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Yao R, Cools A, van Hees HMJ, Chiers K, Mebratu AT, Aluwé M, Maes D, Janssens GPJ. Getting clues from nature: the impact of grass hay on suckling piglets' gastrointestinal growth and colonic microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1341147. [PMID: 38268791 PMCID: PMC10806113 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1341147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of dietary fiber on pig production has been extensively evaluated. Inspired by observations of the diet of wild, young piglets, this study aimed to examine the possibility of feeding grass hay to suckling piglets besides concentrated creep feed. Methods The sow-nursed piglets in this study were divided into two groups based on balanced sow parities. The control group (CON, n = 7 sows) only received a regular, concentrated creep feed, while the treatment piglets (GH, n = 8 sows) were also provided with chopped grass hay from 2 days of age until weaning (28 days). At weaning, one piglet with a median weight was selected from each litter for post-mortem evaluation. Subsequently, six pigs around median weight per sow were grouped into nursery pens and monitored for their feed intake and body weight gain until 9 weeks of age. Results and discussion Piglets in GH consumed, on average, 57 g of grass hay per piglet during the entire lactation period. The emptied weight of the small and large intestine was significantly greater in GH (280 vs. 228 g, 88.8 vs. 79.3 g, respectively, p < 0.05), and the length of the large intestine was stimulated by the grass hay (164 vs. 150 cm, p < 0.05). Morphologically, the villus height in the jejunum was higher in GH (p < 0.05). In the large intestine, the crypt depth of the mid-colon was lower in GH. Moreover, the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the cecum were increased in GH compared to CON (1,179 vs. 948 µmol/g dry matter, p < 0.05), whereas in the colon, SCFA concentrations were lower in CON (341 vs. 278 µmol/g dry matter, p < 0.05). There was no major impact of grass hay inclusion on the colonic microbiota composition. Only a trend was observed for a lower inverse of the classical Simpson (InvSimpon) index and a higher abundance of Lactobacillus genera in GH. After weaning, no significant differences in feed intake and body weight gain were observed. In conclusion, supplementing the grass hay to suckling piglets led to alterations in intestinal morphology, increased SCFA fermentation in proximal sections of large intestine, stimulation of gastrointestinal tract growth, and subtle modifications in colonic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hubèrt M. J. van Hees
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Trouw Nutrition Research & Development, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Awot Teklu Mebratu
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marijke Aluwé
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Qin F, Wei W, Gao J, Jiang X, Che L, Fang Z, Lin Y, Feng B, Zhuo Y, Hua L, Wang J, Sun M, Wu D, Xu S. Effect of Dietary Fiber on Reproductive Performance, Intestinal Microorganisms and Immunity of the Sow: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2292. [PMID: 37764136 PMCID: PMC10534349 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber is a substance that cannot be digested by endogenous digestive enzymes but can be digested by the cellulolytic enzymes produced by intestinal microorganisms. In the past, dietary fiber was considered an anti-nutrient component in diets because it could resist digestion by endogenous enzymes secreted by the intestine and has a negative effect on the digestion of energy-producing nutrients. However, due to its functional properties, potential health benefits to animals, and innate fermentability, it has attracted increasing attention in recent years. There are a plethora of studies on dietary fiber. Evidence suggests that dietary fiber can provide energy for pigs through intestinal microbial fermentation and improve sow welfare, reproductive performance, intestinal flora, and immunity. This is a brief overview of the composition and classification of dietary fiber, the mechanism of action and effects of dietary fiber on reproductive performance, intestinal microorganisms, and the immune index of the sow. This review also provides scientific guidance for the application of dietary fiber in sow production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Junjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Lun Hua
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yucheng District, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (F.Q.); (W.W.); (J.G.); (X.J.); (L.C.); (Z.F.); (Y.L.); (B.F.); (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
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Li S, Zheng J, He J, Liu H, Huang Y, Huang L, Wang K, Zhao X, Feng B, Che L, Fang Z, Li J, Xu S, Lin Y, Jiang X, Hua L, Zhuo Y, Wu D. Dietary fiber during gestation improves lactational feed intake of sows by modulating gut microbiota. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:65. [PMID: 37143119 PMCID: PMC10161572 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feed intake of sows during lactation is often lower than their needs. High-fiber feed is usually used during gestation to increase the voluntary feed intake of sows during lactation. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of bulky diets on the appetites of sows during lactation have not been fully clarified. The current study was conducted to determine whether a high-fiber diet during gestation improves lactational feed intake (LFI) of sows by modulating gut microbiota. METHODS We selected an appropriate high-fiber diet during gestation and utilized the fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) method to conduct research on the role of the gut microbiota in feed intake regulation of sows during lactation, as follows: high-fiber (HF) diet during gestation (n = 23), low-fiber (LF) diet during gestation (n = 23), and low-fiber diet + HF-FMT (LFM) during gestation (n = 23). RESULTS Compared with the LF, sows in the HF and LFM groups had a higher LFI, while the sows also had higher peptide tyrosine tyrosine and glucagon-like peptide 1 on d 110 of gestation (G110 d). The litter weight gain of piglets during lactation and weaning weight of piglets from LFM group were higher than LF group. Sows given a HF diet had lower Proteobacteria, especially Escherichia-Shigella, on G110 d and higher Lactobacillus, especially Lactobacillus_mucosae_LM1 and Lactobacillus_amylovorus, on d 7 of lactation (L7 d). The abundance of Escherichia-Shigella was reduced by HF-FMT in numerically compared with the LF. In addition, HF and HF-FMT both decreased the perinatal concentrations of proinflammatory factors, such as endotoxin (ET), lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The concentration of ET and LCN-2 and the abundance of Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella were negatively correlated with the LFI of sows. CONCLUSION The high abundance of Proteobacteria, especially Escherichia-Shigella of LF sows in late gestation, led to increased endotoxin levels, which result in inflammatory responses and adverse effects on the LFI of sows. Adding HF during gestation reverses this process by increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus, especially Lactobacillus_mucosae_LM1 and Lactobacillus_amylovorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liansu Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Hua
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Zhu D, Liu J, Sun X, Gao F, Duan H, Dong L, Wang X, Wu C. Pediococcus pentosaceus PR-1 modulates high-fat-died-induced alterations in gut microbiota, inflammation, and lipid metabolism in zebrafish. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1087703. [PMID: 36819708 PMCID: PMC9929557 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1087703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is a health issue worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of Pediococcus pentococcus PR-1 on the modulating of gut microbiota, inflammation and lipid metabolism in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed zebrafish. Methods Adult zebrafish were fed a commercial (C), high fat (H, 25% fat), probiotic (P, 106 CFU/g), or high fat with probiotic (HP) diets twice daily for 5 weeks. Gut microbiota were analysed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Gene expressions of intestinal cytokine, intestinal TJ protein, and liver lipid metabolism were analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Biochemical and histological analysis were also performed. Results and discussion P. pentosaceus PR-1 reduced body weight and BMI, indicating its anti-obesity effect. The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed HFD induced a distinct gut microbiota structure from C group, which was restored by probiotic. P. pentosaceus PR-1 improved gut health by decreasing the abundance of Ralstonia and Aeromonas which were increased induced by HFD. Moreover, probiotic restored abundance of Fusobacteria, Cetobacterium and Plesiomonas, which were decreased in HFD-fed zebrafish. The results of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed probiotic suppressed HFD-induced inflammation by decreasing the expressions of IL-1b and IL-6. Levels of hepatic TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were reduced by probiotic in HFD-fed zebrafish. Probiotic also ameliorated gut barrier function by increasing the expressions of occludin, Claudin-1, and ZO-1. Probiotic exerted anti-adipogenic activity through regulating the expressions of SREBP1, FAS and LEPTIN. Levels of hepatic triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein were also reduced by probiotic. Histological analysis showed probiotic alleviated liver steatosis and injury induced by HFD. P. pentosaceus PR-1 might be useful as a dietary health supplement, especially for reducing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,The Provincial Key Laboratories for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases Shanxi, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Yue Liu ✉
| | - Danxu Zhu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,The Provincial Key Laboratories for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases Shanxi, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiwen Liu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,The Provincial Key Laboratories for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases Shanxi, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,The Provincial Key Laboratories for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases Shanxi, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,The Provincial Key Laboratories for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases Shanxi, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huiping Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fourth People's Hospital of Taiyuan, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Food Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Cell Biology of Shanxi Province, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,The Provincial Key Laboratories for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases Shanxi, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China,Changxin Wu ✉
