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Paul S, Kaushik R, Upadhyay S, Akhtar A, Chawla P, Kumar N, Sharma S, Rani P. The Utilisation of Mushroom Leftovers, Oats, and Lactose-Free Milk Powder for the Development of Geriatric Formulation. Foods 2024; 13:1738. [PMID: 38890965 PMCID: PMC11171652 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to focus on developing a food supplement for the geriatric population using disposal mushrooms, oats, and lactose-free milk powder. Lactose intolerance is most common in older adults, raising the demand for lactose-free foods. One of the major global challenges currently faced by humankind is food waste (FW). Most of the food that is produced for human consumption has not been utilized completely (1/3rd-1/2 unutilized), resulting in agricultural food waste. Mushrooms are highly valuable in terms of their nutritional value and medicinal properties; however, a significant percentage of mushroom leftovers are produced during mushroom production that do not meet retailers' standards (deformation of caps/stalks) and are left unattended. Oats are rich in dietary fibre beta-glucan (55% water soluble; 45% water insoluble). Lactose-free milk powder, oats, and dried mushroom leftover powder were blended in different ratios. It was observed that increasing the amount of mushroom leftover powder increases the protein content while diluting calories. The product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder showed the highest sensory scores and the lowest microbial count. The GCMS and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of ergosterol and other functional groups. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder had a less crystalline structure than the product with 5% mushroom powder and 40% oat powder and the product with 10% mushroom powder and 35% oat powder, resulting in more solubility. The ICP-OES analysis showed significant concentrations of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and zinc. The coliform count was nil for the products, and the bacterial count was below the limited range (3 × 102 cfu/g). The product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder showed the best results, so this developed product is recommended for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Paul
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India; (S.P.); (S.U.)
| | - Ravinder Kaushik
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India; (S.P.); (S.U.)
| | - Shuchi Upadhyay
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India; (S.P.); (S.U.)
| | - Ansab Akhtar
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144001, India;
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Chitkara University Research and Innovation Network (CURIN), Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India;
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- General Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Pooja Rani
- Department of Commerce, Government College for Women, Gharaunda 132001, India;
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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38686544 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Kaličanin D, Cvek M, Barić A, Škrabić V, Punda A, Boraska Perica V. Associations between vitamin D levels and dietary patterns in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1188612. [PMID: 37215216 PMCID: PMC10198619 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1188612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vitamin D insufficiency is a global health problem affecting healthy and diseased individuals, including patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Identifying dietary factors that may affect vitamin D levels and providing dietary guidelines accordingly can alleviate this problem. We therefore aimed to identify still unknown associations of dietary patterns, assessed through the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) with vitamin D blood levels. Materials and methods FFQ was collected from 459 patients from Croatian Biobank of Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (CROHT), while total 25(OH)D was measured from their stored serum samples. We performed linear regression analysis between vitamin D levels and weekly intake of 24 food groups in 459 patients with HT (ALL), and in two disease-severity groups (MILD and OVERT). Results The main results of our study are observations of: (1) an inverse association between vitamin D levels and coffee consumption (ALL: β = -0.433, p = 0.005; OVERT: β = -0.62, p = 0.008); (2) an inverse association between vitamin D levels and sweets consumption (ALL: β = -0.195, p = 0.034; OVERT: β = -0.431, p = 0.006); (3) positive association between vitamin D levels and vegetable consumption (ALL: β = 0.182, p = 0.019; OVERT, β = 0.311, p = 0.009). Importantly, effect sizes of all three associations were more prominent in HT patients with prolonged and more severe disease (OVERT). Conclusion Further research into the functional and causal relationships of the observed associations is important to provide guidance regarding coffee/sugar intake on vitamin D status. A well-balanced diet can help prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve the quality of life of patients with HT, especially those in later stages of disease characterized by greater metabolic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Kaličanin
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Cvek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Barić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Veselin Škrabić
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ante Punda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Vesna Boraska Perica
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Shi Y, Zhong H, Pang L. Maternal micronutrient disturbance as risks of offspring metabolic syndrome. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 75:127097. [PMID: 36272194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a constellation of individual metabolic disturbances, including central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The established pathogenesis of MetS varies extensively with gender, age, ethnic background, and nutritional status. In terms of nutritional status, micronutrients are more likely to be discounted as essential components of required nutrition than macronutrients due to the small amount required. Numerous observational studies have shown that pregnant women frequently experience malnutrition, especially in developing and low-income countries, resulting in chronic MetS in the offspring due to the urgent and increasing demands for micronutrients during gestation and lactation. Over the past few decades, scientific developments have revolutionized our understanding of the association between balanced maternal micronutrients and MetS in the offspring. Examples of successful individual, dual, or multiple maternal micronutrient interventions on the offspring include iron for hypertension, selenium for type 2 diabetes, and a combination of folate and vitamin D for adiposity. In this review, we aim to elucidate the effects of maternal micronutrient intake on offspring metabolic homeostasis and discuss potential perspectives and challenges in the field of maternal micronutrient interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China.
