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Mandal SK, DE S, Das R, Awati NJ, Dey N, Biswas A. Evaluating the Association Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Febrile Convulsion Among Children Aged 6-60 Months Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India: A Case-Control Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e58761. [PMID: 38779285 PMCID: PMC11111156 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia (IDA), presents a significant global health challenge, particularly among children under the age of five years in developing nations. Concurrently, febrile convulsions (FC) affect up to 5% of neurologically healthy children aged 6-60 months, causing considerable distress among parents. There is a suggested correlation between fever and iron deficiency, which may exacerbate neurological risks, potentially lowering seizure thresholds and increasing the risk of FC. However, studies investigating the relationship between IDA and FC have shown conflicting results. In light of this, this study aimed to explore this relationship among children aged 6-60 months in Eastern India, an area where this association has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Materials and methods The case-control study included children aged 6-60 months. The cases consisted of children presenting with FC, while controls comprised children in the same age group presenting with febrile illness but without seizures. Informed consent was obtained, a detailed history was taken, and clinical examinations were conducted for both groups. Blood investigations were performed to diagnose IDA according to WHO criteria: hemoglobin <11 gm/dl with the classical triad of low mean corpuscular volume (MCV), low mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) for age. Data analysis was performed using the R-based software Jamovi 2.4.8. with appropriate statistical tests. Results We included 81 cases and 80 controls. The study found a statistically significant association between IDA and FC with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.25 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-4.91; p=0.039]. Additionally, the study revealed that hemoglobin levels, MCH, MCV, and MCHC were lower among cases compared to controls, while the red cell distribution width (RDW) was higher. Both these findings regarding RBC indices were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions Our findings indicate a statistically significant association between IDA and FC among children under five years of age. Implementing measures to prevent IDA and strengthening existing strategies may help alleviate the burden of FC in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Mandal
- Paediatrics, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | - Saumyen DE
- Paediatrics, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | - Rashmita Das
- Paediatrics, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | - Nikahat J Awati
- Paediatrics, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | - Nilanjana Dey
- Paediatrics, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, IND
| | - Abhijit Biswas
- Paediatrics, College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, IND
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Zhang X, Han S, Jiang X, Duan S, Gao Y, Ding J, Li X, Sun B, Hu X, Zhang X, Zhang W. Comparative analysis of bile metabolic profile in patients with biliary obstruction complicated by Clonorchis sinensis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1254016. [PMID: 37868349 PMCID: PMC10585366 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1254016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clonorchiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. However, eggs of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) cannot be detected in feces during biliary obstruction. Moreover, many diseases can cause biliary obstruction, such as gallstones, adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Therefore, it is of great significance to distinguish between patients of biliary obstruction and biliary obstruction with C. sinensis infection. Methods A total of 48 biliary obstruction patients were enrolled, including 23 infected with C. sinensis (C. sinensis) (OB+C.s) and 25 non-infected subjects (OB). The bile samples were collected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). Additionally, multivariate statistical analysis methods were employed to identify differential metabolites. Next, bile amino acid levels were determined by targeted metabolomics analysis. Result A total of 146 and 132 significant metabolites were identified in electrospray ionization (ESI)+ and ESI- modes, respectively. The levels of amino acids (asparagine, glutamate, ornithine) and polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were significantly changed. Targeted analysis showed that the levels of amino acids (such as L-arginine, L-glutamine, L-lysine, L-propionic, and L-tyrosine) were lower in OB+C.s patients compared to those in OB patients. Marked metabolic pathways were involved in "Glutathione metabolism", "Caffeine metabolism", "Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism", "Arginine and proline metabolism", "Purine metabolism", "Beta-Alanine metabolism", and "D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism". Conclusion These results show that there were significant differences between OB+C.s and OB patients, especially in amino acids. The metabolic signature and perturbations in metabolic pathways may help to better distinguish OB+C.s and OB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Su Han
