Gut Microbiota-Mediated Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Activation and Loss of Intestinal Barrier. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:2945803. [PMID: 29259643 PMCID: PMC5702401 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2945803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that intestinal dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and activated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling play key roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Dahuang Zexie Decoction (DZD) has been verified to be effective for treating NAFLD, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of DZD on NAFLD rats and determined whether such effects were associated with change of the gut microbiota, downregulated activity of the TLR4 signaling pathway, and increased expressions of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the gut. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD and then given DZD intervention for 4 weeks. We found that DZD reduced body and liver weights of NAFLD rats, improved serum lipid levels and liver function parameters, and relieved NAFLD. We further found that DZD changed intestinal bacterial communities, inhibited the intestinal TLR4 signaling pathway, and restored the expressions of TJ proteins in the gut. Meanwhile ten potential components of DZD had been identified. These findings suggest that DZD may protects against NAFLD by modulating gut microbiota-mediated TLR4 signaling activation and loss of intestinal barrier. However, further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism by which DZD treats NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Police Tactics, Nanjing Forest Police College, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Boyu Xue
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nanyuan Fang
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Min Zhou
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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27
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Langgartner D, Peterlik D, Foertsch S, Füchsl AM, Brokmann P, Flor PJ, Shen Z, Fox JG, Uschold-Schmidt N, Lowry CA, Reber SO. Individual differences in stress vulnerability: The role of gut pathobionts in stress-induced colitis. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:23-32. [PMID: 28012830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC), an established mouse model for chronic psychosocial stress, promotes a microbial signature of gut inflammation, characterized by expansion of Proteobacteria, specifically Helicobacter spp., in association with colitis development. However, whether the presence of Helicobacter spp. during CSC is critically required for colitis development is unknown. Notably, during previous CSC studies performed at Regensburg University (University 1), male specific-pathogen-free (SPF) CSC mice lived in continuous subordination to a physically present and Helicobacter spp.-positive resident. Therefore, it is likely that CSC mice were colonized, during the CSC procedure, with Helicobacter spp. originating from the dominant resident. In the present study we show that employing SPF CSC mice and Helicobacter spp.-free SPF residents at Ulm University (University 2), results in physiological responses that are typical of chronic psychosocial stress, including increased adrenal and decreased thymus weights, decreased adrenal in vitro adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responsiveness, and increased anxiety-related behavior. However, in contrast to previous studies that used Helicobacter spp.-positive resident mice, use of Helicobacter spp.-negative resident mice failed to induce spontaneous colitis in SPF CSC mice. Consistent with the hypothesis that the latter is due to a lack of Helicobacter spp. transmission from dominant residents to subordinate mice during the CSC procedure, colonization of SPF residents with Helicobacter typhlonius at University 2, prior to the start of the CSC model, rescued the colitis-inducing potential of CSC exposure. Furthermore, using SPF CSC mice and H. typhlonius-free SPF residents at University 1 prevented CSC-induced colitis. In summary, our data support the hypothesis that the presence or absence of exposure to certain pathobionts contributes to individual variability in susceptibility to stress-/trauma-associated pathologies and to reproducibility of stress-related outcomes between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Peterlik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Foertsch
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea M Füchsl
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Brokmann
- Animal Research Facility, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter J Flor
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO 80220, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Borton MA, Sabag-Daigle A, Wu J, Solden LM, O’Banion BS, Daly RA, Wolfe RA, Gonzalez JF, Wysocki VH, Ahmer BMM, Wrighton KC. Chemical and pathogen-induced inflammation disrupt the murine intestinal microbiome. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:47. [PMID: 28449706 PMCID: PMC5408407 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is one of the most significant food-borne pathogens to affect humans and agriculture. While it is well documented that Salmonella infection triggers host inflammation, the impacts on the gut environment are largely unknown. A CBA/J mouse model was used to evaluate intestinal responses to Salmonella-induced inflammation. In parallel, we evaluated chemically induced inflammation by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and a non-inflammation control. We profiled gut microbial diversity by sequencing 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes from fecal and cecal samples. These data were correlated to the inflammation marker lipocalin-2 and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. RESULTS We demonstrated that inflammation, chemically or biologically induced, restructures the chemical and microbial environment of the gut over a 16-day period. We observed that the ten mice within the Salmonella treatment group had a variable Salmonella relative abundance, with three high responding mice dominated by >46% Salmonella at later time points and the remaining seven mice denoted as low responders. These low- and high-responding Salmonella groups, along with the chemical DSS treatment, established an inflammation gradient with chemical and low levels of Salmonella having at least 3 log-fold lower lipocalin-2 concentration than the high-responding Salmonella mice. Total short-chain fatty acid and individual butyrate concentrations each negatively correlated with inflammation levels. Microbial communities were also structured along this inflammation gradient. Low levels of inflammation, regardless of chemical or biological induction, enriched for Akkermansia spp. in the Verrucomicrobiaceae and members of the Bacteroidetes family S24-7. Relative to the control or low inflammation groups, high levels of Salmonella drastically decreased the overall microbial diversity, specifically driven by the reduction of Alistipes and Lachnospiraceae in the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla, respectively. Conversely, members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus were positively correlated to high levels of Salmonella-induced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that enteropathogenic infection and intestinal inflammation are interrelated factors modulating gut homeostasis. These findings may prove informative with regard to prophylactic or therapeutic strategies to prevent disruption of microbial communities, or promote their restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla A. Borton