| | - Hong Zhong
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Lingxia Pang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, China.
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Vitamin D Supplementation and Its Impact on Different Types of Bone Fractures. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010103. [PMID: 36615761 PMCID: PMC9824692 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D helps to balance the levels of calcium and phosphorus to maintain proper bone structure. It is also involved in essential biological roles and displays a wide spectrum of potential benefits in the human body. Since there are many types of fractures that occur at specific ages and due to different circumstances, the influence of vitamin D on the frequency of a particular fracture may differ. Thus, the authors investigated the possible preventive effect of vitamin D on the risks of vertebral fractures, hip fractures, stress fractures and pediatric fractures. Additional aspects of vitamin D, especially on recuperation after injures and its impact on the severity of particular fractures, were also discussed. It was suggested that vitamin D supplementation may contribute to a reduction in hip fracture risk due to reduced bone turnover, decreased frequency of falls and improved muscle function. Furthermore, vitamin D appears to lower the risk of stress fractures in athletes and military recruits. Due to a nonunified protocol design, presented investigations show inconsistencies between vitamin D supplementation and a decreased risk of vertebral fractures. However, a vitamin D preventive effect on pediatric fractures seems to be implausible.
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Koeder C, Perez-Cueto FJA. Vegan nutrition: a preliminary guide for health professionals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:670-707. [PMID: 35959711 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 21st century, interest in vegan diets has been rapidly increasing in most countries. Misconceptions about vegan diets are widespread among the general population and health professionals. Vegan diets can be health-promoting and may offer certain important advantages compared to typical Western (and other mainstream) eating patterns. However, adequate dietary sources/supplements of nutrients of focus specific to vegan diets should be identified and communicated. Without supplements/fortified foods, severe vitamin B12 deficiency may occur. Other potential nutrients of focus are calcium, vitamin D, iodine, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, and protein. Ensuring adequate nutrient status is particularly important during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood. Health professionals are often expected to be able to provide advice on the topic of vegan nutrition, but a precise and practical vegan nutrition guide for health professionals is lacking. Consequently, it is important and urgent to provide such a set of dietary recommendations. It is the aim of this article to provide vegan nutrition guidelines, based on current evidence, which can easily be communicated to vegan patients/clients, with the goal of ensuring adequate nutrient status in vegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koeder
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Münster, Münster, Germany
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Liu Y, Qin Z, Chen N, Bu Z, Yang Y, Hu X, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Xu T, Gao Y, Niu S, Xing J, Lin J, Liu X, Zhu Y. The Vital Role of ShTHIC from the Endophyte OsiSh-2 in Thiamine Biosynthesis and Blast Resistance in the OsiSh-2-Rice Symbiont. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6993-7003. [PMID: 35667655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endophytes can benefit the growth and stress resistance of host plants by secreting bioactive components. Thiamine is an essential vitamin involved in many metabolic pathways and can only be synthesized by microbes and plants. In this study, we found that thiamine could inhibit the development of the phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and decrease the rice blast index under field conditions. In the thiamine biosynthesis pathway, the key enzyme ShTHIC of an endophyte Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2 and OsTHIC of rice (Oryza sativa) were highly homologous. Gene overexpression or knockout approaches revealed that both THIC contributed to thiamine synthesis and resistance to M. oryzae. Furthermore, S. hygroscopicus OsiSh-2 colonization led to a decrease in the thiamine synthesis level of rice but still maintained thiamine homeostasis in rice. However, inoculation with the ShTHIC knockout strain ΔTHIC reduced the thiamine content in rice, although the thiamine synthesis level of rice was increased. After infection with M. oryzae, blast resistance was dramatically improved in OsiSh-2-inoculated rice but decreased in ΔTHIC-inoculated rice compared with non-inoculated rice. This result demonstrated that ShTHIC could regulate thiamine biosynthesis and consequently assist blast resistance in the OsiSh-2-rice symbiont. Our results revealed a novel blast-resistance mechanism mediated by a key thiamine biosynthetic enzyme from an endophyte OsiSh-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Yahua Seeds Science Academy of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Yahua Seeds Science Academy of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P. R. China
| | - Heping Zheng
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuqi Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, Hunan Province 410125, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410082, P. R. China