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Duan
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Laixi People's Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Smedegaard S, Kampmann U, Ovesen PG, Støvring H, Rittig N. Whey Protein Premeal Lowers Postprandial Glucose Concentrations in Adults Compared with Water-The Effect of Timing, Dose, and Metabolic Status: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:391-405. [PMID: 37536867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serving whey protein before a meal in order to lower postprandial blood glucose concentrations is known as a premeal. The underlying mechanisms are only partly understood but may involve stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and insulin secretion together with a slower gastric emptying rate. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to review all randomized clinical trials investigating premeals with whey protein in comparison with a nonactive comparator (control) that evaluated plasma glucose, GLP-1, GIP, insulin, and/or gastric emptying rate. Secondary aims included subgroup analyses on the timing and dose of the premeal together with the metabolic state of the participants [lean, obese, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)]. METHODS We searched EMBASE, CENTRAL, PUBMED, and clinicaltrials.gov and found 16 randomized crossover trials with a total of 244 individuals. The last search was performed on 9 August, 2022. RESULTS Whey protein premeals lowered peak glucose concentration by -1.4 mmol/L [-1.9 mmol/L; -0.9 mmol/L], and the area under the curve for glucose was -0.9 standard deviation (SD) [-1.2 SD; -0.6 SD] compared with controls (high certainty). In association with these findings, whey protein premeals elevated GLP-1 (low certainty) and peak insulin (high certainty) concentrations and slowed gastric emptying rate (high certainty) compared with controls. Subgroup analyses showed a more pronounced and prolonged glucose-lowering effect in individuals with T2DM compared with participants without T2DM. The available evidence did not elucidate the role of GIP. The protein dose used varied between 4 and 55 g, and meta-regression analysis showed that the protein dose correlated with the glucose-lowering effects. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, whey protein premeals lower postprandial blood glucose, reduce gastric emptying rate, and increase peak insulin. In addition, whey protein premeals may elevate plasma concentrations of GLP-1. Whey protein premeals may possess clinical potential, but the long-term effects await future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Smedegaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per G Ovesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Støvring
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Nouri M, Pourghassem Gargari B, Tajfar P, Tarighat-Esfanjani A. A systematic review of whey protein supplementation effects on human glycemic control: A mechanistic insight. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102540. [PMID: 35772356 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Some studies showed that dietary factors such as whey protein (WP) are effective on glycemic regulation. Due to the current controversy about WP effects and mechanisms of its action on glycemic control, we conducted this systematic review to shed light on the subject. METHODS Web of Science, Medline (Pubmed), and Scopus online databases were searched from 2012 up to February 2022 using the following keywords: "whey protein" and "glycemic control"/"glycemia"/"glucose"/"insulin". The search included original English articles, human clinical trials with WP supplementation and measurement of glucose or insulin as an outcome, studies on healthy individuals/patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)/impaired fasting glucose (IFG). RESULTS Title/abstract of 1991 studies were reviewed. After excluding studies due to inappropriate full title and duplication, and exercising inclusion criteria, 58 studies were reviewed in detail. Ample evidence showed that WP decreased postprandial glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and increased iAUCs of insulin and incretin hormones. WP affects glycemic control mainly through stimulating insulin and incretins secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and appetite suppression. CONCLUSION Although most of the recent evidence showed beneficial effects of WP supplementation on glycemic response, further long-term clinical trials are required which assess the long-term impact of WP supplementation and its exact mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nouri
- Student Research Committee, Student Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran.
| | - Pedram Tajfar
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Tarighat-Esfanjani
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran.
