NAFLD and Atherosclerosis Are Prevented by a Natural Dietary Supplement Containing Curcumin, Silymarin, Guggul, Chlorogenic Acid and Inulin in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Dramatic Suppression of Lipogenesis and No Increase in Beta-Oxidation Gene Expression Are among the Key Effects of Bergamot Flavonoids in Fatty Liver Disease

Bergamot flavonoids have been shown to prevent metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and stimulate autophagy in animal models and patients. To investigate further the mechanism of polyphenol-dependent effects, we performed a RT2-PCR array analysis on 168 metabolism, transport and autophagy-related genes expressed in rat livers exposed for 14 weeks to different diets: standard, cafeteria (CAF) and CAF diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg of bergamot polyphenol fraction (BPF). CAF diet caused a strong upregulation of gluconeogenesis pathway (Gck, Pck2) and a moderate (>1.7 fold) induction of genes regulating lipogenesis (Srebf1, Pparg, Xbp1), lipid and cholesterol transport or lipolysis (Fabp3, Apoa1, Lpl) and inflammation (Il6, Il10, Tnf). However, only one β-oxidation gene (Cpt1a) and a few autophagy genes were differentially expressed in CAF rats compared to controls. While most of these transcripts were significantly modulated by BPF, we observed a particularly potent effect on lipogenesis genes, like Acly, Acaca and Fasn, which were suppressed far below the mRNA levels of control livers as confirmed by alternative primers-based RT2-PCR analysis and western blotting. These effects were accompanied by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il6, Tnfa, and Il10) and diabetes-related genes. Few autophagy (Map1Lc3a, Dapk) and no β-oxidation gene expression changes were observed compared to CAF group. In conclusion, chronic BPF supplementation efficiently prevents NAFLD by modulating hepatic energy metabolism and inflammation gene expression programs, with no effect on β-oxidation, but profound suppression of de novo lipogenesis.

Potential of Chlorogenic Acid in the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): Animal Studies and Clinical Trials-A Narrative Review

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural polyphenol found in coffee, tea, vegetables, and fruits. It exhibits strong antioxidant activity and possesses several other biological properties, including anti-inflammatory effects, antimicrobial activity, and insulin-sensitizing properties. Moreover, it may improve lipid and glucose metabolism. This review summarizes the available information on the therapeutic effect of CGA in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). As the literature search engine, the browsers in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov register were used. Animal trials and clinical studies suggest that CGA has promising therapeutic potential in treating MASLD and hepatic steatosis. Its mechanisms of action include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects via the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade. Furthermore, the alleviation of liver disease by CGA also involves other important molecules such as AMPK and important physiological processes such as the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota. Nevertheless, the specific target cell and key molecule to which CGA is directed remain unidentified and require further study.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: current therapeutic strategies

The definition of "Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease - MAFLD" has replaced the previous definition of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), because cardiometabolic criteria have been added for the prevention of cardiological risk in these patients. This definition leads to an in-depth study of the bidirectional relationships between hepatic steatosis, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and/or their complications. Lifestyle modification, which includes correct nutrition combined with regular physical activity, represents the therapeutic cornerstone of MAFLD. When therapy is required, there is not clear accord on how to proceed in an optimal way with nutraceutical or pharmacological therapy. Numerous studies have attempted to identify nutraceuticals with a significant benefit on metabolic alterations and which contribute to the improvement of hepatic steatosis. Several evidences are supporting the use of silymarin, berberine, curcumin, Nigella sativa, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Fucus vesiculosus, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10 and Omega-3. However, more evidence regarding the long-term efficacy and safety of these compounds are required. There is numerous evidence that highlights the use of therapies such as incretins or the use of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors or other similar therapies which, by assisting existing therapies for pathologies such as diabetes, hypertension, insulin resistance, have given a breakthrough in prevention and the reduction of cardiometabolic risk. This review gave an overview of the current therapeutic strategies that are expected to aid in the treatment and prevention of MAFLD.

Portosystemic shunting prevents hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mouse models

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This association is supported by the translocation of bacteria products into the portal system, which acts on the liver through the gut-liver axis. We hypothesize that portosystemic shunting can disrupt this relationship, and prevent NAFLD-associated HCC.

METHODS

HCC carcinogenesis was tested in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFD) and injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at two weeks of age, and in double transgenic LAP-tTA and TRE-MYC (LAP-Myc) mice fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet. Portosystemic shunts were established by transposing the spleen to the sub-cutaneous tissue at eight weeks of age.