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, 440 Biological Sciences Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Anice Sabag-Daigle
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jikang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Lindsey M. Solden
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, 440 Biological Sciences Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Bridget S. O’Banion
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, 440 Biological Sciences Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Rebecca A. Daly
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, 440 Biological Sciences Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Richard A. Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, 440 Biological Sciences Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Juan F. Gonzalez
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Brian M. M. Ahmer
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, 440 Biological Sciences Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Kelly C. Wrighton
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, 440 Biological Sciences Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Sodium Butyrate Reduces Colitogenic Immunoglobulin A-Coated Bacteria and Modifies the Composition of Microbiota in IL-10 Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8120728. [PMID: 27886121 PMCID: PMC5188405 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-coated bacteria may have a role in driving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We therefore investigated the effect of sodium butyrate on microbiota in IBD prone interleukin (IL)-10−/− mice. At 8 weeks of age, mice were allocated into three groups (n = 4/group): normal (C57BL/6), IL-10−/−, and IL-10−/− treated with sodium butyrate (100 mM). Severity of colitis, inflammatory cytokine and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in proximal colon contents, the percentage of IgA-coated bacteria and microbiota composition by 16S ribosomal RNA assessment of stool were measured after 4 weeks of treatment. Sodium butyrate ameliorated histological colitis and decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 in IL-10−/− mice compared with those without treatment. At the phylum level, a reduction in Bacteroidetes and an increase in Firmicutes in IL-10−/− mice treated with sodium butyrate were observed. Additionally, Prevotellaceae species were reduced in IL-10−/− mice treated with sodium butyrate as compared with those without treatment. The level of biodiversity was slightly increased and the amount of IgA-coated bacteria decreased in IL-10−/− mice treated with sodium butyrate compared with those without treatment. Our results indicate that sodium butyrate protects against colitis, possibly through modifying the gut microbiota, enriching biodiversity and reducing the amount of colitogenic IgA-coated bacteria in IL-10−/− mice.
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30
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Ferguson LR, Barnett MPG. Why Are Omics Technologies Important to Understanding the Role of Nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1763. [PMID: 27775675 PMCID: PMC5085787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, there has been confusion about the role that nutrition plays in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is apparent that good dietary advice for one individual may prove inappropriate for another. As with many diseases, genome-wide association studies across large collaborative groups have been important in revealing the role of genetics in IBD, with more than 200 genes associated with susceptibility to the disease. These associations provide clues to explain the differences in nutrient requirements among individuals. In addition to genes directly involved in the control of inflammation, a number of the associated genes play roles in modulating the gut microbiota. Cell line models enable the generation of hypotheses as to how various bioactive dietary components might be especially beneficial for certain genetic groups. Animal models are necessary to mimic aspects of the complex aetiology of IBD, and provide an important link between tissue culture studies and human trials. Once we are sufficiently confident of our hypotheses, we can then take modified diets to an IBD population that is stratified according to genotype. Studies in IBD patients fed a Mediterranean-style diet have been important in validating our hypotheses and as a proof-of-principle for the application of these sensitive omics technologies to aiding in the control of IBD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics and Auckland Cancer Research Society, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew P G Barnett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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31
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Immunization with a heat-killed preparation of the environmental bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae promotes stress resilience in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3130-9. [PMID: 27185913 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600324113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of inflammatory diseases is increasing in modern urban societies. Inflammation increases risk of stress-related pathology; consequently, immunoregulatory or antiinflammatory approaches may protect against negative stress-related outcomes. We show that stress disrupts the homeostatic relationship between the microbiota and the host, resulting in exaggerated inflammation. Repeated immunization with a heat-killed preparation of Mycobacterium vaccae, an immunoregulatory environmental microorganism, reduced subordinate, flight, and avoiding behavioral responses to a dominant aggressor in a murine model of chronic psychosocial stress when tested 1-2 wk following the final immunization. Furthermore, immunization with M. vaccae prevented stress-induced spontaneous colitis and, in stressed mice, induced anxiolytic or fear-reducing effects as measured on the elevated plus-maze, despite stress-induced gut microbiota changes characteristic of gut infection and colitis. Immunization with M. vaccae also prevented stress-induced aggravation of colitis in a model of inflammatory bowel disease. Depletion of regulatory T cells negated protective effects of immunization with M. vaccae on stress-induced colitis and anxiety-like or fear behaviors. These data provide a framework for developing microbiome- and immunoregulation-based strategies for prevention of stress-related pathologies.