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Hajishafiee M, McVeay C, Lange K, Rehfeld JF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal infusion of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on glucoregulatory hormones, gastric emptying and glycaemia in healthy men. Metabolism 2022; 129:155140. [PMID: 35065080 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In healthy men, intraduodenal administration of the fatty acid, lauric acid ('C12') and the amino acid, L-tryptophan ('TRP'), at loads that individually do not affect energy intake, reduce energy intake substantially when combined. C12 and TRP may also stimulate cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which both slow gastric emptying, a key determinant of postprandial blood glucose. Accordingly, combination of C12 and TRP has the potential to reduce post-meal glycaemia more than either nutrient alone. METHODS Twelve healthy, lean men (age (mean ± SD): 28 ± 7 years) received, on 4 separate occasions, 45-min intraduodenal infusions of C12 (0.3 kcal/min), TRP (0.1 kcal/min), C12 + TRP (0.4 kcal/min), or 0.9% saline (control), in a randomised, double-blind fashion. 30 min after commencement of the infusion a mixed-nutrient drink was consumed and gastric emptying measured (13C breath-test) for 3 h. Blood samples were obtained at baseline, in response to treatments alone, and for 2 h post-drink for measurements of plasma glucose, cholecystokinin, GLP-1, C-peptide, insulin and glucagon. 'Early' (first 30 min) and 'overall' glycaemic and hormone responses were evaluated. RESULTS C12 + TRP and C12 delayed the rise in, but did not affect the overall glycaemic response to the drink, compared with control and TRP (all P < 0.05). C12 + TRP slowed gastric emptying compared with control and TRP (both P < 0.005), and C12 non-significantly slowed gastric emptying compared with control (P = 0.090). C12 + TRP and C12 delayed the rise in C-peptide and insulin, and also stimulated CCK and glucagon, compared with control and TRP (all P < 0.05). Only C12 + TRP stimulated early and overall GLP-1 compared with control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In healthy men, C12 + TRP and C12, in the loads administered, had comparable effects to delay the rise in glucose following a nutrient drink, probably primarily by slowing of gastric emptying, as a result of CCK and GLP-1 stimulation, while TRP had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hajishafiee
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C McVeay
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - K Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Kaymak E, Akin AT, Öztürk E, Karabulut D, Kuloğlu N, Yakan B. Thymoquinone has a neuroprotective effect against inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the brain cortex, medulla, and hippocampus due to doxorubicin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22888. [PMID: 34392583 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although doxorubicin (DOX) is used in many cancer treatments, it causes neurotoxicity. In this study, the effect of thymoquinone (THQ), a powerful antioxidant, on DOX-induced neurotoxicity was evaluated. In total, 40 rats were used and 5 groups were formed. Group I: control group (n = 8); Group II: olive oil group (n = 8); Group III: the THQ group (n = 8); THQ 10 mg/kg per day was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) throughout the experiment; group IV: DOX group (n = 8); On Day 7 of the experiment, a single dose of 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally DOX injected; group V: DOX + THQ group (n = 8); Throughout the experiment, 10 mg/kg THQ per day and intraperitoneally 15 mg/kg DOX on Day 7 were injected. Immunohistochemically, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1-α), glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), and the gene inducible by growth arrest and DNA damage 153 (GADD153) proteins were evaluated in the brain cortex, medulla, and hippocampus regions. Total oxidant status (TOS) levels and total antioxidant status (TAS) in the brain tissue were measured. TNF-α, IL-17, HIF1-α, GRP78, and GADD153 immunoreactivities significantly increased in the DOX group in the study. THQ significantly reduced these values. THQ increased the TAS level significantly and decreased the TOS level significantly compared to the DOX group. THQ may play a role as a neuroprotective agent in DOX-induced neurotoxicity in the cortex, medulla, and hippocampus regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Kaymak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Emel Öztürk
- Histology-Embryology Department, Harran University, Harran, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Kuloğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Birkan Yakan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Hajishafiee M, Ullrich SS, Steinert RE, Poppitt SD, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intragastric tryptophan on acute changes in the plasma tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratio and relationship with subsequent energy intake in lean and obese men. Food Funct 2020; 11:7095-7103. [PMID: 32729586 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tryptophan/large neutral amino acids (tryptophan/LNAA) ratio, an indicator of brain serotonin levels, may be important in appetite regulation, together with gastrointestinal (gastric emptying, plasma cholecystokinin) mechanisms. We have compared effects of intragastric tryptophan ('Trp') on the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio in lean and obese men, and the associations of the tryptophan/LNAA ratio, gastric emptying and CCK concentrations with energy intake. Lean and obese male participants (n = 16 each) received 3 g Trp or volume-matched control intragastrically, 15 min