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Li J, Scarano A, Gonzalez NM, D'Orso F, Yue Y, Nemeth K, Saalbach G, Hill L, de Oliveira Martins C, Moran R, Santino A, Martin C. Biofortified tomatoes provide a new route to vitamin D sufficiency. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:611-616. [PMID: 35606499 PMCID: PMC9213236 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Poor vitamin D status is a global health problem; insufficiency underpins higher risk of cancer, neurocognitive decline and all-cause mortality. Most foods contain little vitamin D and plants are very poor sources. We have engineered the accumulation of provitamin D3 in tomato by genome editing, modifying a duplicated section of phytosterol biosynthesis in Solanaceous plants, to provide a biofortified food with the added possibility of supplement production from waste material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Aurelia Scarano
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Nestor Mora Gonzalez
- Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Faculty, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fabio D'Orso
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- CREA-Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Rome, Italy
| | - Yajuan Yue
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Lionel Hill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, C.N.R., Unit of Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - Cathie Martin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Darré M, Vicente AR, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Artés-Hernández F. Postharvest Ultraviolet Radiation in Fruit and Vegetables: Applications and Factors Modulating Its Efficacy on Bioactive Compounds and Microbial Growth. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050653. [PMID: 35267286 PMCID: PMC8909097 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been considered a deleterious agent that living organisms must avoid. However, many of the acclimation changes elicited by UV induce a wide range of positive effects in plant physiology through the elicitation of secondary antioxidant metabolites and natural defenses. Therefore, this fact has changed the original UV conception as a germicide and potentially damaging agent, leading to the concept that it is worthy of application in harvested commodities to take advantage of its beneficial responses. Four decades have already passed since postharvest UV radiation applications began to be studied. During this time, UV treatments have been successfully evaluated for different purposes, including the selection of raw materials, the control of postharvest diseases and human pathogens, the elicitation of nutraceutical compounds, the modulation of ripening and senescence, and the induction of cross-stress tolerance. Besides the microbicide use of UV radiation, the effect that has received most attention is the elicitation of bioactive compounds as a defense mechanism. UV treatments have been shown to induce the accumulation of phytochemicals, including ascorbic acid, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and, more frequently, phenolic compounds. The nature and extent of this elicitation have been reported to depend on several factors, including the product type, maturity, cultivar, UV spectral region, dose, intensity, and radiation exposure pattern. Even though in recent years we have greatly increased our understanding of UV technology, some major issues still need to be addressed. These include defining the operational conditions to maximize UV radiation efficacy, reducing treatment times, and ensuring even radiation exposure, especially under realistic processing conditions. This will make UV treatments move beyond their status as an emerging technology and boost their adoption by industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Darré
- LIPA—Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Agroindustriales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119 s/n, La Plata CP 1900, Argentina;
| | - Ariel Roberto Vicente
- LIPA—Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Agroindustriales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119 s/n, La Plata CP 1900, Argentina;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Francisco Artés-Hernández
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Agronomical Engineering & Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Murcia, Spain;
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Abstract
Both vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are now well-documented worldwide in relation to human health, and this has raised interest in vitamin D research. The aim of this article is therefore to review the literature on sources of vitamin D. It can be endogenously synthesised under ultraviolet B radiation in the skin, or ingested through dietary supplements and dietary sources, which include food of animal and plant origin, as well as fortified foods. Vitamin D is mainly found in two forms, D3 (cholecalciferol) and D2 (ergocalciferol). In addition to the D3 and D2 forms of vitamin D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D also contributes significantly to dietary vitamin D intake. It is found in many animal-derived products. Fortified food can contain D3 or D2 forms or vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Not many foods are a rich source (> 4 μg/100 g) of vitamin D (D represents D3 and/or D2), e.g., many but not all fish (5-25 μg/100 g), mushrooms (21.1-58.7 μg/100 g), Reindeer lichen (87 μg/100 g) and fish liver oils (250 μg/100 g). Other dietary sources are cheese, beef liver and eggs (1.3-2.9 μg/100 g), dark chocolate (4 μg/100 g), as well as fortified foods (milk, yoghurt, fat spreads, orange juice, breakfast grains, plant-based beverages). Since an adequate intake of vitamin D (15 μg/day set by the European Food Safety Authority) is hard to achieve through diet alone, dietary supplements of vitamin D are usually recommended. This review summarizes current knowledge about different sources of vitamin D for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgen Benedik