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Preidis GA, Ajami NJ, Wong MC, Bessard BC, Conner ME, Petrosino JF. Microbial-Derived Metabolites Reflect an Altered Intestinal Microbiota during Catch-Up Growth in Undernourished Neonatal Mice. J Nutr 2016; 146:940-8. [PMID: 27052538 PMCID: PMC4841929 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.229179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-energy undernutrition during early development confers a lifelong increased risk of obesity-related metabolic disease. Mechanisms by which metabolic abnormalities persist despite catch-up growth are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether abnormal metabolomic and intestinal microbiota profiles from undernourished neonatal mice remain altered during catch-up growth. METHODS Male and female CD1 mouse pups were undernourished by timed separation from lactating dams for 4 h at 5 d of age, 8 h at 6 d of age, and 12 h/d from 7 to 15 d of age, then resumed ad libitum nursing, whereas controls fed uninterrupted. Both groups were weaned simultaneously to a standard unpurified diet. At 3 time points (0, 1, and 3 wk after ending feed deprivation), metabolites in urine, plasma, and stool were identified with the use of mass spectrometry, and fecal microbes were identified with the use of 16S metagenomic sequencing. RESULTS Undernourished mice completely recovered deficits of 36% weight and 9% length by 3 wk of refeeding, at which time they had 1.4-fold higher plasma phenyllactate and 2.0-fold higher urinary p-cresol sulfate concentrations than did controls. Plasma serotonin concentrations in undernourished mice were 25% lower at 0 wk but 1.5-fold higher than in controls at 3 wk. Whereas most urine and plasma metabolites normalized with refeeding, 117 fecal metabolites remained altered at 3 wk, including multiple N-linked glycans. Microbiota profiles from undernourished mice also remained distinct, with lower mean proportions of Bacteroidetes (67% compared with 83%) and higher proportions of Firmicutes (26% compared with 16%). Abundances of the mucolytic organisms Akkermansia muciniphila and Mucispirillum schaedleri were altered at 0 and 1 wk. Whereas microbiota from undernourished mice at 0 wk contained 11% less community diversity (P = 0.015), refed mice at 3 wk harbored 1.2-fold greater diversity (P = 0.0006) than did controls. CONCLUSION Microbial-derived metabolites and intestinal microbiota remain altered during catch-up growth in undernourished neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; and
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and,Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew C Wong
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and,Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brooke C Bessard
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX; and
| | | | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and,Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Barnett MPG, Dommels YEM, Butts CA, Zhu S, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Inoculation with enterococci does not affect colon inflammation in the multi-drug resistance 1a-deficient mouse model of IBD. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:31. [PMID: 26940566 PMCID: PMC4778357 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal bacteria are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We investigated whether oral inoculation with specific intestinal bacteria increased colon inflammation in the multi-drug resistance 1a-deficient (Mdr1a–/–) mouse model of IBD. Methods Five-week-old Mdr1a–/– mice (FVB background) and FVB mice were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (Control or Inoculation, n = 12 per group). All mice were fed AIN-76A rodent diet, and mice in the Inoculation groups also received a single oral bacterial inoculation consisting of twelve cultured Enterococcus species combined with conventional intestinal flora obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy mice (EF.CIF). Body weight, food intake, and disease activity index (DAI) were assessed throughout the study, and at 21 or 24 weeks of age, inflammation was assessed post-mortem by determining colon length and histological injury score (HIS), and plasma serum amyloid A (SAA). Results Mdr1a–/– mice consumed more food than FVB mice at 13 weeks of age (P < 0.05). There was also a significant effect of genotype on body weight, with Mdr1a–/– mice weighing less than FVB mice throughout the study (P < 0.05) regardless of treatment, but there was no effect of inoculation on body weight (P > 0.25). Colon HIS of Mdr1a–/– mice was significantly higher than that of FVB mice in the Control (9.3 ± 4.7 (mean ± SD) vs. 0.58 ± 0.51; P < 0.001) and Inoculation (6.7 ± 5.1 vs. 0.92 ± 0.39; P < 0.001) groups. There was no difference in colon HIS of Mdr1a–/– mice in the Control group compared with Mdr1a–/– mice in the Inoculation group (P = 0.25), nor was there any difference in within-group variation of colon HIS in these two Mdr1a–/– groups. DAI was higher in Mdr1a–/– mice than in FVB mice, but there was no effect of treatment in either strain, nor were there any differences in colon length or plasma SAA. Conclusions Inoculation of Mdr1a–/– mice with the EF.CIF inoculum described here does not increase colon inflammation or reduce the observed variability of inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0447-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P G Barnett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. .,Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Yvonne E M Dommels
- Food and Nutrition, Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Christine A Butts
- Food and Nutrition, Food Innovation, Plant & Food Research, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Shuotun Zhu