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Grześkowiak Ł, Saliu EM, Martínez-Vallespín B, Aschenbach JR, Brockmann GA, Fulde M, Hartmann S, Kuhla B, Lucius R, Metges CC, Rothkötter HJ, Vahjen W, Wessels AG, Zentek J. Dietary fiber and its role in performance, welfare, and health of pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:165-193. [PMID: 36688278 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) is receiving increasing attention, and its importance in pig nutrition is now acknowledged. Although DF for pigs was frowned upon for a long time because of reductions in energy intake and digestibility of other nutrients, it has become clear that feeding DF to pigs can affect their well-being and health. This review aims to summarize the state of knowledge of studies on DF in pigs, with an emphasis on the underlying mode of action, by considering research using DF in sows as well as suckling and weaned piglets, and fattening pigs. These studies indicate that DF can benefit the digestive tracts and the health of pigs, if certain conditions or restrictions are considered, such as concentration in the feed and fermentability. Besides the chemical composition and the impact on energy and nutrient digestibility, it is also necessary to evaluate the possible physical and physiologic effects on intestinal function and intestinal microbiota, to better understand the relation of DF to animal health and welfare. Future research should be designed to provide a better mechanistic understanding of the physiologic effects of DF in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - E-M Saliu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Martínez-Vallespín
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G A Brockmann
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Animal Breeding, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - R Lucius
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - C C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H J Rothkötter
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Medizinische Fakultät, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - W Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A G Wessels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Tursi A, Papa V, Lopetuso LR, Settanni CR, Gasbarrini A, Papa A. Microbiota Composition in Diverticular Disease: Implications for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314799. [PMID: 36499127 PMCID: PMC9736941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) composition and its imbalance are crucial in the pathogenesis of several diseases, mainly those affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Colon diverticulosis and its clinical manifestations (diverticular disease, DD) are among the most common digestive disorders in developed countries. In recent literature, the role of GM imbalance in the onset of the different manifestations within the clinical spectrum of DD has been highlighted. This narrative review aims to summarize and critically analyze the current knowledge on GM dysbiosis in diverticulosis and DD by comparing the available data with those found in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The rationale for using probiotics to rebalance dysbiosis in DD is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tursi
- Territorial Gastroenterology Service, ASL BAT, 70031 Andria, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Papa
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Digestive Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, CEMAD, Gastroenterology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Romano Settanni
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, CEMAD, Gastroenterology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, CEMAD, Gastroenterology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Papa
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive Diseases, CEMAD, Gastroenterology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-30157781
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Gao Q, Liu Z, Li K, Bai G, Liu L, Zhong R, Chen L, Zhang H. Time-course effects of different fiber-rich ingredients on energy values, microbiota composition and SCFA profile in growing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:263-275. [PMID: 36712404 PMCID: PMC9868344 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate time-course effects of different types of dietary fiber on the energy values, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in growing pigs. A total of 24 barrows (initial body weight, 19.8 ± 0.5 kg) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments based on body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design, including a basal diet (CON) and 3 fiber-rich diets replacing corn, soybean meal and soybean oil in the CON diet with 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP), defatted rice bran (DFRB) or soybean hull (SBH), respectively. Fresh feces were sampled on d 7, 14 and 21, followed by 5 d total feces and urine collections. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between any of the fiber ingredients on d 7, 14 or 21. However, fiber inclusion decreased the DE and ME of the diet (P < 0.05) regardless of the time effect. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinctly different microbial communities on the DFRB diet and SBH diet across different times (P < 0.05) and the fecal microbiota of the 4 diet groups demonstrated notably distinct clusters at each time point (P < 0.05). With adaptation time increased from 7 to 21 d, cellulose-degrading bacteria and SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Rikenellaceae _RC9_gut_group and Bifidobacterium) increased in the fiber inclusion diets, and pathogenic genera (e.g., Streptococcus and Selenomonas) were increased in the basal diet (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the gut microbiota of growing pigs adapted more easily and quickly to the SBP diet compared to the DFRB diet, as reflected by the concentration of propionate, butyrate, isovalerate and total SCFA which increased with time for growing pigs fed the DFRB diet (P < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicated at least 7 d adaptation was required to evaluate the energy values of fiber-rich ingredients, as the hindgut microbiota of growing pigs may need more time to adapt to a high fiber diet, especially for insoluble dietary fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Tianjin Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guosong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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8
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Ryu S, Kyoung H, Park KI, Oh S, Song M, Kim Y. Postbiotic heat-killed lactobacilli modulates on body weight associated with gut microbiota in a pig model. AMB Express 2022; 12:83. [PMID: 35767074 PMCID: PMC9243212 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, Lactobacillus has been extensively used as beneficial probiotics because it positively effects on the intestinal health of the host and has been studying its possible serve to treat obesity as well as various diseases. This research aimed to investigate the effects of heat-killed Ligilactobacillus salivarius strain 189 (HK LS 189) supplementation on anti-obesity and gut microbiota. A total of 48 pigs were fed either a basal diet or a diet supplemented with HK LS 189 for 4 weeks. The impact of HK LS 189 supplementation on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota was revealed by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. HK LS 189 supplementation significantly decreased growth performance. Moreover, HK LS 189 supplementation altered the gut microbiota of the pigs by decreasing the proportion of Prevotella and increasing the proportion of Parabacteroides. Beta-diversity analysis showed a significant difference between the two groups. The results support the potential use of HK LS 189 for its anti-obesity effect in pigs through modulation of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we found changes in the functional pathways of the gut microbiota. The functional pathway study indicated that metabolism and lipid metabolism differed between the two groups. Our data may contribute to understanding the potential use of postbiotic supplementation with HK LS 189 for improving the anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyeong Il Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, 55069, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Korea.
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9
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Effects of Growth Stage and Rearing Pattern on Pig Gut Microbiota. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:136. [PMID: 35303185 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental period or the patterns of gut microbiota is important for nutritionists when designing a feed formula or adjusting a feeding strategy. The effects of growth stage or rearing pattern on pig gut microbiota have not been fully investigated. Herein, 39 fecal samples from pigs aged 3-9 months under two rearing patterns were collected to analyze the gut microbiome. Samples were clustered into three distinct groups, namely, early (3 months), middle (5 months), and late (7 and 9 months) stages, using principal coordinate analysis and analysis of similarities test. The rearing-pattern effects were very minimal, and no differences were observed in the alpha diversity [observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and Shannon index] of gut microbiota. From early and middle to late stage, Shannon index gradually decreased and OTUs gradually increased. Pigs at early stage were enriched with bacteria from family Prevotellaceae, including the genera Prevotella_9 and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31, whereas pigs at late stage were enriched with family Ruminococcaceae, including genera Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 and Oscillospira. Pigs in the semi-free-grazing farm group were significantly enriched with bacteria from order Clostridiales. Growth stage better explained the changes in porcine gut microbiota than rearing patterns.
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10
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SULISTYOWATI E, HANDAYANI D, SOEHARTO S, RUDIJANTO A. A high-fat and high-fructose diet lowers the cecal digesta's weight and short-chain fatty acid level of a Sprague-Dawley rat model. Turk J Med Sci 2022; 52:268-275. [PMID: 36161602 PMCID: PMC10734861 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1911-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze the effect of a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD) on the digesta weight and shortchain fatty acid (SCFA) levels of cecal digesta in rats. METHODS This study was an experimental study with a posttest-only control group design with male Sprague-Dawley strain rats as the samples. A total of 36 rats were divided into two groups with normal diet (N) and modified HFFD. The data of energy intake, nutrients and fiber, body weight, Lee index, abdominal circumference, digesta weight, and SCFA levels of cecal digesta were collected. RESULTS The results showed an 11.94% increase in body weights of rats with HFFD. The total energy intake of the HFFD group was significantly higher than that of N (p = 0.000). The fiber intake and cecal digesta weight in group N were higher than that in the HFFD group (p = 0.00 and p = 0.02, respectively). The concentrations of acetate, butyrate, propionate, and total SCFA in the N group were significantly higher than in the HFFD (p = 0.041,,p = 0.004, p = 0.040, p = 0.013, respectively). A significant negative relationship was observed between the abdominal circumference and cecal digesta concentration (p = 0.029; r = -0.529) and between the Lee index and the SCFA concentration of cecal digesta (p = 0.036, r = -0.206).