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Fresh Mushroom Preservation Techniques. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092126. [PMID: 34574236 PMCID: PMC8465629 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The production and consumption of fresh mushrooms has experienced a significant increase in recent decades. This trend has been driven mainly by their nutritional value and by the presence of bioactive and nutraceutical components that are associated with health benefits, which has led some to consider them a functional food. Mushrooms represent an attractive food for vegetarian and vegan consumers due to their high contents of high-biological-value proteins and vitamin D. However, due to their high respiratory rate, high water content, and lack of a cuticular structure, mushrooms rapidly lose quality and have a short shelf life after harvest, which limits their commercialization in the fresh state. Several traditional preservation methods are used to maintain their quality and extend their shelf life. This article reviews some preservation methods that are commonly used to preserve fresh mushrooms and promising new preservation techniques, highlighting the use of new packaging systems and regulations aimed at the development of more sustainable packaging.
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Sohail A, Al Menhali A, Hisaindee S, Shah I. An LC-MS/MS Method for Analysis of Vitamin D Metabolites and C3 Epimers in Mice Serum: Oral Supplementation Compared to UV Irradiation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175182. [PMID: 34500616 PMCID: PMC8434525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The most common forms of vitamin D in human and mouse serum are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2 and their metabolites. The aim of this study is to determine whether diet and sunlight directly affect the circulating concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in a mouse model. We investigated the serum concentrations of eight vitamin D metabolites—vitamin D (vitamin D3 + vitamin D2), 25OHD (25OHD3 + 25OHD2), 1α25(OH)2D (1α25(OH)2D2, and 1α25(OH)2D3)—including their epimer, 3-epi-25OHD (3-epi-25OHD3 and 3-epi-25OHD2), and a bile acid precursor 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7αC4), which is known to cause interference in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Method: The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to FDA-US guidelines. The validated method was used for the analysis of mouse serum samples. Forty blood samples from mice were collected and divided into three groups. The first group, the DDD mice, were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet (25 IU VD3/kg of diet) and kept in the dark; the second group, the SDD mice, were maintained on a standard-vitamin D diet (1000 IU VD3) and kept in the dark; and the third group, SDL, were fed a standard-vitamin D diet (1000 IU VD3) but kept on a normal light/dark cycle. LC-MS/MS was used for the efficient separation and quantitation of all the analytes. Results: The validated method showed good linearity and specificity. The intraday and interday precision were both <16%, and the accuracy across the assay range was within 100 ± 15%. The recoveries ranged between 75 and 95%. The stability results showed that vitamin D metabolites are not very stable when exposed to continuous freeze–thaw cycles; the variations in concentrations of vitamin D metabolites ranged between 15 and 60%. The overlapping peaks of vitamin D, its epimers, and its isobar (7αC4) were resolved using chromatographic separation. There were significant differences in the concentrations of all metabolites of vitamin D between the DDD and SDL mice. Between the groups SDD (control) and SDL, a significant difference in the concentrations of 3-epi-25OHD was noted, where C3 epimer was about 30% higher in SDL group while no significant differences were noted in the concentrations of vitamin D, 25OHD, 1α25(OH)2D, and 7αC4 between SDD and SDL group. Conclusions: A validated method, combined with a simple extraction technique, for the sensitive LC-MS/MS determination of vitamin D metabolites is described here. The method can eliminate the interferences in LC-MS/MS analysis caused by the overlapping epimer and isobar due to them having the same molecular weights as 25OHD. The validated method was applied to mouse serum samples. It was concluded that a standard-vitamin D diet causes an increase in the proportion of all the vitamin D metabolites and C3 epimers and isobar, while UV light has no pronounced effect on the concentrations of the majority of the vitamin D metabolites except 3-epi-25OHD. Further studies are required to confirm this observation in humans and to investigate the biochemical pathways related to vitamin D’s metabolites and their epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Asma Al Menhali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (A.A.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Soleiman Hisaindee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (A.S.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.M.); (I.S.)