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Warren C McNabb
- AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. .,Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
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Paliy O, Shankar V. Application of multivariate statistical techniques in microbial ecology. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1032-57. [PMID: 26786791 PMCID: PMC4769650 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in high-throughput methods of molecular analyses have led to an explosion of studies generating large-scale ecological data sets. In particular, noticeable effect has been attained in the field of microbial ecology, where new experimental approaches provided in-depth assessments of the composition, functions and dynamic changes of complex microbial communities. Because even a single high-throughput experiment produces large amount of data, powerful statistical techniques of multivariate analysis are well suited to analyse and interpret these data sets. Many different multivariate techniques are available, and often it is not clear which method should be applied to a particular data set. In this review, we describe and compare the most widely used multivariate statistical techniques including exploratory, interpretive and discriminatory procedures. We consider several important limitations and assumptions of these methods, and we present examples of how these approaches have been utilized in recent studies to provide insight into the ecology of the microbial world. Finally, we offer suggestions for the selection of appropriate methods based on the research question and data set structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Paliy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 260 Diggs Laboratory, 3640 Col. Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - V Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 260 Diggs Laboratory, 3640 Col. Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
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Liu Z, Roy NC, Guo Y, Jia H, Ryan L, Samuelsson L, Thomas A, Plowman J, Clerens S, Day L, Young W. Human Breast Milk and Infant Formulas Differentially Modify the Intestinal Microbiota in Human Infants and Host Physiology in Rats. J Nutr 2016; 146:191-9. [PMID: 26674765 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of human breast milk, infant and follow-on formulas can still promote efficient growth and development. However, infant formulas can differ in their nutritional value. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the effects of human milk (HM) and infant formulas in human infants and a weanling rat model. METHODS In a 3 wk clinical randomized controlled trial, babies (7- to 90-d-old, male-to-female ratio 1:1) were exclusively breastfed (BF), exclusively fed Synlait Pure Canterbury Stage 1 infant formula (SPCF), or fed assorted standard formulas (SFs) purchased by their parents. We also compared feeding HM or SPCF in weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 d. We examined the effects of HM and infant formulas on fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bacterial composition in human infants, and intestinal SCFAs, the microbiota, and host physiology in weanling rats. RESULTS Fecal Bifidobacterium concentrations (mean log copy number ± SEM) were higher (P = 0.003) in BF (8.17 ± 0.3) and SPCF-fed infants (8.29 ± 0.3) compared with those fed the SFs (6.94 ± 0.3). Fecal acetic acid (mean ± SEM) was also higher (P = 0.007) in the BF (5.5 ± 0.2 mg/g) and SPCF (5.3 ± 2.4 mg/g) groups compared with SF-fed babies (4.3 ± 0.2 mg/g). Colonic SCFAs did not differ between HM- and SPCF-fed rats. However, cecal acetic acid concentrations were higher (P = 0.001) in rats fed HM (42.6 ± 2.6 mg/g) than in those fed SPCF (30.6 ± 0.8 mg/g). Cecal transcriptome, proteome, and plasma metabolite analyses indicated that the growth and maturation of intestinal tissue was more highly promoted by HM than SPCF. CONCLUSIONS Fecal bacterial composition and SCFA concentrations were similar in babies fed SPCF or HM. However, results from the rat study showed substantial differences in host physiology between rats fed HM and SPCF. This trial was registered at Shanghai Jiào tong University School of Medicine as XHEC-C-2012-024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yanhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Leigh Ryan
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Linda Samuelsson
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ancy Thomas
- Proteins and Biomaterials Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Jeff Plowman
- Proteins and Biomaterials Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Stefan Clerens
- Proteins and Biomaterials Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Li Day
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand;
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Qiu X, Li X, Wu Z, Zhang F, Wang N, Wu N, Yang X, Liu Y. Fungal–bacterial interactions in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute and chronic colitis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03869g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal intestinal microbiota plays critical roles in the initiation and development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
- Department of Gastroenterology
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Na Wu
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology & Central Laboratory
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology
- Institute of Micro-biology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
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