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Affiliation(s)
- Etik SULISTYOWATI
- Department of Nutrition, Malang State Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health, Malang
Indonesia
| | - Dian HANDAYANI
- School of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang,
Indonesia
| | - Setyawati SOEHARTO
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang,
Indonesia
| | - Achmad RUDIJANTO
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang,
Indonesia
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11
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Bai Y, Zhou X, Li N, Zhao J, Ye H, Zhang S, Yang H, Pi Y, Tao S, Han D, Zhang S, Wang J. In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Fiber-Degrading Enzyme Kinetics of Cellulose, Arabinoxylan, β-Glucan and Glucomannan by Pig Fecal Microbiota. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051071. [PMID: 34065679 PMCID: PMC8156825 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-digestible polysaccharides are of great significance to human and animal intestinal health. Cellulose, arabinoxylan, β-glucan and glucomannan were selected in the present study to investigate the fermentation characteristics and fiber-degrading enzyme kinetics by inoculating pig fecal microbiota in vitro. Our results showed that fermentation of arabinoxylan and β-glucan produced the highest amount of acetate and lactate, respectively. The abundance of Prevotella_9 was the highest in β-glucan group and positively correlated with lactate and acetate. Glucomannan fermentation produced the highest amount of butyrate, and the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides were the lowest. A significant negative correlation was found between Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group, Bacteroides and butyrate. Exo-β-1,4-xylanase had the highest activity at 24 h during arabinoxylan fermentation. The activity of β-glucosidase and β-mannosidase at 36 h were higher than those at 15 h in the glucomannan group. The abundance of Prevotella_9 was positively correlated with β-glucosidase while Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides were negatively correlated with β-xylosidase. Our findings demonstrated the β-glucan and arabinoxylan promote proliferation of Prevotella_9, with the preference to secret β-glucosidase, β-mannosidase and the potential to produce lactate and acetate. Butyrate production can be improved by inhibiting the proliferation of Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides, which have the lack of potential to secret β-xylosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xingjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Hao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Boen Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guanzhou 341000, China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.B.); (X.Z.); (N.L.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.T.); (D.H.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Gaire TN, Salas J, Dunmire KM, Paulk CB, Tokach MD, Nagaraja TG, Volkova VV. Faecal concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites in finisher pigs administered intramuscularly with ceftiofur. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1800-1806. [PMID: 33991410 PMCID: PMC8464268 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary fibre level and source on faecal ceftiofur metabolites concentrations after intramuscular administration of therapeutic ceftiofur hydrochloride in finisher pigs. Pens of finisher pigs (n = 36), with an equal number of barrows and gilts, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatment groups: basal diet composed of corn grain and soy bean meal with no supplement and formulated to contain 8.7% neutral detergent fibre (NDF), supplemented with 20% distillers dried grains with solubles (a byproduct of the ethanol production from corn grain) formulated to contain 13.6% NDF, primarily insoluble fibre or supplemented with 14.5% sugar beet pulp formulated to contain 13.6% NDF. Faecal samples were collected 6–8 hr after ceftiofur injection from treated and untreated pen‐mate pigs on days 1 and 3 of the 3‐day treatment regimen. Faecal concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites, including the major metabolite, desfuroylceftiofur, were analysed by reverse‐phase high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Overall, the faecal concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites did not differ significantly between the dietary treatments. The mean concentrations of metabolites tended to be lower (p = .1) on day 3 compared to day 1 of the 3‐day treatment regimen. Faecal concentrations of metabolites were not affected by the gender of the finisher pigs. The concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites in the faeces are likely reflective of the microbial activity in the hindgut. Our data suggest that the fibre level and source used in the study did not affect the faecal concentrations of ceftiofur metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara N Gaire
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessica Salas
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kara M Dunmire
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chad B Paulk
- Department of Grain Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Victoriya V Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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13
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Bischoff SC, Kaden-Volynets V, Filipe Rosa L, Guseva D, Seethaler B. Regulation of the gut barrier by carbohydrates from diet - Underlying mechanisms and possible clinical implications. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151499. [PMID: 33864957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier has been recognized as being of relevance in the pathogenesis of multiple different diseases ranging from inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory joint disease, fatty liver disease, and cardiometabolic disorders. The regulation of the gut barrier is, however, poorly understood. Especially, the role of food components such as sugars and complex carbohydrates has been discussed controversially in this respect. More recently, the intestinal microbiota has been proposed as an important regulator of the gut barrier. Whether the microbiota affects the barrier by its own, or whether food components such as carbohydrates mediate their effects through alterations of the microbiota composition or its metabolites, is still not clear. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on this topic derived from both animal and human studies and discuss data for possible clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Valentina Kaden-Volynets
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Acousia Therapeutics GmbH & Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Louisa Filipe Rosa
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Daria Guseva
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Seethaler
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Ojeda J, Ávila A, Vidal PM. Gut Microbiota Interaction with the Central Nervous System throughout Life. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1299. [PMID: 33801153 PMCID: PMC8004117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last years, accumulating evidence has suggested that the gut microbiota plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases via the gut-brain axis. Moreover, current research has helped to elucidate different communication pathways between the gut microbiota and neural tissues (e.g., the vagus nerve, tryptophan production, extrinsic enteric-associated neurons, and short chain fatty acids). On the other hand, altering the composition of gut microbiota promotes a state known as dysbiosis, where the balance between helpful and pathogenic bacteria is disrupted, usually stimulating the last ones. Herein, we summarize selected findings of the recent literature concerning the gut microbiome on the onset and progression of neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders, and the strategies to modulate its composition in the search for therapeutical approaches, focusing mainly on animal models studies. Readers are advised that this is a young field, based on early studies, that is rapidly growing and being updated as the field advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ojeda
- Neuroimmunology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System Unit, Biomedical Science Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile;
| | - Ariel Ávila
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Biomedical Science Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile;
| | - Pía M. Vidal
- Neuroimmunology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System Unit, Biomedical Science Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile;
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15
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Killingsworth J, Sawmiller D, Shytle RD. Propionate and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:580001. [PMID: 33505301 PMCID: PMC7831739 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.580001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionate, a short-chain fatty acid, serves important roles in the human body. However, our review of the current literature suggests that under certain conditions, excess levels of propionate may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cause of the excessive levels of propionate may be related to the Bacteroidetes phylum, which are the primary producers of propionate in the human gut. Studies have shown that the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum is significantly increased in older adults. Other studies have shown that levels of the Bacteroidetes phylum are increased in persons with AD. Studies on the diet, medication use, and propionate metabolism offer additional potential causes. There are many different mechanisms by which excess levels of propionate may lead to AD, such as hyperammonemia. These mechanisms offer potential points for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Killingsworth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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16
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Zhao Y, Jaber V, Lukiw WJ. Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome-Derived Pro-inflammatory Neurotoxins in Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AGING SCIENCE 2021; 9:002. [PMID: 34671696 PMCID: PMC8525708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome contained within the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract constitutes a highly complex, dynamic and interactive internal prokaryotic ecosystem that possesses a staggering diversity, speciation and complexity. This repository of microbes comprises the largest interactive source and highest density of microbes anywhere in nature, collectively constituting the largest 'diffuse organ system' in the human body. Through the extracellular fluid (ECF), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), lymphatic and glymphatic circulation, endocrine, systemic and neurovascular circulation and/or central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS) microbiome-derived signaling strongly impacts the health, well-being and vitality of the human host. Recent data from the Human Microbiome Initiative (HMI) and the Unified Human Gastrointestinal Genome (UHGG) consortium have classified over ~200 thousand diverse, non-redundant prokaryotic genomes in the human GI-tract microbiome involving about ~5 thousand different GI-tract microbes that all together encode almost ~200 million different protein sequences. While the largest proportion of different microbiome-derived proteins, lipoproteins and nucleic acids provide essential microorganism-specific gene products necessary to support microbial structure, function and viability, many of these same components are also shed from the outer cell wall of different Gram-negative bacterial species into surrounding biofluids which eventually enter the systemic circulation. Several of these microbial-derived secreted molecular species represent some of the most pro-inflammatory and noxious neurotoxins known. These neurotoxins disrupt cell-cell adhesion and easily translocate across aged or damaged plasma membranes and into the systemic circulation, brain, and CNS and PNS compartments. For example, microbial lipoprotein glycoconjugates such as Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacterial amyloids and more recently small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) microbial-derived neurotoxins have been found by many independent research groups to reside within the brain cells and CNS tissues of aged patients affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This 'Commentary' will highlight the most recent findings on these microbial-derived secreted toxins, their neurotropic properties and the potential contribution of these neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory microbial exudates to age-related inflammatory neurodegeneration, with specific reference to the human GI-tract abundant Gram-negative anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis and to AD wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, USA,LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Vivian Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, USA,Department Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, USA