RESULTS

Spleen transposition led to a consistent deviation of part of the portal flow and a significant decrease in portal pressure. It was associated with a decrease in the number of HCC in both models. This effect was supported by the presence of less severe liver steatosis after 40 weeks, and lower expression levels of liver fatty acid synthase. Also, shunted mice exhibited lower liver oxygen levels, a key factor in preventing HCC as confirmed by the development of less HCCs in mice with hepatic artery ligation.

CONCLUSIONS

The present data show that portosystemic shunting prevents NAFLD-associated HCC, utilizing two independent mouse models. This effect is supported by the development of less steatosis, and a restored liver oxygen level. Portal pressure modulation and shunting deserve further exploration as potential prevention/treatment options for NAFLD and HCC.

E4orf1 improves adipose tissue-specific metabolic risk factors and indicators of cognition function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVE

Obesity, impaired glycemic control, and hepatic steatosis often coexist and are risk factors for developing dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that a therapeutic agent that improves glycemic control and steatosis may attenuate obesity-associated progression of dementia. We previously identified that adenoviral protein E4orf1 improves glycemic control and reduces hepatic steatosis despite obesity in mice. Here, we determined if this metabolic improvement by E4orf1 will ameliorate cognitive decline in a transgenic mouse model of AD.

METHODS

Fourteen- to twenty-month-old APP/PS1/E4orf1 and APP/PS1 (control) mice were fed a high-fat diet. Cognition was determined by Morris Water Maze (MWM). Systemic glycemic control and metabolic signaling changes in adipose tissue, liver, and brain were determined.

RESULTS

Compared to control, E4orf1 expression significantly improved glucose clearance, reduced endogenous insulin requirement and lowered body-fat, enhanced glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, and reduced de novo lipogenesis in the liver. In the brain, E4orf1 mice displayed significantly greater expression of genes involved in neurogenesis and amyloid-beta degradation and performed better in MWM testing.

CONCLUSION

This study opens-up the possibility of addressing glycemic control and steatosis for attenuating obesity-related cognitive decline. It also underscores the potential of E4orf1 for the purpose, which needs further investigations.

Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-II dysfunction: A possible novel mechanism for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in hepatocarcinogenesis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease has been characterized by the lipid accumulation with injury of hepatocytes and has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world. The complex mechanisms of NAFLD formation are still under identification. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-II (CPT-II) on inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) regulates long chain fatty acid β-oxidation, and its abnormality has had more and more attention paid to it by basic and clinical research in NAFLD. The sequences of its peptide chain and DNA nucleotides have been identified, and the catalytic activity of CPT-II is affected on its gene mutations, deficiency, enzymatic thermal instability, circulating carnitine level and so on. Recently, the CPT-II dysfunction has been discovered in models of liver lipid accumulation. Meanwhile, the malignant transformation of hepatocyte-related CD44⁺ stem T cell activation, high levels of tumor-related biomarkers (AFP, GPC3) and abnormal activation of Wnt3a expression as a key signal molecule of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway run parallel to the alterations of hepatocyte pathology. This review focuses on some of the progress of CPT-II inactivity on IMM with liver fatty accumulation as a possible novel pathogenesis for NAFLD in hepatocarcinogenesis.

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) Extract Prevents Neurodegeneration in the HFD Mouse Model by Modulating Astrocytes and Microglia Activation

Obesity and related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a cyanobacterium considered a suitable supplement for its nutritional profile and beneficial properties. The potential neuroprotective effect of an AFA extract, commercialized as KlamExtra^®, including the two AFA extracts Klamin^® and AphaMax^®, in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-fed mice was explored. Three groups of mice were provided with a standard diet (Lean), HFD or HFD supplemented with AFA extract (HFD + AFA) for 28 weeks. Metabolic parameters, brain insulin resistance, expression of apoptosis biomarkers, modulation of astrocytes and microglia activation markers, and Aβ deposition were analyzed and compared in the brains of different groups. AFA extract treatment attenuated HFD-induced neurodegeneration by reducing insulin resistance and loss of neurons. AFA supplementation improved the expression of synaptic proteins and reduced the HFD-induced astrocytes and microglia activation, and Aβ plaques accumulation. Together, these outcomes indicate that regular intake of AFA extract could benefit the metabolic and neuronal dysfunction caused by HFD, decreasing neuroinflammation and promoting Aβ plaques clearance.