before a mixed-nutrient drink (300 mL, 400 kcal) (t = 0 min) in randomised, double-blind fashion. Plasma amino acid (for calculation of the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio) and CCK concentrations were measured from t = -20-60 min. Gastric emptying was assessed from t = 0-60 min, and ad-libitum energy intake from a standardised buffet-style meal from t = 60-90 min. The increase in the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio was less in obese, than lean, participants (P < 0.05), and greater in lean participants who reduced their energy intake (by >0 kcal) after Trp compared with those who did not (by ≤0 kcal) (P < 0.05). Moreover, in participants who reduced their energy intake, the ratio was lower in obese, than in lean (P < 0.05). There was a trend for an inverse correlation between energy intake with the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio in lean (r = -0.4, P = 0.08), but not in obese, participants. There was no significant difference in gastric emptying or CCK between participants who reduced their energy intake and those who did not. In conclusion, the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio appears to be a determinant of the suppression of energy intake in response to tryptophan in normal-weight people, but not in those with obesity. The role of the plasma tryptophan/LNAA ratio to regulate energy intake, and potential changes in obesity, warrant evaluation in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajishafiee
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Effects of biscuit fortified with whey protein isolate and wheat bran on weight loss, energy intake, appetite score, and appetite regulating hormones among overweight or obese adults. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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McVeay C, Steinert RE, Fitzgerald PCE, Ullrich SS, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal coadministration of lauric acid and leucine on gut motility, plasma cholecystokinin, and energy intake in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R790-R798. [PMID: 32160019 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00352.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid, lauric acid (C12), and the amino acid, leucine (Leu) stimulate gut hormones, including CCK, associated with suppression of energy intake. In our recent study, intraduodenal infusion of a combination of C12 and l-tryptophan, at loads that individually did not affect energy intake, reduced energy intake substantially, associated with much greater stimulation of CCK. We have now investigated whether combined administration of C12 and Leu would enhance the intake-suppressant effects of each nutrient, when given at loads that each suppress energy intake individually. Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 23 ± 2 yr) received, in randomized, double-blind fashion, 90-min intraduodenal infusions of control (saline), C12 (0.4 kcal/min), Leu (0.45 kcal/min), or C12+Leu (0.85 kcal/min). Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously and plasma CCK at 15-min intervals, and energy intake from a standardized buffet-meal, consumed immediately postinfusion, was quantified. All nutrient infusions stimulated plasma CCK compared with control (P < 0.05). Moreover, C12 and C12+Leu stimulated CCK compared with Leu (P < 0.05) (mean concentration, pmol/L; control: 2.3 ± 0.3, C12: 3.8 ± 0.3, Leu: 2.7 ± 0.3, and C12+Leu: 4.0 ± 0.4). C12+Leu, but not C12 or Leu, stimulated pyloric pressures (P < 0.05). C12+Leu and C12 reduced energy intake (P < 0.05), and there was a trend for Leu to reduce (P = 0.06) energy intake compared with control, with no differences between the three nutrient treatments (kcal; control: 1398 ± 84, C12: 1226 ± 80, Leu: 1260 ± 92, and C12+Leu: 1208 ± 83). In conclusion, combination of C12 and Leu, at the loads given, did not reduce energy intake beyond their individual effects, possibly because maximal effects had been evoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McVeay
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert E Steinert
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sina S Ullrich
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
AbstractKnowing the biological signals associated with appetite control is crucial for understanding the regulation of food intake. Biomarkers of appetite have been defined as physiological measures that relate to subjective appetite ratings, measured food intake, or both. Several metabolites including amino acids, lipids and glucose were proposed as key molecules associated with appetite control over 60 years ago, and along with bile acids are all among possible appetite biomarker candidates. Additional metabolites that have been associated with appetite include endocannabinoids, lactate, cortisol and β-hydroxybutyrate. However, although appetite is a complex integrative process, studies often investigated a limited number of markers in isolation. Metabolomics involves the study of small molecules or metabolites present in biological samples such as urine or blood, and may present a powerful approach to further the understanding of appetite control. Using multiple analytical techniques allows the characterisation of molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, bile acids and fatty acids. Metabolomics has proven successful in identifying markers of consumption of certain foods and biomarkers implicated in several diseases. However, it has been underexploited in appetite control or obesity. The aim of the present narrative review is to: (1) provide an overview of existing metabolites that have been identified in human biofluids and associated with appetite control; and (2) discuss the potential of metabolomics to deepen understanding of appetite control in humans.