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17
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Lukiw WJ, Arceneaux L, Li W, Bond T, Zhao Y. Gastrointestinal (GI)-Tract Microbiome Derived Neurotoxins and their Potential Contribution to Inflammatory Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2021; 11:525. [PMID: 34457996 PMCID: PMC8395586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract microbiome is a rich, complex and dynamic source of microorganisms that possess a staggering diversity and complexity. Importantly there is a significant variability in microbial complexity even amongst healthy individuals-this has made it difficult to link specific microbial abundance patterns with age-related neurological disease. GI-tract commensal microorganisms are generally beneficial to human metabolism and immunity, however enterotoxigenic forms of microbes possess significant potential to secrete what are amongst the most neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory biopolymers known. These include toxic glycolipids such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), enterotoxins, microbial-derived amyloids and small non-coding RNA. One major microbial species of the GI-tract microbiome, about ~100-fold more abundant than Escherichia coli in deep GI-tract regions is Bacteroides fragilis, an anaerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium. B. fragilis can secrete: (i) a particularly potent, pro-inflammatory and unique LPS subtype (BF-LPS); and (ii) a zinc-metalloproteinase known as B. fragilis-toxin (BFT) or fragilysin. Ongoing studies indicate that BF-LPS and/or BFT disrupt paracellular-and transcellular-barriers by cleavage of intercellular-proteins resulting in 'leaky' barriers. These barriers: (i) become defective and more penetrable with aging and disease; and (ii) permit entry of microbiome-derived neurotoxins into the systemic-circulation from which they next transit the blood-brain barrier and gain access to the CNS. Here LPS accumulates and significantly alters homeostatic patterns of gene expression. The affinity of LPS for neuronal nuclei is significantly enhanced in the presence of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) peptides. Recent research on the appearance of the brain thanatomicrobiome at the time of death and the increasing likelihood of a complex brain microbiome are reviewed and discussed. This paper will also highlight some recent advances in this extraordinary research area that links the pro-inflammatory exudates of the GI-tract microbiome with innate-immune disturbances and inflammatory-signaling within the CNS with reference to Alzheimer's disease (AD) wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Health Sciences Center,
New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Corresponding author: Dr. Walter J. Lukiw, LSU
Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New
Orleans, LA, United States,
| | - Lisa Arceneaux
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Wenhong Li
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Nanchang, China
| | - Taylor Bond
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health
Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State
University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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18
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Chen H, Cheng J, Zhou S, Chen D, Qin W, Li C, Li H, Lin D, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Liu A, Luo Y. Arabinoxylan combined with different glucans improve lipid metabolism disorder by regulating bile acid and gut microbiota in mice fed with high-fat diet. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:279-288. [PMID: 33310093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of arabinoxylan (AX) combined with β-glucan and xyloglucan on lipid metabolism by regulating bile acids and gut microbiota was investigated in mice fed with high-fat diet. Fifty male ICR/KM mice were randomly divided into five groups: control diet (CON) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, high-fat diet with AX (HFAX) group, high-fat diet with AX and β-glucan (HFAB) group, and high-fat diet with AX and xyloglucan (HFAG) group. After 8 weeks of feeding, the mice were sacrificed and samples were collected. In contrast to CON, HFD disturbed lipid metabolism, bile acids, and gut microbiota in mice. Mice in HFD group had increase in weight, blood lipids and liver fat, and circulating bile acid as well as abnormal liver tissue morphology and disordered gut microbiota. Compared with HFD, HFAB and HFAG mice had reduced body weight and cholesterol and triglyceride levels; Fxr was activated, Cyp7a1 was inhibited to reduce bile acids, the microbial species diversity increased, the number of beneficial bacteria increased, and the number of conditional pathogenic bacteria decreased. HFAG uniquely activated intestinal bile acid receptors (Fxr and Tgr5) and increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Akkermansia. In summary, the effect of AX compounded glucans (β-glucan or xyloglucan) on lipid metabolism was better than that of single AX by regulating bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota possibly due to the more complex chemical structure of combined polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
| | - Jinhua Cheng
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Derong Lin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Aiping Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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19
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Koç F, Mills S, Strain C, Ross RP, Stanton C. The public health rationale for increasing dietary fibre: Health benefits with a focus on gut microbiota. NUTR BULL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Koç
- APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark Fermoy Ireland
| | - S. Mills
- APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - C. Strain
- APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark Fermoy Ireland
| | - R. P. Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - C. Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark Fermoy Ireland
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20
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Swann OG, Kilpatrick M, Breslin M, Oddy WH. Dietary fiber and its associations with depression and inflammation. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:394-411. [PMID: 31750916 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber is a crucial component of a healthy diet, with benefits that can be attributed to processes in the gut microbiota and the resulting by-products. Observational studies support associations between dietary fiber intake and depression and inflammation, but the potential mechanisms are poorly understood. This review examines evidence of the effects of dietary fiber on depression and inflammation and considers plausible mechanisms linking dietary fiber and depression, including microbiota-driven modification of gene expression and increased production of neurotransmitters. Additionally, inflammation may mediate the relationship between dietary fiber intake and depression. A high-fiber diet potentially lowers inflammation by modifying both the pH and the permeability of the gut. The resultant reduction in inflammatory compounds may alter neurotransmitter concentrations to reduce symptoms of depression. Further research into the link between dietary fiber intake and inflammation and depression is essential, as findings could potentially provide guidance for improvement in or prevention of inflammatory and depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Swann
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michelle Kilpatrick
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Monique Breslin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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21
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Increasing the Hindgut Carbohydrate/Protein Ratio by Cecal Infusion of Corn Starch or Casein Hydrolysate Drives Gut Microbiota-Related Bile Acid Metabolism To Stimulate Colonic Barrier Function. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00176-20. [PMID: 32487741 PMCID: PMC8534727 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00176-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary high protein and low carbohydrate levels compromise colonic microbiota and bile acid metabolism, which underlies a detrimental gut environment. However, it remains unclear if the diet-induced changes in colonic health are due to a change in hindgut nutrient availability and what key intermediates link the microbe-epithelium dialogue. To specifically alter the hindgut nutrient substrate availability, here we used a cecally cannulated pig model to infuse corn starch and casein hydrolysate directly into the cecum to generate a stepwise change of carbohydrate/nitrogenous compound (C/N) ratio. Pigs were cecally infused daily with either saline (Control), corn starch (Starch), or casein hydrolysate (Casein) (n = 8 per group), respectively, for 19 days. After infusion, C/N ratios in colonic digesta were 16.33, 12.56, and 8.54 for the starch, control, and casein groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Relative to the control group, casein infusion showed greater abundance of the bacteria (Eubacterium) capable of bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation (baiJ), higher levels of expression of bacterial genes encoding the baiJ enzyme, and higher levels of secondary bile acid (deoxycholic acid [DCA] and lithocholic acid [LCA]), while the starch infusion showed the opposite effect. Correspondingly, casein infusion downregulated expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and OCLD) and upregulated expression of genes encoding epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The ratio of C/N was linearly related with the concentrations of DCA and LCA and gene expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, and EGFR. Caco-2 cell experiments further showed that DCA and LCA downregulated expression of genes involved in barrier function (ZO-1 and OCLD) and upregulated the gene expression of EGFR and Src. Inhibition of EGFR and Src could abolish DCA- and LCA-induced downregulation of ZO-1, indicating that DCA and LCA impair gut barrier function via enhancing the EGFR-Src pathway. These results suggest that the ratio of C/N in the large intestine is an important determinant of microbial metabolism and gut barrier function in the colon. The findings provide evidence that microbe-related secondary bile acid metabolism may mediate the interplay between microbes and gut barrier function. IMPORTANCE High-fiber or high-protein diets could alter gut microbiota and health in the large intestine, but factors involved in the effects remain unclear. The present study for the first time demonstrates that the starch- and casein-induced C/N ratio in the hindgut is an important factor. Using the cannulated pig model, we found that the distinct C/N ratio induced by cecal infusion of corn starch or casein hydrolysate was linearly correlated with microbial metabolites (secondary bile acids) and tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and OCLD). Cell culture study further demonstrates that the gut microbial metabolites (DCA and LCA) could impair the intestinal barrier function via the EGFR-Src pathway. These suggest that DCA and LCA were key metabolites mediating microbe-epithelium dialogue when the hindgut C/N ratios were altered by cecal infusion of corn starch or casein hydrolysate. These findings provide new insight into the impact of C/N ratio in the large intestine on colonic health and provide a new framework for therapeutic strategy in gut health through targeted manipulation of hindgut microbiota by increasing the carbohydrate level in the large intestine.