Long-Term Ingestion of Sicilian Black Bee Chestnut Honey and/or D-Limonene Counteracts Brain Damage Induced by High Fat-Diet in Obese Mice

Obesity is linked to neurodegeneration, which is mainly caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. We analyzed whether the long-term intake of honey and/or D-limonene, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, when ingested separately or in combination, can counteract the neurodegeneration occurring in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. After 10 weeks of HFD, mice were divided into: HFD-, HFD + honey (HFD-H)-, HFD + D-limonene (HFD-L)-, HFD + honey + D-limonene (HFD-H + L)-fed groups, for another 10 weeks. Another group was fed a standard diet (STD). We analyzed the brain neurodegeneration, inflammation, oxidative stress, and gene expression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) markers. The HFD animals showed higher neuronal apoptosis, upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes Fas-L, Bim P27 and downregulation of anti-apoptotic factors BDNF and BCL2; increased gene expression of the pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and elevated oxidative stress markers COX-2, iNOS, ROS and nitrite. The honey and D-limonene intake counteracted these alterations; however, they did so in a stronger manner when in combination. Genes involved in amyloid plaque processing (APP and TAU), synaptic function (Ache) and AD-related hyperphosphorylation were higher in HFD brains, and significantly downregulated in HFD-H, HFD-L and HFD-H + L. These results suggest that honey and limonene ingestion counteract obesity-related neurodegeneration and that joint consumption is more efficacious than a single administration.

Recent advances of traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common systemic disease with increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with characteristics of multiple pathways and targets, presents advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

With the modernization of TCM, the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of TCM for AS treatment have been gradually revealed. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the existing studies on TCM therapies aimed at regulating AS over the past two decades.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using "atherosclerosis" and "Traditional Chinese medicine" as keywords, all relevant TCM literature published in the last 10 years was collected from electronic databases (such as Elsevier, Springer, PubMed, CNKI, and Web of Science), books and papers until March 2022, and the critical information was statistically analyzed.

RESULTS

In this review, we highlighted extracts of 8 single herbs, a total of 41 single active ingredients, 20 TCM formulae, and 25 patented drugs, which were described with chemical structure, source, model, efficacy and potential mechanism.

CONCLUSION

We summarized the cytopathological basis for the development of atherosclerosis involving vascular endothelial cells, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells, and categorically elaborated the medicinal TCM used for AS, all of which provide the current evidence on the better management of atherosclerosis by TCM.

Effects of Robuvit® on the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Robuvit^® in preventing the progression of chronic hepatitis (CH) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which encompasses the entire spectrum of fatty liver disease, from isolated steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

METHODS

One group of patients followed the Standard management (SM) and were assigned as controls while the supplementation group followed the SM and additionally took 2 Robuvit® capsules daily for 3 months (200 mg/day).

RESULTS

34 subjects with NAFLD were included in the study. The two groups completing 90 days were comparable at baseline with 18 being supplemented with Robuvit^® and 16 in the control group. The tolerability was very good, and no side effects were observed with the supplement. Fasting glucose levels were significantly lower after 3 months with Robuvit^® (P<0.05) compared to controls. The increased serum aspartate aminotransferase levels (AST), considered the key metabolic value in these patients, decreased significantly with Robuvit® (P<0.05) compared to controls. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT) also decreased significantly with the supplement compared to controls (P<0.05). Platelet count and albumin levels improved significantly with Robuvit® (P<0.05) in comparison to standard management. No other significant changes were observed. The APRI score (the AST/platelet ratio index) was also decreased with the supplementation compared to controls (P<0.05). A high APRI score provides an estimate of the possibility of the liver to develop fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis. After Robuvit® supplementation, the ultrasound characterization showed a significant decrease in the size of the liver in association with a lower echogenicity, which represents less fibrotic changes due to collagen accumulation.

CONCLUSIONS

Robuvit® improved liver function in NAFLD and prevented progression to liver fibrosis by improving hepatic metabolism in a relatively short period of time. Numerous people are affected by NAFLD, many of them with subclinical symptoms. But to date, there are no specific, definite treatment options. Prolonged evaluations of Robuvit® in a larger group of subjects is suggested.