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Elovaris RA, Hutchison AT, Lange K, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C, Luscombe-Marsh ND. Plasma Free Amino Acid Responses to Whey Protein and Their Relationships with Gastric Emptying, Blood Glucose- and Appetite-Regulatory Hormones and Energy Intake in Lean Healthy Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102465. [PMID: 31618863 PMCID: PMC6835323 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effects of increasing loads of whey protein on plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, and their relationships with gastric emptying, blood glucose- and appetite-regulatory hormones, blood glucose and energy intake. Eighteen healthy lean men participated in a double-blinded study, in which they consumed, on 3 separate occasions, in randomised order, 450-mL drinks containing either 30 g (L) or 70 g (H) of pure whey protein isolate, or control with 0 g of protein (C). Gastric emptying, serum concentrations of AAs, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1), insulin, glucagon and blood glucose were measured before and after the drinks over 180 min. Then energy intake was quantified. All AAs were increased, and 7/20 AAs were increased more by H than L. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUC0-180 min) for CCK, GLP-1, insulin and glucagon were correlated positively with iAUCs of 19/20 AAs (p < 0.05). The strongest correlations were with the branched-chain AAs as well as lysine, tyrosine, methionine, tryptophan, and aspartic acid (all R2 > 0.52, p < 0.05). Blood glucose did not correlate with any AA (all p > 0.05). Ghrelin and energy intake correlated inversely, but only weakly, with 15/20 AAs (all R2 < 0.34, p < 0.05). There is a strong relationship between gluco-regulatory hormones with a number of (predominantly essential) AAs. However, the factors mediating the effects of protein on blood glucose and energy intake are likely to be multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Elovaris
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
- Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Nutrition and Health Program, P.O. Box 10097, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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12
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Gastrointestinal Sensing of Meal-Related Signals in Humans, and Dysregulations in Eating-Related Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061298. [PMID: 31181734 PMCID: PMC6627312 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in sensing the arrival of a meal, including its volume as well as nutrient and non-nutrient contents. The presence of the meal in the stomach generates a mechanical distension signal, and, as gastric emptying progresses, nutrients increasingly interact with receptors on enteroendocrine cells, triggering the release of gut hormones, with lipid and protein being particularly potent. Collectively, these signals are transmitted to the brain to regulate appetite and energy intake, or in a feedback loop relayed back to the upper GI tract to further adjust GI functions, including gastric emptying. The research in this area to date has provided important insights into how sensing of intraluminal meal-related stimuli acutely regulates appetite and energy intake in humans. However, disturbances in the detection of these stimuli have been described in a number of eating-related disorders. This paper will review the GI sensing of meal-related stimuli and the relationship with appetite and energy intake, and examine changes in GI responses to luminal stimuli in obesity, functional dyspepsia and anorexia of ageing, as examples of eating-related disorders. A much better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these dysregulations is still required to assist in the development of effective management and treatment strategies in the future.