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22
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Goethals S, Rombouts C, Hemeryck LY, Van Meulebroek L, Van Hecke T, Vossen E, Van Camp J, De Smet S, Vanhaecke L. Untargeted Metabolomics to Reveal Red versus White Meat-Associated Gut Metabolites in a Prudent and Western Dietary Context. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000070. [PMID: 32324972 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To improve understanding of the epidemiological link between red and processed meat consumption and chronic diseases, more insight into the formation of metabolites during meat digestion is warranted. METHODS AND RESULTS Untargeted mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics is applied to explore the impact of red and processed meat consumption (compared to chicken), combined with a prudent or Western dietary pattern. A pig feeding study (n = 32), as a sentinel for humans, is conducted in a 2 × 2 factorial design for 4 weeks. The luminal content of the small intestine and colon are collected to determine their metabolic fingerprints. Seventy-six metabolites (38 in the small intestine, 32 in the colon, and 6 in both intestinal compartments) contributing to the distinct gut metabolic profiles of pigs fed either chicken or red and processed meat are (tentatively) identified. Consumption of red and processed meat results in higher levels of short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines and 3-dehydroxycarnitine, irrespective of dietary context, whereas long-chain acylcarnitines and monoacylglycerols are associated with the red and processed Western diet. CONCLUSION The identification of red and processed meat-associated gut metabolites in this study contributes to the understanding of meat digestion in a complex but controlled dietary context and its potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Goethals
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Caroline Rombouts
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp University, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | | | | | - Thomas Van Hecke
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Els Vossen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.,Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, Ireland, BT9 5DL, UK
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23
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Bugenyi AW, Cho HS, Heo J. Association between oropharyngeal microbiome and weight gain in piglets during pre and post weaning life. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:247-262. [PMID: 32292932 PMCID: PMC7142290 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Birth weight and subsequent weight gain is of critical importance in the survival and performance of piglets on a commercial swine farm setting. Oropharyngeal microbiome could influence immunity, and feeding behavior thus impacting health and weight gain. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile the composition and predicted metabolic functionality of the oropharyngeal microbiota in 8 piglets (4 with a birthweight ≤ 1.0 kg and 4 with a birthweight ≥ 1.7 kg) at 11, 26, and 63 days of age. We found 9 genera that were significantly associated with average daily gain (ADG) at 11 days (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05) and 26 days of age (FDR < 0.1), respectively. The microbial functional profile revealed several pathways associated with ADG (FDR < 0.05). Among these, pathways related to degradation of catechols showed a positive association with ADG at 11, 26, and 63 days of age, implying a potential to breakdown the host-derived catecholamines. We also noted that pathways related to the biodegradation of nucleosides and nucleotides increased with ADG during the pre-weaning phase, while those involved in their biosynthesis decreased. Our findings provide insights into the oropharyngeal microbial memberships and metabolic pathways that are involved in a piglet's weight gain. Thus, providing a basis for the development of strategies aimed at improving weight gain in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wange Bugenyi
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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24
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Lukiw WJ. Human gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiome-derived pro-inflammatory neurotoxins from Bacteroides fragilis: Effects of low fiber diets and environmental and lifestyle factors. INTEGRATIVE FOOD, NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020; 7:277. [PMID: 33381303 PMCID: PMC7771874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA,Correspondence to: Walter J Lukiw, Bollinger Professor of Alzheimer’s Disease, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA, Tel: +1-504-599-0842;
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25
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Possible beneficial effects of xyloglucan from its degradation by gut microbiota. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Grosu IA, Pistol GC, Marin DE, Cişmileanu A, Palade LM, Ţăranu I. Effects of Dietary Grape Seed Meal Bioactive Compounds on the Colonic Microbiota of Weaned Piglets With Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Used as an Inflammatory Model. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:31. [PMID: 32161762 PMCID: PMC7054226 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota affects host health and plays an important role in dysbiosis. The study examined the effect of diet including grape seed meal (GSM) with its mixture of bioactive compounds on the large intestine microbiota and short-chain fatty acid synthesis in weaned piglets treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) as a model for inflammatory bowel diseases. Twenty-two piglets were included in four experimental groups based on their diet: control, DSS (1 g/kg/b.w.+control diet), GSM (8% grape seed meal inclusion in control diet), and DSS+GSM (1 g/kg/b.w., 8% grape seed meal in control diet). After 30 days, the colon content was isolated and used for microbiota sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform. QIIME 1.9.1 pipeline was used to process the raw sequences. Both GSM and DSS alone and in combination affected the diversity indices and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio, with significantly higher values in the DSS-afflicted piglets for Proteobacteria phylum, Roseburia, Megasphera and CF231 genus, and lower values for Lactobacillus. GSM with high-fiber, polyphenol and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content increased the production of butyrate and isobutyrate, stimulated the growth of beneficial genera like Prevotella and Megasphaera, while countering the relative abundance of Roseburia, reducing it to half of the DSS value and contributing to the management of the DSS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian A Grosu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Gina C Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Daniela E Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Ana Cişmileanu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Laurenţiu M Palade
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | - Ionelia Ţăranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
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27
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Lukiw WJ. Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Microbiome-Derived Neurotoxins-Potent Neuro-Inflammatory Signals From the GI Tract via the Systemic Circulation Into the Brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:22. [PMID: 32117799 PMCID: PMC7028696 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract is a rich and dynamic source of microorganisms that together possess a staggering complexity and diversity. Collectively these microbes are capable of secreting what are amongst the most neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory biopolymers known. These include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), enterotoxins, microbial-derived amyloids and small non-coding RNA (sncRNA). One of the major microbial species in the human GI-tract microbiome, about ~100-fold more abundant than Escherichia coli, is Bacteroides fragilis, an anaerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium that secretes: (i) a particularly potent, pro-inflammatory LPS glycolipid subtype (BF-LPS); and (ii) a hydrolytic, extracellular zinc metalloproteinase known as B. fragilis toxin (BFT) or fragilysin. Ongoing studies support multiple observations that BF-LPS and BFT (fragilysin) disrupt paracellular barriers by cleavage of intercellular proteins, such as E-cadherin, between epithelial cells, resulting in 'leaky' barriers. These defective barriers, which also become more penetrable with age, in turn permit entry of microbiome-derived neurotoxic biopolymers into the systemic circulation from which they can next transit the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and gain access into the brain. This short communication will highlight some recent advances in this extraordinary research area that links the pro-inflammatory exudates of the GI-tract microbiome with innate-immune disturbances and inflammatory signaling within the human central nervous system (CNS) with reference to Alzheimer's disease (AD) wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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López-Colom P, Estellé J, Bonet J, Coma J, Martín-Orúe SM. Applicability of an Unmedicated Feeding Program Aimed to Reduce the Use of Antimicrobials in Nursery Piglets: Impact on Performance and Fecal Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020242. [PMID: 32028658 PMCID: PMC7070809 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The need for a reduction in the use of antibiotics in livestock to safeguard their efficacy requires the development of alternatives. In this line, the use of alternative by-products or ingredients, with functional properties brings the opportunity to improve pig health and thus, reduce medicalization. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of an alternative feeding program based on unmedicalized diets formulated with fibrous by-products and functional feed ingredients on performance and fecal microbiota of young pigs compared to a common weaner diet supplemented with antibiotics. The alternative feeding program could anticipate the gut development of young piglets, which at the end of the nursery period presented a fecal microbiota more similar to that found in fattening animals. Moreover, piglets in the unmedicalized diets showed a trend to reduce the course of diarrhea immediately after weaning. The alternative feeding program showed, however, a reduced growth efficiency during the nursery period that needs to be discussed in the frame of the costs-benefits analysis of reducing antibiotics. Abstract This study aimed to assess the impact of two different feeding programs, including or not antimicrobials, on gut microbiota development at early ages in commercial pigs. For this, 21-day-old weaned piglets were distributed into 12 pens (6 replicates with 26 pigs each) and fed ad libitum until fattening with: standard commercial formula with antibiotics and zinc oxide (2400 ppm) (AB), and alternative unmedicated feed formula (UN). Subsequently, the animals were moved to the fattening unit (F) receiving a common diet. Pigs were weighed, and feed consumption and diarrhea scores registered. Feces were collected on days 9 (pre-starter), 40 (starter) and 72 (fattening) post-weaning and microbial DNA extracted for 16S rDNA sequencing. Piglets fed UN diets had a worse feed efficiency (p < 0.05) than AB during nursery; however, UN pigs spent less time scouring after weaning (p = 0.098). The structure of fecal community evolved with the age of the animals (p = 0.001), and diet also showed to have a role, particularly in the starter period when UN microbiomes clustered apart from AB, resembling the ecosystems found in the fattening animals. Fibrolytic genera (Fibrobacter, Butyrivibrio, Christellansellaceae) were enriched in UN piglets whereas Lactobacillus characterized AB piglets (adjusted p < 0.05). Overall, this alternative feeding program could anticipate the gut development of piglets despite a lower feed efficiency compared to standard medicalized programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola López-Colom
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, 090104 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jordi Estellé
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; or
| | - Jordi Bonet
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jaume Coma
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Susana Ma. Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Animal and Food Science Department, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93581-1504
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29
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Palmitic acid damages gut epithelium integrity and initiates inflammatory cytokine production. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Aluthge ND, Van Sambeek DM, Carney-Hinkle EE, Li YS, Fernando SC, Burkey TE. BOARD INVITED REVIEW: The pig microbiota and the potential for harnessing the power of the microbiome to improve growth and health1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3741-3757. [PMID: 31250899 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Pioneers in gut microbiology have stressed the critical importance of diet:microbe interactions and how these interactions may contribute to health status. As scientists have overcome the limitations of culture-based microbiology, the importance of these interactions has become more clear even to the extent that the gut microbiota has emerged as an important immunologic and metabolic organ. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have helped scientists to demonstrate that interactions among the diet, the gut microbiota, and the host to have profound effects on animal health and disease. However, although scientists have now accumulated a great deal of data with respect to what organisms comprise the gastrointestinal landscape, there is a need to look more closely at causative effects of the microbiome. The objective of this review is intended to provide: 1) a review of what is currently known with respect to the dynamics of microbial colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract; 2) a review of the impact of nutrient:microbe effects on growth and health; 3) examples of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; and 4) a discussion about what the future holds with respect to microbiome research opportunities and challenges. Taken together, by considering what is currently known in the four aforementioned areas, our overarching goal is to set the stage for narrowing the path towards discovering how the porcine gut microbiota (individually and collectively) may affect specific host phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosh D Aluthge