Curcumin Offers No Additional Benefit to Lifestyle Intervention on Cardiometabolic Status in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Curcumin has been shown to exert glucose-lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effects in type 2 diabetes. Hence, we investigated curcumin’s effects on atherogenesis markers, fatty liver, insulin resistance, and adipose tissue-related indicators in patients with NAFLD. In this secondary analysis of a 12-week randomized controlled trial, fifty-two patients with NAFLD received lifestyle modification. In addition, they were randomly allocated to either the curcumin group (1.5 g/day) or the matching placebo. Outcome variables (assessed before and after the study) were: the fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), fatty liver score (FLS), BMI, age, ALT, TG score (BAAT), triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, Castelli risk index-I (CRI-I), Castelli risk index-II (CRI-II), TG/HDL–C ratio, atherogenic coefficient (AC), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), lipoprotein combine index (LCI), cholesterol index (CHOLINDEX), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body adiposity index (BAI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), metabolic score for visceral fat (METS-VF), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) values. The TyG index decreased in the curcumin group and increased in the placebo group, with a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.029). However, a between-group change was not significant after adjustment for multiple testing. Other indices were not significantly different between the groups either before or after multiple test correction. After the intervention, there was a lower number of patients with severe fatty liver (FLI ≥ 60) and metabolic syndrome in the curcumin group compared to the placebo (p = 0.021 and p = 0.012, respectively). In conclusion, curcumin offers no additional cardiometabolic benefits to lifestyle intervention in patients with NAFLD.

Tackling Atherosclerosis via Selected Nutrition

The development and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are significantly influenced by lifestyle, particularly nutrition. The modern level of science and technology development promote personalized nutrition as an efficient preventive measure against atherosclerosis. In this survey, the factors were revealed that contribute to the formation of an individual approach to nutrition: genetic characteristics, the state of the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and environmental factors (diets, bioactive components, cardioprotectors, etc.). In the course of the work, it was found that in order to analyze the predisposition to atherosclerosis associated with nutrition, genetic features affecting the metabolism of nutrients are significant. The genetic features include the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of genes and epigenetic factors. The influence of telomere length on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and circadian rhythms was also considered. Relatively new is the study of the relationship between chrono-nutrition and the development of metabolic diseases. That is, to obtain the relationship between nutrition and atherosclerosis, a large number of genetic markers should be considered. In this relation, the question arises: “How many genetic features need to be analyzed in order to form a personalized diet for the consumer?” Basically, companies engaged in nutrigenetic research and choosing a diet for the prevention of a number of metabolic diseases use SNP analysis of genes that accounts for lipid metabolism, vitamins, the body’s antioxidant defense system, taste characteristics, etc. There is no set number of genetic markers. The main diets effective against the development of atherosclerosis were considered, and the most popular were the ketogenic, Mediterranean, and DASH-diets. The advantage of these diets is the content of foods with a low amount of carbohydrates, a high amount of vegetables, fruits and berries, as well as foods rich in antioxidants. However, due to the restrictions associated with climatic, geographical, material features, these diets are not available for a number of consumers. The way out is the use of functional products, dietary supplements. In this approach, the promising biologically active substances (BAS) that exhibit anti-atherosclerotic potential are: baicalin, resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin and other plant metabolites. Among the substances, those of animal origin are popular: squalene, coenzyme Q10, omega-3. For the prevention of atherosclerosis through personalized nutrition, it is necessary to analyze the genetic characteristics (SNP) associated with the metabolism of nutrients, to assess the state of the microbiota of the GIT. Based on the data obtained and food preferences, as well as the individual capabilities of the consumer, the optimal diet can be selected. It is topical to exclude nutrients of which their excess consumption stimulates the occurrence and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and to enrich the diet with functional foods (FF), BAS containing the necessary anti-atherosclerotic, and stimulating microbiota of the GIT nutrients. Personalized nutrition is a topical preventive measure and there are a number of problems hindering the active use of this approach among consumers. The key factors include weak evidence of the influence of a number of genetic features, the high cost of the approach, and difficulties in the interpretation of the results. Eliminating these deficiencies will contribute to the maintenance of a healthy state of the population through nutrition.

Health Beneficial Phytochemicals in Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky Leaves and Tubers and Their Inhibitory Effects on Physiologically Important Enzymes

Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky is a tertiary relict endemic plant naturally growing in the western part of the trans-Caucasus regions; it has adapted and successfully grows in the temperate region of the Baltic countries. Information about its phytochemical composition and bioactivities is rather scarce. This study reports the results of the identification of 41 compounds in D. caucasica leaf and tuber hydroethanolic extracts using UPLC-QTOF/MS. Organic acids were found in both extracts; hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids were the main phytochemicals in the leaves, while steroidal glycosides, fatty acids (mainly hydroxylated) and carbohydrates were found in the tubers. Leaf extracts inhibited enzymes in a dose-dependent manner and were remarkably stronger inhibitors of physiologically important enzymes, namely α-amylase (48.6% at 480 µg/mL), α-glucosidase (IC50 = 41.99 and 47.95 µg/mL with and without 0.1 M Na2CO3), acetylcholinesterase (45.85% at 100 µg/mL) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (IC50 = 829.7 µg/mL), most likely due to the presence of some quantified polyphenolic antioxidants. The mode of inhibition of α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase was assessed via kinetic studies based on Lineweaver–Burk inhibition plots. Leaf and tuber extracts acted as mixed-type and competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase, respectively; the leaf extract demonstrated an uncompetitive inhibition mode of acetylcholinesterase. It is expected that this new knowledge of D. caucasica will serve for its valorization in developing new health beneficial ingredients for functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Investigation of the Effect of Curcumin on Protein Targets in NAFLD Using Bioinformatic Analysis