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Varghese JE, Balasubramanian B, Velayuthaprabhu S, Thirunavukkarasu V, Rengarajan RL, Murugesh E, Manikandan P, Arun M, Anand AV. Therapeutic effects of vitamin D and cancer: An overview. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jisha Elsa Varghese
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Bharathiar University Tamil Nadu India
| | | | | | | | | | - Easwaran Murugesh
- Nutritional Improvement of Crops International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | | | - Meyyazhagan Arun
- Department of Life Sciences CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Karnataka India
| | - Arumugam Vijaya Anand
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Bharathiar University Tamil Nadu India
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Johnson JB, Ekanayake CP, Caravani F, Mani JS, Lal P, Calgaro SJ, Prasad SS, Warner RD, Naiker M. A Review of Vitamin D and Its Precursors in Plants and Their Translation to Active Metabolites in Meat. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1936006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel B. Johnson
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - C. P. Ekanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Federico Caravani
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Janice S. Mani
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Pawan Lal
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Calgaro
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Shirtika S. Prasad
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, the University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Robyn D Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mani Naiker
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Australia
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Shadab H, Khan MN, Ul Haq F, Ali H, El-Seedi HR, Musharraf SG. Cross-mixing study of a poisonous Cestrum species, Cestrum diurnum in herbal raw material by chemical fingerprinting using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Baur AC, Brandsch C, Steinmetz B, Schutkowski A, Wensch-Dorendorf M, Stangl GI. Differential effects of vitamin D 3 vs vitamin D 2 on cellular uptake, tissue distribution and activation of vitamin D in mice and cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 204:105768. [PMID: 33035648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To combat vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D3 and vitamin D2 are commonly used as a supplement or to fortify food sources. Human data show that the response of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to supplementation with vitamin D3 is higher than to vitamin D2. To elucidate the metabolic route of both vitamers, we conducted a study with vitamin D-depleted mice, which were allotted into three groups (n = 12) and received equal doses of either deuterated vitamin D3, deuterated vitamin D2 or both for 4 weeks. To further investigate the hepatic uptake and hydroxylation of both D-vitamers to 25(OH)D, we conducted cell culture experiments with murine and human hepatoma cells (Hepa1-6 and HepG2). The vitamin D metabolite concentrations in serum, tissues and cells were analyzed by LC-MS/MS or ELISA. In mice, vitamin D2 resulted in lower serum and tissue concentrations of vitamin D (P < 0.001) than vitamin D3, while the group which received both D-vitamers showed values in between. Interestingly, vitamin D2 fed mice had 1.9-times and 2.9-times higher serum concentrations of total and free 25(OH)D (P < 0.001) than mice fed vitamin D3, while the concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) was 1.8-times lower (P < 0.001). The gene and protein expression of enzymes, involved in the hydroxylation and renal uptake of vitamin D remained largely unaffected by the D-vitamer. In contrast to the mice data, hepatoma cells preferred vitamin D3 for 25-hydroxylation over vitamin D2 (P < 0.001). In general, the formation of 25(OH)D was much more pronounced in human than in murine hepatoma cells (P < 0.001). To conclude, in contrast to humans, vitamin D2 was more efficient in increasing 25(OH)D than vitamin D3 in mice, although this difference was not caused by a preferential hydroxylation of vitamin D2 in the liver. The metabolic routes of D3 and D2 in mice differ, showing lower circulating 1,25(OH)2D and tissue vitamin D concentrations in D2- than in D3-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Baur
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Corinna Brandsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Benita Steinmetz
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schutkowski
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Monika Wensch-Dorendorf
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