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | | | | | - Yanshuo S Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | | | - Thomas E Burkey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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Lukiw WJ, Li W, Bond T, Zhao Y. Facilitation of Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Microbiome-Derived Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Entry Into Human Neurons by Amyloid Beta-42 (Aβ42) Peptide. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:545. [PMID: 31866832 PMCID: PMC6908466 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract microbiome-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS): (i) has been recently shown to target, accumulate within, and eventually encapsulate neuronal nuclei of the human central nervous system (CNS) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain; and (ii) this action appears to impede and restrict the outward flow of genetic information from neuronal nuclei. It has previously been shown that in LPS-encased neuronal nuclei in AD brain there is a specific disruption in the output and expression of two AD-relevant, neuron-specific markers encoding the cytoskeletal neurofilament light (NF-L) chain protein and the synaptic phosphoprotein synapsin-1 (SYN1) involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. The biophysical mechanisms involved in the facilitation of the targeting of LPS to neuronal cells and nuclei and eventual nuclear envelopment and functional disruption are not entirely clear. In this “Perspectives article” we discuss current advances, and consider future directions in this research area, and provide novel evidence in human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells in primary culture that the co-incubation of LPS with amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) peptide facilitates the association of LPS with neuronal cells. These findings: (i) support a novel pathogenic role for Aβ42 peptides in neurons via the formation of pores across the nuclear membrane and/or a significant biophysical disruption of the neuronal nuclear envelope; and (ii) advance the concept that the Aβ42 peptide-facilitated entry of LPS into brain neurons, accession of neuronal nuclei, and down-regulation of neuron-specific components such as NF-L and SYN1 may contribute significantly to neuropathological deficits as are characteristically observed in AD-affected brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Wenhong Li
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Nanchang, China
| | - Taylor Bond
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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32
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Zhang CX, Wang HY, Chen TX. Interactions between Intestinal Microflora/Probiotics and the Immune System. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6764919. [PMID: 31828119 PMCID: PMC6886316 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6764919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The digestive tract is home to millions of microorganisms and is the main and most important part of bacterial colonization. On one hand, the abundant bacterial community in intestinal tissues may pose potential health challenges such as inflammation and sepsis in cases of opportunistic invasion. Thus, the immune system has evolved and adapted to maintain the symbiotic relationship between host and microbiota. On the other hand, the intestinal microflora also exerts an immunoregulatory function to maintain host immune homeostasis, which cannot be neglected. In addition, the interaction of either microbiota or probiotics with immune system in regard to therapeutic applications is an area of great interest, and novel therapeutic strategies remain to be investigated. The review will elucidate interactions between intestinal microflora/probiotics and the immune system as well as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-xing Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-yu Wang
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tong-xin Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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33
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Klingbeil EA, Cawthon C, Kirkland R, de La Serre CB. Potato-Resistant Starch Supplementation Improves Microbiota Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Gut-Brain Signaling in High Fat-Fed Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2710. [PMID: 31717368 PMCID: PMC6893629 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) High-fat (HF) diet leads to gut microbiota dysbiosis which is associated with systemic inflammation. Bacterial-driven inflammation is sufficient to alter vagally mediated satiety and induce hyperphagia. Promoting bacterial fermentation improves gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial barrier function and reduces inflammation. Resistant starch escape digestion and can be fermented by bacteria in the distal gut. Therefore, we hypothesized that potato RS supplementation in HF-fed rats would lead to compositional changes in microbiota composition associated with improved inflammatory status and vagal signaling. (2) Male Wistar rats (n = 8/group) were fed a low-fat chow (LF, 13% fat), HF (45% fat), or an isocaloric HF supplemented with 12% potato RS (HFRS) diet. (3) The HFRS-fed rats consumed significantly less energy than HF animals throughout the experiment. Systemic inflammation and glucose homeostasis were improved in the HFRS compared to HF rats. Cholecystokinin-induced satiety was abolished in HF-fed rats and restored in HFRS rats. HF feeding led to a significant decrease in positive c fiber staining in the brainstem which was averted by RS supplementation. (4) The RS supplementation prevented dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. Additionally, microbiota manipulation via dietary potato RS prevented HF-diet-induced reorganization of vagal afferent fibers, loss in CCK-induced satiety, and hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claire B. de La Serre
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA (C.C.); (R.K.)
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34
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Alexandrov PN, Hill JM, Zhao Y, Bond T, Taylor CM, Percy ME, Li W, Lukiw WJ. Aluminum-induced generation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract microbiome-resident Bacteroides fragilis. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110886. [PMID: 31707334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiome: (i) are capable of generating a broad-spectrum of highly neurotoxic, pro-inflammatory and potentially pathogenic molecules; and (ii) these include a highly immunogenic class of amphipathic surface glycolipids known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis), a commensal, Gram negative, non-motile, non-spore forming obligatory anaerobic bacillus, and one of the most abundant bacteria found in the human GI tract, produces a particularly pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic LPS (BF-LPS). BF-LPS: (i) is known to be secreted from the B. fragilis outer membrane into the external-medium; (ii) can damage biophysiological barriers via cleavage of zonula adherens cell-cell adhesion proteins, thereby disrupting both the GI-tract barrier and the blood-brain barrier (BBB); (iii) is able to transit GI-tract barriers into the systemic circulation and cross the BBB into the human CNS; and (iv) accumulates within CNS neurons in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This short communication provides evidence that the incubation of B. fragilis with aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3] is a potent inducer of BF-LPS. The results suggest for the first time that the pro-inflammatory properties of aluminum may not only be propagated by aluminum itself, but by a stimulation in the production of microbiome-derived BF-LPS and other pro-inflammatory pathogenic microbial products normally secreted from human GI-tract-resident microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Alexandrov
- Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow 113152, Russian Federation
| | - J M Hill
- LSU Neuroscience Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - T Bond
- LSU Neuroscience Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - C M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - M E Percy
- Departments of Neurogenetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - W Li
- LSU Neuroscience Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Jiangxi University of TCM, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - W J Lukiw
- Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow 113152, Russian Federation; LSU Neuroscience Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Neurology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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35
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de Sousa AR, de Castro Moreira ME, Grancieri M, Toledo RCL, de Oliveira Araújo F, Mantovani HC, Queiroz VAV, Martino HSD. Extruded sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) improves gut microbiota, reduces inflammation, and oxidative stress in obese rats fed a high-fat diet. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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36
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Liu CS, Liang X, Wei XH, Jin Z, Chen FL, Tang QF, Tan XM. Gegen Qinlian Decoction Treats Diarrhea in Piglets by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:825. [PMID: 31057525 PMCID: PMC6482297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and its metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), play important roles in diarrheal diseases. Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD), a Chinese herb formula, has been widely used to treat infectious diarrhea for centuries. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying its efficacy and whether it is mediated by gut microbiota and SCFAs. In this study, the composition of gut microbiota from bacterial diarrheal piglets was assessed using 16S rRNA analysis. The concentrations of fecal SCFAs were determined using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon was ascertained. Results showed that GQD reverses the reduction in the richness of gut microbiota, changes its structure, and significantly increases the relative abundances of SCFA-producing bacteria, including Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium. Moreover, GQD increased the levels of fecal SCFAs, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. GQD thus attenuates diarrhea in piglets. Further, our results suggest that the SCFAs could help to attenuate mucosal pro-inflammatory responses following GQD treatment by inhibiting histone deacetylase and the NF-κB pathway. We thus suggseted that gut microbiota play an important role during diarrhea treatment, an effect may be promoted by the GQD-induced structural changes of the gut microbial community and production of SCFAs. The increased levels of SCFAs probably provide further help to attenuate mucosal inflammation and diarrhea. In conclusion, our study might provide evidence that GQD treats diarrhea maybe involved in modulating gut microbiota and increasing SCFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Shun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Han Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei-Long Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Fa Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou, China
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37
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Zhao R, Khafipour E, Sepehri S, Huang F, Beta T, Shen GX. Impact of Saskatoon berry powder on insulin resistance and relationship with intestinal microbiota in high fat-high sucrose diet-induced obese mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 69:130-138. [PMID: 31078906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the impact of Saskatoon berry powder (SBp) on insulin resistance, inflammation and intestinal microbiota in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57 BL/6 J mice were fed control diet, high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet or HFHS+5% SBp (HFHS+B) diet for 15 weeks. The composition of fecal bacterial community was characterized using the Illumina sequencing of V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. HFHS diet increased body weight, fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, monocyte adhesion, tumor necrosis factor-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1, urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor in plasma or aortae compared to the control diet. HFHS+B diet postponed the increase in body weight, suppressed HFHS diet-induced disorders in the metabolic and inflammatory variables. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in the HFHS group was higher than that in the control group (P<.01), and that in the HFHS+B group was lower than that in the HFHS group (P<.05). The abundances of S24-7 family negatively correlated with body weight and tested metabolic or inflammatory variables. The results suggest that SBp attenuated HFHS diet-induced metabolic disorders and vascular inflammation in gut microbiota in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhi Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba
| | | | - Shadi Sepehri
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | - Trust Beta
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba
| | - Garry X Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba.
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38
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A mix of dietary fermentable fibers improves lipids handling by the liver of overfed minipigs. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 65:72-82. [PMID: 30654277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity induced by overfeeding ultimately can lead to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas dietary fiber consumption is known to have a beneficial effect. We aimed to determine if a supplementation of a mix of fibers (inulin, resistant starch and pectin) could limit or alleviate overfeeding-induced metabolic perturbations. Twenty female minipigs were fed with a control diet (C) or an enriched fat/sucrose diet supplemented (O + F) or not (O) with fibers. Between 0 and 56 days of overfeeding, insulin (+88%), HOMA (+102%), cholesterol (+45%) and lactate (+63%) were increased, without any beneficial effect of fibers supplementation. However, fibers supplementation limited body weight gain (vs. O, -15% at D56) and the accumulation of hepatic lipids droplets induced by overfeeding. This could be explained by a decreased lipids transport potential (-50% FABP1 mRNA, O + F vs. O) inducing a down-regulation of regulatory elements of lipids metabolism / lipogenesis (-36% SREBP1c mRNA, O + F vs. O) but not to an increased oxidation (O + F not different from O and C for proteins and mRNA measured). Glucose metabolism was also differentially regulated by fibers supplementation, with an increased net hepatic release of glucose in the fasted state (diet × time effect, P<.05 at D56) that can be explained partially by a possible increased glycogen synthesis in the fed state (+82% GYS2 protein, O + F vs. O, P=.09). The direct role of short chain fatty acids on gluconeogenesis stimulation is questioned, with probably a short-term impact (D14) but no effect on a long-term (D56) basis.