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent metabolic disorder. Defects in function/expression of genes/proteins are critical in initiation/progression of NAFLD. Natural products may modulate these genes/proteins. Curcumin improves steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis progression. Here, bioinformatic tools, gene−drug and gene-disease databases were utilized to explore targets, interactions, and pathways through which curcumin could impact NAFLD. METHODS: Significant curcumin−protein interaction was identified (high-confidence:0.7) in the STITCH database. Identified proteins were investigated to determine association with NAFLD. gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were analyzed for significantly involved targets (p < 0.01). Specificity of obtained targets with NAFLD was estimated and investigated in Tissue/Cells−gene associations (PanglaoDB Augmented 2021, Mouse Gene Atlas) and Disease−gene association-based EnrichR algorithms (Jensen DISEASES, DisGeNET). RESULTS: Two collections were constructed: 227 protein−curcumin interactions and 95 NAFLD-associated genes. By Venn diagram, 14 significant targets were identified, and their biological pathways evaluated. Based on gene ontology, most targets involved stress and lipid metabolism. KEGG revealed chemical carcinogenesis, the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications and NAFLD as the most common significant pathways. Specificity to diseases database (EnrichR algorithm) revealed specificity for steatosis/steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION: Curcumin may improve, or inhibit, progression of NAFLD through activation/inhibition of NAFLD-related genes.

Indicaxanthin from Opuntia ficus-indica Fruit Ameliorates Glucose Dysmetabolism and Counteracts Insulin Resistance in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice

Obesity-related dysmetabolic conditions are amongst the most common causes of death globally. Indicaxanthin, a bioavailable betalain pigment from Opuntia ficus-indica fruit, has been demonstrated to modulate redox-dependent signalling pathways, exerting significant anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. In light of the strict interconnections between inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance (IR), a nutritionally relevant dose of indicaxanthin has been evaluated in a high-fat diet (HFD) model of obesity-related IR. To this end, biochemical and histological analysis, oxidative stress and inflammation evaluations in liver and adipose tissue were carried out. Our results showed that indicaxanthin treatment significantly reduced body weight, daily food intake and visceral fat mass. Moreover, indicaxanthin administration induced remarkable, beneficial effects on HFD-induced glucose dysmetabolism, reducing fasting glycaemia and insulinaemia, improving glucose and insulin tolerance and restoring the HOMA index to physiological values. These effects were associated with a reduction in hepatic and adipose tissue oxidative stress and inflammation. A decrease in RONS, malondialdehyde and NO levels, in TNF-α, CCL-2 and F4-80 gene expression, in p65, p-JNK, COX-2 and i-NOS protein levels, in crown-like structures and hepatic inflammatory foci was, indeed, observed. The current findings encourage further clinical studies to confirm the effectiveness of indicaxanthin to prevent and treat obesity-related dysmetabolic conditions.

Chlorogenic acid: Potential source of natural drugs for the therapeutics of fibrosis and cancer

Fibrosis and cancer is described by some epidemiological studies as chronic stages of different disease conditions typically characterized by uncontrolled accumulation of extra-cellular matrix (ECM), thereby leading to inflammation of tissues and organ (lungs, heart, liver and kidney) dysfunction. It is highly prevalent, and contributes to increased mortality rate worldwide. Currently, the therapeutical approaches involving selected medications (bemcentinib, pirfenidone and nintedanib) obtained synthetically, and used in clinical practices for fibrosis and cancer management and treatment has shown to be unsatisfactorily, especially during progressive stages of the disease. With regards to finding a more potent, effective, and promising curative for fibrosis and cancer, there is need for continuous experimental studies universally. However, phytochemical constituents’ particularly phenolic compounds [Chlorogenic acid (CGA)] obtained from coffee, and coffee beans have been predominantly utilized in experimental studies, due to its multiple pharmacological properties against various disease forms. Considering its natural source alongside minimal toxicity level, CGA, a major precursor of coffee have gained considerable attention nowadays from researchers worldwide, owing to its wide, efficacious and beneficial action against fibrosis and cancer. Interestingly, the safety of CGA has been proven. Furthermore, numerous experimental studies have also deduced massive remarkable outcomes in the use of CGA clinically, as a potential drug candidate against treatment of fibrosis and cancer. In the course of this review article, we systematically discussed the beneficial contributions of CGA with regards to its source, absorption, metabolism, mechanistic effects, and molecular mechanisms against different fibrosis and cancer categorization, which might be a prospective remedy in the future. Moreover, we also highlighted CGA (in vitro and in vivo analytical studies) defensive effects against various disorders.