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Detection of 7-Dehydrocholesterol and Vitamin D3 Derivatives in Honey. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112583. [PMID: 32498437 PMCID: PMC7321140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (20(OH)D3) is an endogenous metabolite produced by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of vitamin D3 (D3). 20(OH)D3 can be further hydroxylated by CYP11A1, CYP27A1, CYP24A1 and/or CYP27B1 to several hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 also hydroxylates D3 to 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), which is detectable in the epidermis. 20-Hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol (20(OH)-7DHC) has been detected in the human epidermis and can be phototransformed into 20(OH)D3 following the absorption of ultraviolet B (UVB) energy by the B-ring. 20(OH)D3 and its hydroxyderivatives have anti-inflammatory, pro-differentiation and anti-proliferative effects, comparable to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). Since cytochromes P450 with 20- or 25-hydroxylase activity are found in insects participating in ecdysone synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), we tested whether D3-hydroxyderivatives are present in honey, implying their production in bees. Honey was collected during summer in the Birmingham area of Alabama or purchased commercially and extracted and analyzed using LC-MS. We detected a clear peak of m/z = 423.324 [M + Na]+ for 20(OH)D3 corresponding to a concentration in honey of 256 ng/g. We also detected peaks of m/z = 383.331 [M + H − H2O]+ for 20(OH)-7DHC and 25(OH)D3 with retention times corresponding to the standards. We further detected species with m/z = 407.329 [M + Na]+ corresponding to the RT of 7DHC, D3 and lumisterol3 (L3). Similarly, peaks with m/z = 399.326 [M + H − H2O]+ were detected at the RT of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1,20-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20(OH)2D3). Species corresponding to 20-monohydroxylumisterol3 (20(OH)L3), 22-monohydroxyvitamin D3 (22(OH)D3), 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,23(OH)2D3), 20,24/25/26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (20,24/25/26(OH)2D3) and 1,20,23/24/25/26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,20,23/24/25/26(OH)3D3) were not detectable above the background. In conclusion, the presence of 7DHC and D3 and of species corresponding to 20(OH)-7DHC, 20(OH)D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in honey implies their production in bees, although the precise biochemistry and photochemistry of these processes remain to be defined.
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Recovery of ergosterol and vitamin D2 from mushroom waste - Potential valorization by food and pharmaceutical industries. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kochan Z, Jędrzejewska K, Karbowska J. Vitamin D in edible mushrooms: biosynthesis, contents, bioavailability, and nutritional significance. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.6282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible mushrooms exposed to sunlight or UV irradiation convert ergosterol to ergocalciferol (vitamin D<sub>2</sub>), which is well absorbed and has a similar bioavailability to vitamin D<sub>3</sub>. Consumption of vitamin D<sub>2</sub> – enhanced mushrooms significantly increases circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>2</sub> that is further metabolized to the biologically active form – 1,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>2</sub>. Dietary supplementation with UV-irradiated mushrooms has been shown to lower parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in the blood and to increase bone mineral density, to suppress an immune response, to decrease circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels, as well as to improve cognitive performance in dementia syndromes. Current evidence indicates that more than half of the world’s population is vitamin D deficient, mushrooms enriched with ergocalciferol may therefore prove useful as a natural dietary source of this vitamin – incorporating them into the diet can help meet the body’s daily requirement and restore vitamin D status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzisław Kochan
- Zakład Biochemii Żywienia, Katedra Żywienia Klinicznego, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny, Gdańsk, Polska
| | - Katarzyna Jędrzejewska
- Zakład Biochemii Żywienia, Katedra Żywienia Klinicznego, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny, Gdańsk, Polska
| | - Joanna Karbowska
- Katedra i Zakład Biochemii, Wydział Lekarski, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny, Gdańsk, Polska
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Agricultural and Other Biotechnological Applications Resulting from Trophic Plant-Endophyte Interactions. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9120779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic microbiota plays a role not only in supplying plants with the basic nutrients indispensable for their growth, but also helps them in the mechanisms of adaptation to various environmental stresses (i.e., salinity, drought), which is important in the aspect of crop yields. From the agricultural and biotechnological points of view, the knowledge of endophytes and their roles in increasing crop yields, plant resistance to diseases, and helping to survive environmental stress is extremely desirable. This paper reviews some of the beneficial plant–microbe interactions that might be potentially used in both agriculture (plant growth stimulation effect, adaptation of host organisms in salinity and drought conditions, and support of defense mechanisms in plants), and in biotechnology (bioactive metabolites, application of endophytes for bioremediation and biotransformation processes, and production of biofertilizers and biopreparations). Importantly, relatively recent reports on endophytes from the last 10 years are summarized in this paper.