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Carrera-Quintanar L, Ortuño-Sahagún D, Franco-Arroyo NN, Viveros-Paredes JM, Zepeda-Morales AS, Lopez-Roa RI. The Human Microbiota and Obesity: A Literature Systematic Review of In Vivo Models and Technical Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123827. [PMID: 30513674 PMCID: PMC6320813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a noncommunicable disease that affects a considerable part of humanity. Recently, it has been recognized that gut microbiota constitutes a fundamental factor in the triggering and development of a large number of pathologies, among which obesity is one of the most related to the processes of dysbiosis. In this review, different animal model approaches, methodologies, and genome scale metabolic databases were revisited to study the gut microbiota and its relationship with metabolic disease. As a data source, PubMed for English-language published material from 1 January 2013, to 22 August 2018, were screened. Some previous studies were included if they were considered classics or highly relevant. Studies that included innovative technical approaches or different in vivo or in vitro models for the study of the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity were selected after a 16-different-keyword exhaustive search. A clear panorama of the current available options for the study of microbiota’s influence on obesity, both for animal model election and technical approaches, is presented to the researcher. All the knowledge generated from the study of the microbiota opens the possibility of considering fecal transplantation as a relevant therapeutic alternative for obesity and other metabolic disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrecia Carrera-Quintanar
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de los Alimentos, Departamento de Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCS, Guadalajara Jalisco 45180, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB) CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara Jalisco 45180, Mexico.
| | - Noel N Franco-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Guadalajara Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Juan M Viveros-Paredes
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Guadalajara Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Adelaida S Zepeda-Morales
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Guadalajara Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
| | - Rocio I Lopez-Roa
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Guadalajara Jalisco 44430, Mexico.
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40
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Le Sciellour M, Labussière E, Zemb O, Renaudeau D. Effect of dietary fiber content on nutrient digestibility and fecal microbiota composition in growing-finishing pigs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206159. [PMID: 30356293 PMCID: PMC6200266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial population in the gastrointestinal tract plays a central role in health and nutrient digestion. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationships between microbiota and apparent digestibility coefficients with respect to age and diet. Pigs from Large-White, Duroc or Pietrain breeds were raised under the same housing conditions and fed alternately a low-fiber (LF) and a high-fiber diet (HF) during 4 successive 3-week periods. Data collection for digestibility measurements was achieved during the last week of each period. At the end of each period, fecal microbiota was collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbiota remained stable across periods whereas digestibility of energy, crude proteins and cell wall components increased. The microbiota was resilient to diet effect and pigs fed the LF diet were discriminated to those fed the HF diet using 31 predicting OTUs with a mean classification error-rate of 3.9%. Clostridiaceae and Turicibacter were negatively correlated whereas Lactobacillus was positively correlated with protein and energy digestibility coefficients in the LF group. In addition, Lachnospiraceae and Prevotella were negatively correlated with cell wall component digestibility. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between microbiota composition and digestibility coefficients when pigs were fed the HF diet. Interestingly, it was also no longer possible to distinguish animals from different breeds once the animals were fed a HF diet, so that the microbiota could only trace the breed origin in the first period and in the LF group. In our experimental conditions, 3 weeks of adaptation to a new diet seems to be sufficient to observe resilience in growing pigs’ microbiota. We demonstrated that fecal microbiota can be used to classify pigs according to their dietary treatment. Some bacteria are favorable or unfavorable to digestibility. This suggests that manipulations of bacterial populations can improve digestibility and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Zemb
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
- * E-mail:
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41
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Jarrett S, Ashworth CJ. The role of dietary fibre in pig production, with a particular emphasis on reproduction. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:59. [PMID: 30128149 PMCID: PMC6091159 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibres from a variety of sources are a common constituent of pig feeds. They provide a means to utilise locally-produced plant materials which are often a by-product of the food or drink industry. The value of a high fibre diet in terms of producing satiety has long been recognised. However the addition of fibre can reduce feed intake, which is clearly detrimental during stages of the production cycle when nutrient needs are high, for example in growing piglets and during lactation. More recently, fibre has been found to promote novel benefits to pig production systems, particularly given the reduction in antimicrobial use world-wide, concern for the welfare of animals fed a restricted diet and the need to ensure that such systems are more environmentally friendly. For example, inclusion of dietary fibre can alter the gut microbiota in ways that could reduce the need for antibiotics, while controlled addition of certain fibre types may reduce nitrogen losses into the environment and so reduce the environmental cost of pig production. Of particular potential value is the opportunity to use crude fibre concentrates as ‘functional’ feed additives to improve young pig growth and welfare. Perhaps the greatest opportunity for the use of high fibre diets is to improve the reproductive efficiency of pigs. Increased dietary fibre before mating improves oocyte maturation, prenatal survival and litter size; providing a consumer-acceptable means of increasing the amount of saleable meat produced per sow. The mechanisms responsible for these beneficial effects remain to be elucidated. However, changes in plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of key hormones and metabolites, as well as effects of the hypothalamic satiety centre on gonadotrophin secretion and epigenetic effects are strong candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Jarrett
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Cheryl J Ashworth
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG UK
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Lemaire M, Dou S, Cahu A, Formal M, Le Normand L, Romé V, Nogret I, Ferret-Bernard S, Rhimi M, Cuinet I, Canlet C, Tremblay-Franco M, Le Ruyet P, Baudry C, Gérard P, Le Huërou-Luron I, Blat S. Addition of dairy lipids and probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum in infant formula programs gut microbiota and entero-insular axis in adult minipigs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11656. [PMID: 30076313 PMCID: PMC6076243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of early consumption of dairy lipids and a probiotic, Lactobacillus fermentum (Lf), on infant gut physiology. The objective of this study was to investigate their long-term effects on gut microbiota and host entero-insular axis and metabolism. Piglets were suckled with a milk formula containing only plant lipids (PL), a half-half mixture of plant lipids and dairy lipids (DL), or this mixture supplemented with Lf (DL + Lf). They were weaned on a standard diet and challenged with a high-energy diet until postnatal day 140. DL and DL + Lf modulated gut microbiota composition and metabolism, increasing abundance of several Clostridia genera. Moreover, DL + Lf specifically decreased the faecal content of 2-oxoglutarate and lysine compared to PL and 5-aminovalerate compared to PL and DL. It also increased short-chain fatty acid concentrations like propionate compared to DL. Furthermore, DL + Lf had a beneficial effect on the endocrine function, enhancing caecal GLP-1 and GLP-1 meal-stimulated secretion. Correlations highlighted the consistent relationship between microbiota and gut physiology. Together, our results evidence a beneficial programming effect of DL + Lf in infant formula composition on faecal microbiota and entero-insular axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lemaire
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
- Lactalis R&D, Retiers, France
| | - Samir Dou
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Armelle Cahu
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | - Michèle Formal
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Le Normand
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Romé
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Nogret
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France
| | | | - Moez Rhimi
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim, INRA, Univ Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, PF MetaToul-AXIOM, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Tremblay-Franco
- Toxalim, INRA, Univ Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, PF MetaToul-AXIOM, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Univ Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sophie Blat
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, France.