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Elovaris RA, Fitzgerald PCE, Bitarafan V, Ullrich SS, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Intraduodenal Administration of L-Valine Has No Effect on Antropyloroduodenal Pressures, Plasma Cholecystokinin Concentrations or Energy Intake in Healthy, Lean Men. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010099. [PMID: 30621276 PMCID: PMC6356499 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein is rich in the branched-chain amino acids, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine. Thus, branched-chain amino acids may, at least in part, mediate the effects of whey to reduce energy intake and/or blood glucose. Notably, 10 g of either L-leucine or L-isoleucine, administered intragastrically before a mixed-nutrient drink, lowered postprandial blood glucose, and intraduodenal infusion of L-leucine (at a rate of 0.45 kcal/min, total: 9.9 g) lowered fasting blood glucose and reduced energy intake from a subsequent meal. Whether L-valine affects energy intake, and the gastrointestinal functions involved in the regulation of energy intake, as well as blood glucose, in humans, is currently unknown. We investigated the effects of intraduodenally administered L-valine on antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin, blood glucose and energy intake. Twelve healthy lean men (age: 29 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.5 ± 0.7 kg/m²) were studied on 3 separate occasions in randomised, double-blind order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin, blood glucose, appetite perceptions and gastrointestinal symptoms were measured during 90-min intraduodenal infusions of L-valine at 0.15 kcal/min (total: 3.3 g) or 0.45 kcal/min (total: 9.9 g), or 0.9% saline (control). Energy intake from a buffet-meal immediately after the infusions was quantified. L-valine did not affect antral, pyloric (mean number; control: 14 ± 5; L-Val-0.15: 21 ± 9; L-Val-0.45: 11 ± 4), or duodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin (mean concentration, pmol/L; control: 3.1 ± 0.3; L-Val-0.15: 3.2 ± 0.3; L-Val-0.45: 3.0 ± 0.3), blood glucose, appetite perceptions, symptoms or energy intake (kcal; control: 1040 ± 73; L-Val-0.15: 1040 ± 81; L-Val-0.45: 1056 ± 100), at either load (p > 0.05 for all). In conclusion, intraduodenal infusion of L-valine, at loads that are moderately (3.3 g) or substantially (9.9 g) above World Health Organization valine requirement recommendations, does not appear to have energy intake- or blood glucose-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Elovaris
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Sina S Ullrich
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Level 5 Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Corner North Terrace and George Street, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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14
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Yang H, Yang M, Fang S, Huang X, He M, Ke S, Gao J, Wu J, Zhou Y, Fu H, Chen C, Huang L. Evaluating the profound effect of gut microbiome on host appetite in pigs. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:215. [PMID: 30547751 PMCID: PMC6295093 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are growing evidences showing that gut microbiota should play an important role in host appetite and feeding behavior. However, what kind of microbe(s) and how they affect porcine appetite remain unknown. Results In this study, 280 commercial Duroc pigs were raised in a testing station with the circadian feeding behavior records for a continuous period of 30–100 kg. We first analyzed the influences of host gender and genetics in porcine average daily feed intake (ADFI), but no significant effect was observed. We found that the Prevotella-predominant enterotype had a higher ADFI than the Treponema enterotype-like group. Furthermore, 12 out of the 18 OTUs positively associated with the ADFI were annotated to Prevotella, and Prevotella was the hub bacteria in the co-abundance network. These results suggested that Prevotella might be a keystone bacterial taxon for increasing host feed intake. However, some bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactic acid (e.g. Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacillus) showed negative associations with the ADFI. Predicted function capacity analysis showed that the genes for amino acid biosynthesis had significantly different enrichment between pigs with high and low ADFI. Conclusions The present study provided important information on the profound effect of gut microbiota on porcine appetite and feeding behavior. This will profit us to regulate porcine appetite through modulating the gut microbiome in the pig industry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1364-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.,College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Wens Foodstuff Co. Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Shaoming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xiaochang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Maozhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Shanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yunyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Congying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
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15