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Sadgrove NJ, Jones GL. From Petri Dish to Patient: Bioavailability Estimation and Mechanism of Action for Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Natural Products. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2470. [PMID: 31736910 PMCID: PMC6834656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The new era of multidrug resistance of pathogens against frontline antibiotics has compromised the immense therapeutic gains of the 'golden age,' stimulating a resurgence in antimicrobial research focused on antimicrobial and immunomodulatory components of botanical, fungal or microbial origin. While much valuable information has been amassed on the potency of crude extracts and, indeed, purified compounds there are too many reports that uncritically extrapolate observed in vitro activity to presumed ingestive and/or topical therapeutic value, particularly in the discipline of ethnopharmacology. Thus, natural product researchers would benefit from a basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic understanding. Furthermore, therapeutic success of complex mixtures or single components derived therefrom is not always proportionate to their MIC values, since immunomodulation can be the dominant mechanism of action. Researchers often fail to acknowledge this, particularly when 'null' activity is observed. In this review we introduce the most up to date theories of oral and topical bioavailability including the metabolic processes affecting xenobiotic biotransformation before and after drugs reach the site of their action in the body. We briefly examine the common methodologies employed in antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and pharmacokinetic research. Importantly, we emphasize the contribution of synergies and/or antagonisms in complex mixtures as they affect absorptive processes in the body and sometimes potentiate activity. Strictly in the context of natural product research, it is important to acknowledge the potential for chemotypic variation within important medicinal plants. Furthermore, polar head space and rotatable bonds give a priori indications of the likelihood of bioavailability of active metabolites. Considering this and other relatively simple chemical insights, we hope to provide the basis for a more rigorous scientific assessment, enabling researchers to predict the likelihood that observed in vitro anti-infective activity will translate to in vivo outcomes in a therapeutic context. We give worked examples of tentative pharmacokinetic assessment of some well-known medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas John Sadgrove
- Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (PAN) Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Jodrell Science Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Lloyd Jones
- Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals (PAN) Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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The Role of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanism to Management. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051019. [PMID: 31067701 PMCID: PMC6566188 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has been linked to human health benefits that extend far beyond its established actions on calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. One of the most well studied facets of extra-skeletal vitamin D is its activity as an immuno-modulator, in particular its potent anti-inflammatory effects. As a consequence, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Low serum levels of the major circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) are significantly more prevalent in patients with IBD, particularly in the winter and spring months when UV-induced synthesis of vitamin D is lower. Dietary malabsorption of vitamin D may also contribute to low serum 25(OH)D in IBD. The benefits of supplementation with vitamin D for IBD patients are still unclear, and improved vitamin D status may help to prevent the onset of IBD as well as ameliorating disease severity. Beneficial effects of vitamin D in IBD are supported by pre-clinical studies, notably with mouse models, where the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) has been shown to regulate gastrointestinal microbiota function, and promote anti-inflammatory, tolerogenic immune responses. The current narrative review aims to summarise the different strands of data linking vitamin D and IBD, whilst also outlining the possible beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in managing IBD in humans.
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Göring H. Vitamin D in Nature: A Product of Synthesis and/or Degradation of Cell Membrane Components. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1350-1357. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hughes LJ, Black LJ, Sherriff JL, Dunlop E, Strobel N, Lucas RM, Bornman JF. Vitamin D Content of Australian Native Food Plants and Australian-Grown Edible Seaweed. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070876. [PMID: 29986447 PMCID: PMC6073725 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has previously been quantified in some plants and algae, particularly in leaves of the Solanaceae family. We measured the vitamin D content of Australian native food plants and Australian-grown edible seaweed. Using liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, 13 samples (including leaf, fruit, and seed) were analyzed in duplicate for vitamin D2, vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Five samples contained vitamin D2: raw wattleseed (Acacia victoriae) (0.03 µg/100 g dry weight (DW)); fresh and dried lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) leaves (0.03 and 0.24 µg/100 g DW, respectively); and dried leaves and berries of Tasmanian mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata) (0.67 and 0.05 µg/100 g DW, respectively). Fresh kombu (Lessonia corrugata) contained vitamin D3 (0.01 µg/100 g DW). Detected amounts were low; however, it is possible that exposure to ultraviolet radiation may increase the vitamin D content of plants and algae if vitamin D precursors are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Hughes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Lucinda J Black
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Jill L Sherriff
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Eleanor Dunlop
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Norbert Strobel
- National Measurement Institute, 1/153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne VIC 3207, Australia.
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia.
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Janet F Bornman
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
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