Carminic acid mitigates fructose-triggered hepatic steatosis by inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction

Excessive fructose (Fru) consumption has been reported to favor nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the molecular mechanism is still elusive, lacking effective therapeutic strategies. Carminic acid (CA), a glucosylated anthraquinone found in scale insects like Dactylopius coccus, exerts anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Nevertheless, its regulatory role in Fru-induced NAFLD is still obscure. Here, the effects of CA on NAFLD in Fru-challenged mice and the underlying molecular mechanisms were explored. We found that Fru intake significantly led to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in liver of mice, which were considerably attenuated by CA treatment through repressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Additionally, inflammatory response induced by Fru was also attenuated by CA via the blockage of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and tumor necrosis factor α/TNF-α receptor (TNF-α/TNFRs) signaling pathways. Moreover, Fru-provoked oxidative stress in liver tissues was remarkably attenuated by CA mainly through improving the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). These anti-dyslipidemias, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities regulated by CA were confirmed in the isolated primary hepatocytes with Fru stimulation. Importantly, the in vitro experiments demonstrated that Fru-induced lipid accumulation was closely associated with inflammatory response and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production regulated by TNF-α and Nrf-2 signaling pathways, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that CA could be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate metabolic disorder and NAFLD in Fru-challenged mice mainly through suppressing inflammatory response and oxidative stress.

From obesity to Alzheimer's disease through insulin resistance

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most frequent forms of dementia. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Obesity is regarded as abnormal fat accumulation with deleterious impact on human health. There is full scientific evidence that obesity and the metabolic comorbidities (e.g., insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, and type 2 diabetes) are related to Alzheimer's disease and likely in the causative pathway. Numerous studies have identified several overlapping neurodegenerative mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. In this review, we present how obesity and the associated lipotoxicity as well as chronic inflammation initiate a state of insulin resistance that in turn, may have a role in causing the characteristic cerebral alterations of AD. In particular, we focus on the molecular mechanisms linking the obesity-induced impairment in insulin signalling to the upregulation of Aβ aggregation, tau hyper-phosphorylation, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Combined Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Dysregulated Genes Expression and Lipid Metabolism Profiles in the Early Stage of Fatty Liver Disease in Rats

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease develops from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which then potentially develops into liver cirrhosis. It is a serious threat to human health. Therefore, investigating the formation and development mechanism of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is of great significance. Herein, an early model of NAFLD was successfully established by feeding rats with a high-fat and choline-deficient diet. Liver tissue samples were obtained from rats in the fatty liver model group (NAFL) and normal diet control group (CON). Afterward, transcriptome and lipidomic analysis was performed. Transcriptome results revealed that 178 differentially expressed genes were detected in NAFL and CON groups. Out of which, 105 genes were up-regulated, 73 genes were downregulated, and 8 pathways were significantly enriched. A total of 982 metabolites were detected in lipidomic analysis. Out of which 474 metabolites were significantly different, 273 were up-regulated, 201 were downregulated, and 7 pathways were significantly enriched. Based on the joint analysis, 3 common enrichment pathways were found, including cholesterol metabolism and fat digestion and absorption metabolic pathways. Overall, in the early stage of NAFLD, a small number of genetic changes caused a strong response to lipid components. The strongest reflection was glycerides and glycerophospholipids. A significant increase in fatty acid uptake accompanied by cholesterol metabolism is the most prominent metabolic feature of the liver in the early stage of NAFLD. In the early stage of fatty liver, the liver had shown the characteristics of NASH.

Curcumin as a Natural Remedy for Atherosclerosis: A Pharmacological Review

Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound present in Curcuma longa L. rhizomes, shows potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Atherosclerosis is a comprehensive term for a series of degenerative and hyperplasic lesions such as thickening or sclerosis in large- and medium-sized arteries, causing decreased vascular-wall elasticity and lumen diameter. Atherosclerotic cerebro-cardiovascular disease has become a major concern for human health in recent years due to its clinical sequalae of strokes and heart attacks. Curcumin concoction treatment modulates several important signaling pathways related to cellular migration, proliferation, cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation, and gene transcription, among other relevant actions. Here, we provide an overview of curcumin in atherosclerosis prevention and disclose the underlying mechanisms of action of its anti-atherosclerotic effects.