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Huhmann MB, Yamamoto S, Neutel JM, Cohen SS, Ochoa Gautier JB. Very high-protein and low-carbohydrate enteral nutrition formula and plasma glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized crossover trial. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:45. [PMID: 30158516 PMCID: PMC6115411 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Standard enteral nutrition (EN) formulas can worsen hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. We hypothesized that altering the proportion of macronutrients in a formula; increasing protein while decreasing carbohydrate concentrations would improve glycemic response. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that an EN formula containing a very high concentration of protein (in the form of whey peptides) and low concentration of carbohydrate provide better control of postprandial blood glucose relative to a very high-protein/higher-carbohydrate formula. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This was a randomized crossover clinical trial of 12 ambulatory adult subjects with type 2 diabetes. The primary outcome was glycemic response following a bolus of isocaloric amounts of two EN formulas; the secondary outcome was insulin response. Subjects were randomized to the experimental or the control formula, on two separate days, 5-7 days apart. RESULTS Mean blood glucose concentrations at 10-180 min post-infusion and mean area under the curve for glucose over 240 min post-infusion were significantly lower with the experimental formula than with the control formula (71.99 ± 595.18 and 452.62 ± 351.38, respectively; p = 0.025). There were no significant differences in the mean insulin concentrations over time, insulinogenic indices, and first-phase insulin measurements. CONCLUSIONS An EN formula containing high-protein and low-carbohydrate loads can significantly improve glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes in ambulatory settings as evidenced by observed improved glucose control without significant difference in insulin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen B Huhmann
- Clinical Sciences, Nestlé Health Science, 1007 US Highway 202/206, Building JR2, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807, USA.
| | - Shinobu Yamamoto
- Clinical Sciences, Nestlé Health Science, 1007 US Highway 202/206, Building JR2, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807, USA
| | - Joel M Neutel
- Orange County Research Center, 14351 Myford Road, Suite B, Tustin, CA, 92780, USA
| | - Sarah S Cohen
- EpidStat Institute, 2100 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite 203, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Juan B Ochoa Gautier
- Clinical Sciences, Nestlé Health Science, 1007 US Highway 202/206, Building JR2, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, 17822, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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16
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Giezenaar C, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Hutchison AT, Standfield S, Feinle-Bisset C, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010078. [PMID: 29329233 PMCID: PMC5793306 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-rich supplements are used widely for the prevention and management of malnutrition in older people. We have reported that healthy older, compared to younger, adults have less suppression of energy intake by whey-protein-effects on appetite-related hormones are unknown. The objective was to determine the effects of intraduodenally administered whey-protein on glucose, gut hormone, and amino acid concentrations, and their relation to subsequent ad libitum energy intake at a buffet meal, in healthy older and younger men. Hydrolyzed whey-protein (30 kcal, 90 kcal, and 180 kcal) and a saline control (~0 kcal) were infused intraduodenally for 60 min in 10 younger (19-29 years, 73 ± 2 kg, 22 ± 1 kg/m²) and 10 older (68-81 years, 79 ± 2 kg, 26 ± 1 kg/m²) healthy men in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Plasma insulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and amino acid concentrations, but not blood glucose, increased, while ghrelin decreased during the whey-protein infusions. Plasma GIP concentrations were greater in older than younger men. Energy intake correlated positively with plasma ghrelin and negatively with insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acids concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, intraduodenal whey-protein infusions resulted in increased GIP and comparable ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acid responses in healthy older and younger men, which correlated to subsequent energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giezenaar
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Food and Nutrition, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Scott Standfield
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Chapman
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (C.G.); (N.D.L.-M.); (A.T.H.); (S.S.); (C.F.-B.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3638
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17