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43
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Fouhse J, Yang K, Li J, Mills E, Ju T, Alvarado CS, Chan CB, Willing BP. Establishing a model for childhood obesity in adolescent pigs. Obes Sci Pract 2018; 4:396-406. [PMID: 30151234 PMCID: PMC6105703 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rising worldwide prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases in children has accentuated the importance of developing prevention and management strategies. The objective of this study was to establish a model for childhood obesity using high-fat feeding of adolescent pigs, as pigs have a longer developmental period and are physiologically more similar to humans than rodents. METHODS Crossbred pigs were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (n = 6/treatment) from postnatal day 49 to 84. On postnatal day 84, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed, jugular blood sampled to determine lipopolysaccharide levels and plasma lipids, intestinal digesta collected to characterize microbial and metabolite composition and back fat and intestinal tissue assayed for gene expression. RESULTS Five-week HFD increased weight gain and back fat thickness, caused dyslipidaemia and impaired glucose tolerance and increased expression of genes in back fat suggesting inflammation. HFD pigs had distinct proximal colon microbiota with 48% reduction (P < 0.05) in Bacteroidetes and increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes interleukin-18 and tumour necrosis factor in ileum (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that adolescent pigs should be considered a suitable model for childhood obesity, because short-term HFD feeding is sufficient to induce obesity and glucose intolerance, recapitulating disease characteristics in adolescent pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Fouhse
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - K. Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - J. Li
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - E. Mills
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - T. Ju
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - C. S. Alvarado
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - C. B. Chan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - B. P. Willing
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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44
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Silva JCP, Mota M, Martins FO, Nogueira C, Gonçalves T, Carneiro T, Pinto J, Duarte D, Barros AS, Jones JG, Gil AM. Intestinal Microbial and Metabolic Profiling of Mice Fed with High-Glucose and High-Fructose Diets. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2880-2891. [PMID: 29923728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased sugar intake is implicated in Type-2 diabetes and fatty liver disease; however, the mechanisms through which glucose and fructose promote these conditions are unclear. We hypothesize that alterations in intestinal metabolite and microbiota profiles specific to each monosaccharide are involved. Two groups of six adult C57BL/6 mice were fed for 10-weeks with diets with glucose (G) or fructose (F) as sole carbohydrates, and a third group was fed with a normal chow carbohydrate mixture (N). Fecal metabolites were profiled by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and microbial composition by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Although N, G and F mice exhibited similar weight gains (with slight slower gains for F) and glucose tolerance, multivariate analysis of NMR data indicated that F mice were separated from N and G, with decreased butyrate and glutamate and increased fructose, succinate, taurine, tyrosine, and xylose. The different sugar diets also resulted in distinct intestinal microbiota profiles. That associated with fructose seemed to hold more potential to induce host metabolic disturbances compared to glucose, mainly by promoting bile acid deconjugation and taurine release and compromising intestinal barrier integrity. This may reflect the noted nonquantitative intestinal fructose absorption hence increasing its availability for microbial metabolism, a subject for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C P Silva
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Marta Mota
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Fátima O Martins
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,CEDOC, NOVA Medical School , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, 6A, edifício II, piso 3 , 1150-082 Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Célia Nogueira
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Tatiana Carneiro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal.,UCIBIO@REQUIMTE/Toxicological Laboratory, Biological Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Daniela Duarte
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - António S Barros
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , 4200-319 , Porto , Portugal
| | - John G Jones
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,CEDOC, NOVA Medical School , Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Rua Câmara Pestana, n°6, 6A, edifício II, piso 3 , 1150-082 Lisbon , Portugal.,APDP - Portuguese Diabetes Association , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Ana M Gil
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry , University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
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45
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Xia L, Yang Y, Wang J, Jing Y, Yang Q. Impact of TGEV infection on the pig small intestine. Virol J 2018; 15:102. [PMID: 29914507 PMCID: PMC6006930 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pig diarrhea causes high mortality and large economic losses in the swine industry. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes pig diarrhea, with 100% mortality in piglets less than 2 weeks old. No investigation has yet been made of the small intestine of piglets that survived infection by TGEV. Methods In this study, we evaluated the impact of TGEV infection on the small intestine of recovered pigs. Results Histological analyses showed that TGEV infection led to villi atrophy, and reduced villous height and crypt depth. The number of SIgA positive cells, CD3+T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) in jejunum decreased after TGEV infection in vivo. In contrast, microfold cell (M cell) numbers and cell proliferation increased in infected pigs. TGEV infection also significantly enhanced the mRNA expression levels of cytokine IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β. Additionally, lower gene copy numbers of Lactobacillus, and higher numbers of Enterobacteriaceae, were detected in mucosal scraping samples from TGEV-infected pigs. Conclusions TGEV infection damages the small intestine, impairs immune functions, and increases pathogenic bacterial loading, all of which may facilitate secondary infections by other pathogens. These findings help quantify the impact of TGEV infection and clarify the pathogenic mechanisms underlying its effects in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhan Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialu Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Jing
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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46
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Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Bacteroidetes Neurotoxins and Inflammatory Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9100-9107. [PMID: 29637444 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The gram-negative facultative anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) constitutes an appreciable proportion of the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract microbiome. As is typical of most gram-negative bacilli, B. fragilis secretes an unusually complex mixture of neurotoxins including the extremely pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide BF-LPS. LPS (i) has recently been shown to associate with the periphery of neuronal nuclei in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and (ii) promotes the generation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB (p50/p65 complex) in human neuronal-glial cells in primary-culture. In turn, the NF-kB (p50/p65 complex) strongly induces the transcription of a small family of pro-inflammatory microRNAs (miRNAs) including miRNA-9, miRNA-34a, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a, and miRNA-155. These ultimately bind with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of several target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and thereby reduce their expression. Down-regulated mRNAs include those encoding complement factor-H (CFH), an SH3-proline-rich multi-domain-scaffolding protein of the postsynaptic density (SHANK3), and the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid/microglial cells (TREM2), as is observed in sporadic AD brain. Hence, a LPS normally confined to the GI tract is capable of driving a NF-kB-miRNA-mediated deficiency in gene expression that contributes to alterations in synaptic-architecture and synaptic-deficits, amyloidogenesis, innate-immune defects, and progressive inflammatory signaling, all of which are characteristics of AD-type neurodegeneration. This article will review the most recent research which supports the idea that bacterial components of the GI tract microbiome such as BF-LPS can transverse biophysical barriers and contribute to AD-type change. For the first-time, these results indicate that specific GI tract microbiome-derived neurotoxins have a strong pathogenic role in eliciting alterations in NF-kB-miRNA-directed gene expression that drives the AD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Departments of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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47
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Senghor B, Sokhna C, Ruimy R, Lagier JC. Gut microbiota diversity according to dietary habits and geographical provenance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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48
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Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Microbiome-Mediated Upregulation of MicroRNA-146a in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:145. [PMID: 29615954 PMCID: PMC5867462 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first indication of a potential mechanistic link between the pathobiology of the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract microbiome and its contribution to the pathogenetic mechanisms of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) came a scant 4 years ago (1). Ongoing research continues to strengthen the hypothesis that neurotoxic microbial-derived components of the GI tract microbiome can cross aging GI tract and blood-brain barriers and contribute to progressive proinflammatory neurodegeneration, as exemplified by the AD-process. Of central interest in these recent investigations are the pathological roles played by human GI tract resident Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and neurotropic viruses-two prominent divisions of GI tract microbiome-derived microbiota-which harbor considerable pathogenic potential. It is noteworthy that the first two well-studied microbiota-the GI tract abundant Gram-negative bacteria Bacteroides fragilis and the neurotropic herpes simplex virus-1 both share a final common pathway of NF-κB (p50/p65) activation and microRNA-146a induction with ensuing pathogenic stimulation of innate-immune and neuroinflammatory pathways. These appear to strongly contribute to the inflammation-mediated amyloidogenic neuropathology of AD. This communication: (i) will review recent research contributions that have expanded our understanding of the nature of the translocation of microbiome-derived neurotoxins-across biophysiological barriers; (ii) will assess multiple-recent investigations of the induction of the proinflammatory pathogenic microRNA-146a by these two prominent classes of human microbiota; and (iii) will discuss the role of molecular neurobiology and mechanistic contribution of polymicrobial infections to AD-type neuropathological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
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49
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Liu S, Tun HM, Leung FC, Bennett DC, Zhang H, Cheng KM. Interaction of genotype and diet on small intestine microbiota of Japanese quail fed a cholesterol enriched diet. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2381. [PMID: 29402949 PMCID: PMC5799165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that genetic selection for susceptibility/resistance to diet-induced atherosclerosis has affected the Japanese quail's cecal environment to accommodate distinctly different cecal microbiota. In this study, we fed the Atherosclerosis-resistant (RES) and -susceptable (SUS) quail a regular and a cholesterol enriched diet to examine the interaction of host genotype and diet on the diversity, composition, and metabolic functions of the duodenal and ileal microbiota with relations to atherosclerosis development. In the duodenal content, 9 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) were identified whose abundance had significant positive correlations with plasma total cholesterol, LDL level and/or LDL/HDL ratio. In the ileal content, 7 OTUs have significant correlation with plasma HDL. Cholesterol fed RES hosted significantly less Escherichia and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae (possibly pathogenic) in their duodenum than SUS fed the same diet. Dietary cholesterol significantly decreased the duodenal microbiome of SUS's biosynthesis of Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone. Cholesterol fed RES had significantly more microbiome genes for Vitamin B6, selenocompound, taurine and hypotaurine, and Linoleic acid metabolism; Bisphenol degradation; primary bile acid, and butirosin and neomycin biosynthesis than SUS on the same diet. Microbiome in the ileum and ceca of RES contributed significantly towards the resistance to diet induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hein Min Tun
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frederick C Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Darin C Bennett
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Kimberly M Cheng
- Avian Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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50
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McNabney SM, Henagan TM. Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon and Peripheral Tissues: A Focus on Butyrate, Colon Cancer, Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1348. [PMID: 29231905 PMCID: PMC5748798 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber consumption has been associated with many beneficial effects, including amelioration of obesity and insulin resistance. These effects may be due to the increased production of short chain fatty acids, including propionate, acetate and butyrate, during fermentation of the dietary fiber in the colon. Indeed, oral and dietary supplementation of butyrate alone has been shown to prevent high fat-diet induced obesity and insulin resistance. This review focuses on sources of short chain fatty acids, with emphasis on sources of butyrate, mechanisms of fiber and butyrate metabolism in the gut and its protective effects on colon cancer and the peripheral effects of butyrate supplementation in peripheral tissues in the prevention and reversal of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M McNabney
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Tara M Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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