Synergistic potential of nutraceuticals: mechanisms and prospects for futuristic medicine

Nutraceuticals are valued for their therapeutic effects and numerous health benefits. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated their superior performances when co-delivered; the concept of synergism has been established for various bioactives. Apart from improvements in the bioavailability of partnering compounds, this approach can protect the radical scavenging potential and biological effects of individual compounds. In this review, the intricate mechanisms that promote synergistic effects when bioactive compounds are co-delivered are detailed. Importantly, a range of potential medical applications that have been established through such synergistic effects is presented, emphasizing recent developments in this field. Also, a section has been devoted to highlighting perspectives on co-encapsulation at the nanoscale for improved synergistic benefits. While prospects for the treatment of chronic diseases are well-demonstrated, several challenges and safety concerns remain, and these have been discussed, providing recommendations for future research.

Coarse Cereals and Legume Grains Exert Beneficial Effects through Their Interaction with Gut Microbiota: A Review

Coarse cereals and legume grains (CCLGs) are rich in specific macro- and functional elements that are considered important dietary components for maintaining human health. Therefore, determining the precise nutritional mechanism involved in exerting the health benefits of CCLGs can help understand dietary nutrition in a better manner. Evidence suggests that gut microbiota play a crucial role in the function of CCLGs via their complicated interplay with CCLGs. First, CCLGs modulate gut microbiota and function. Second, gut microbiota convert CCLGs into compounds that perform different functions. Third, gut microbiota mediate interactions among different CCLG components. Therefore, using gut microbiota to expound the nutritional mechanism of CCLGs is important for future studies. A precise and rapid gut microbiota research model is required to screen and evaluate the quality of CCLGs. The outcomes of such research may promote the rapid discovery, classification, and evaluation of CCLG resources, thereby opening a new opportunity to guide nutrition-based development of CCLG products.

Curcumin attenuates angiotensin II-induced podocyte injury and apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress

Podocytes are an important component of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidneys. The dysfunction and apoptosis of podocytes are important factors that can lead to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In CKD, angiotensin II is continuously elevated in circulation and is considered to have key roles in inducing podocyte injury and apoptosis. Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound extracted from turmeric. Increasing evidence demonstrates that curcumin has a protective effect on the kidneys in CKD. However, the mechanisms mediating this protective effect remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore whether curcumin could protect against angiotensin II‐induced injury and apoptosis of podocytes. We performed western blotting, immunofluorescence, phalloidin staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick‐end labeling staining to observe the expression level of podocyte‐specific proteins, apoptosis‐related proteins, and the arrangement of F‐actin. We found that curcumin could reverse angiotensin II‐induced podocyte injury and apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, curcumin dose‐dependently attenuated a pro‐apoptotic pathway, activated by angiotensin II‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. Conversely, the protective effects of curcumin were impaired upon addition of tunicamycin, an activator of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Thus, we speculate that curcumin protects against angiotensin II‐induced podocyte injury and apoptosis, at least partly by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Chlorogenic Acids in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Dietary Consumption, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) have gained considerable attention as pervasive human dietary constituents with potential cardiovascular-preserving effects. The main sources include coffee, yerba mate, Eucommia ulmodies leaves, and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. CGA consumption can reduce the risks of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and other factors associated with cardiovascular risk, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review recapitulates recent advances of CGAs in the cardiovascular-preserving effects, pharmacokinetics, sources, and safety. Emerging evidence indicates that CGAs exhibit circulatory guarding properties through the suppression of oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, platelet aggregation, platelet-leukocyte interactions, vascular remodeling, and apoptosis as well as the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and vasodilatory action in the cardiovascular system. CGAs exert these effects by acting on complex signaling networks, but the global mechanisms are still not clear. The oral bioavailability of CGA is poor, and there is a potential sensitization concern about CGA. The bioactive metabolites, systematic toxicity, and optimized structure are needed for further identification.