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Serrano J, Casanova-Martí À, Blay MT, Terra X, Pinent M, Ardévol A. Strategy for limiting food intake using food components aimed at multiple targets in the gastrointestinal tract. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Mietlicki-Baase EG, Koch-Laskowski K, McGrath LE, Krawczyk J, Pham T, Lhamo R, Reiner DJ, Hayes MR. Daily supplementation of dietary protein improves the metabolic effects of GLP-1-based pharmacotherapy in lean and obese rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:122-128. [PMID: 28433470 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released from intestinal L-cells in response to food entering into the gastrointestinal tract. GLP-1-based pharmaceuticals improve blood glucose regulation and reduce feeding. Specific macronutrients, when ingested, may trigger GLP-1 secretion and enhance the effects of systemic sitagliptin, a pharmacological inhibitor of DPP-IV (an enzyme that rapidly degrades GLP-1). In particular, macronutrient constituents found in dairy foods may act as potent secretagogues for GLP-1, and acute preclinical trials show that ingestion of dairy protein may represent a promising adjunct behavioral therapy in combination with sitagliptin. To test this hypothesis further, chow-maintained or high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats received daily IP injections of sitagliptin (6mg/kg) or saline in combination with a twice-daily 8ml oral gavage of milk protein concentrate (MPC; 80/20% casein/whey; 0.5kcal/ml), soy protein (non-dairy control; 0.5kcal/ml) or 0.9% NaCl for two months. Food intake and body weight were recorded every 24-48h; blood glucose regulation was examined at baseline and at 3 and 6.5weeks via a 2h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 25% glucose; 2g/kg). MPC and soy protein significantly suppressed cumulative caloric intake in HFD but not chow-maintained rats. AUC analyses for OGTT show suppression in glycemia by sitagliptin with MPC or soy in chow- and HFD-maintained rats, suggesting that chronic ingestion of dairy or soy proteins may augment endogenous GLP-1 signaling and the glycemic- and food intake-suppressive effects of DPP-IV inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kieran Koch-Laskowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lauren E McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Joanna Krawczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Tram Pham
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Rinzin Lhamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - David J Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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19
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Ullrich SS, Fitzgerald PC, Schober G, Steinert RE, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Intragastric administration of leucine or isoleucine lowers the blood glucose response to a mixed-nutrient drink by different mechanisms in healthy, lean volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1274-1284. [PMID: 27655440 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.140640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The branched-chain amino acids leucine and isoleucine lower blood glucose after oral glucose ingestion, and the intraduodenal infusion of leucine decreases energy intake in healthy, lean men. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of the intragastric administration of leucine and isoleucine on the gastric emptying of, and blood glucose responses to, a physiologic mixed-macronutrient drink and subsequent energy intake. DESIGN In 2 separate studies, 12 healthy, lean subjects received on 3 separate occasions an intragastric infusion of 5 g leucine (leucine-5g) or an intragastric infusion of 10 g leucine (leucine-10g), an intragastric infusion of 5 g isoleucine (isoleucine-5g) or an intragastric infusion of 10 g isoleucine (isoleucine-10g), or a control. Fifteen minutes later, subjects consumed a mixed-nutrient drink (400 kcal, 56 g carbohydrates, 15 g protein, and 12 g fat), and gastric emptying (13C-acetate breath test) and blood glucose, plasma insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and cholecystokinin (leucine study only) were measured for 60 min. Immediately afterward, energy intake from a cold, buffet-style meal was assessed. RESULTS Compared with the control, leucine-10g decreased the blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce peak blood glucose (P = 0.07), whereas effects of leucine-5g were NS. Leucine-10g, but not leucine-5g, increased plasma insulin and C-peptide AUCs (P < 0.01 for both), but neither dose affected glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, cholecystokinin, gastric emptying, or energy intake. Compared with the control, isoleucine-10g reduced the blood glucose AUC and peak blood glucose (P < 0.01), whereas effects of isoleucine-5g were NS. Neither load affected insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1, or GIP. Isoleucine-10g, but not isoleucine-5g, slowed gastric emptying (P < 0.05), but gastric emptying was not correlated with the blood glucose AUC. Isoleucine did not affect energy intake. CONCLUSIONS In healthy subjects, both leucine and isoleucine reduced blood glucose in response to a mixed-nutrient drink but did not affect subsequent energy intake. The mechanisms underlying glucose lowering appear to differ; leucine stimulated insulin, whereas isoleucine acted insulin independently. These trials were registered at www.anzctr.org.au as 12613000899741 and 12614000837628.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina S Ullrich
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope Ce Fitzgerald
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gudrun Schober
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert E Steinert
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia
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