Kinetic Characterization of Tyrosinase-catalyzed Oxidation of Four Polyphenols

Phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and traditional Chinese medicines with a wide range of biological activities. Tyrosinase plays a critical role in the food industry, but recent studies have proposed unexplored aspects of clinical application. Tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of four polyphenols as well as its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the current work, we investigated the kinetic properties of tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of the four polyphenols of interest. To measure the unstable o-quinone products, an analytical method using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) was established. The optimal incubation time, buffer pH, temperature and enzyme concentration for the enzyme activity in the presence of each polyphenol of interest were investigated. Under the final optimized conditions, the kinetics and substrate specificity of four polyphenols were examined. Kinetic data showed that tyrosinase had the greatest substrate affnity to chlorogenic acid compared with its isomers and caffeic acid. The catalytic effciency with chlorogenic acid was 8- to 15-fold higher than that with the other 3 polyphenols. Molecular docking study demonstrated that the tight binding of chlorogenic acid at the peripheral site should be the major reason for the specifcity to chlorogenic acid. In light of this, the rational design of high-affnity inhibitors against tyrosinase may focus on the binding of both the Cu site and peripheral site. This study will supply a basis for the selection of phenolic acids in food industry and health care.

Regular Intake of Pistachio Mitigates the Deleterious Effects of a High Fat-Diet in the Brain of Obese Mice

Obesity has been associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunctions. Recent data showed that pistachio consumption is able to prevent and ameliorate dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of pistachio intake in HFD mice. Three groups of mice were fed a standard diet (STD), HFD, or HFD supplemented with pistachio (HFD-P) for 16 weeks. Metabolic parameters (oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction) were analyzed by using specific assays and biomarkers. The pistachio diet significantly reduced the serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the HFD model. No difference was observed in the index of insulin resistance between HFD and HFD-P. A higher number of fragmented nuclei were found in HFD cerebral cortex compared to STD and HFD-P. A decrease in reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and an increase of superoxide dismutase 2 and heme oxygenase expression were found in the brains of the HFD-P samples compared to HFD. Furthermore, the impaired mitochondrial function found in HFD brain was partially recovered in HFD-P mice. These results suggest that the regular intake of pistachio may be useful in preventing obesity-related neurodegeneration, being able to reduce both metabolic and cellular dysfunctions.

Pistachio Consumption Alleviates Inflammation and Improves Gut Microbiota Composition in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

High-fat diet (HFD) induces inflammation and microbial dysbiosis, which are components of the metabolic syndrome. Nutritional strategies can be a valid tool to prevent metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the chronic intake of pistachio prevents obesity-associated inflammation and dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice. Three groups of male mice (four weeks old; n = 8 per group) were fed for 16 weeks with a standard diet (STD), HFD, or HFD supplemented with pistachios (HFD-P; 180 g/kg of HFD). Serum, hepatic and adipose tissue inflammation markers were analyzed in HFD-P animals and compared to HFD and STD groups. Measures of inflammation, obesity, and intestinal integrity were assessed. Fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis. Serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P compared to HFD. Number and area of adipocytes, crown-like structure density, IL-1β, TNF-α, F4-80, and CCL-2 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues, compared to HFD. A significant reduction in the number of inflammatory foci and IL-1β and CCL-2 gene expression was observed in the liver of HFD-P mice compared with HFD. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was reduced in HFD-P mice in comparison to the HFD group. A pistachio diet significantly increased abundance of healthy bacteria genera such as Parabacteroides, Dorea, Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Lactobacillus, and Anaeroplasma, and greatly reduced bacteria associated with inflammation, such as Oscillospira, Desulfovibrio, Coprobacillus, and Bilophila. The intestinal conductance was lower in HFD-P mice than in the HFD mice, suggesting an improvement in the gut barrier function. The results of the present study showed that regular pistachio consumption improved inflammation in obese mice. The positive effects could be related to positive modulation of the microbiota composition.

Heat-Resistant Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) Extract (Klamin®) as a Functional Ingredient in Food Strategy for Prevention of Oxidative Stress

Microalgae are generally considered an excellent source of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive molecules that make them suitable to be introduced in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food industries. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA), an edible microalga, contains numerous biomolecules potentially able to prevent some pathologies including age-related disorders. With the aim to include an AFA extract (Klamin®) as a functional ingredient in baked products, we investigated if its bioactive molecules are destroyed or inactivated after standard cooking temperature. The AFA extract was exposed to heat stress (AFA-HS), and no significant decrease in pigment, polyphenol, and carotenoid content was detected by spectroscopic analysis. Thermal stability of AFA-HS extract was demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and no change in the morphology of the granules of the powder was noticed by SEM microscopic observation. By Folin-Ciocalteu, ORAC, and ABTS assays, no change in the antioxidant activity and polyphenol contents was found after high-temperature exposition. When added in cell culture, solubilized AFA-HS lost neither its scavenging ability against ROS generation nor its protective role against Abeta, the main peptide involved in Alzheimer's disease. Prebiotic and antioxidant activities of AFA extract that are not lost after thermal stress were verified on E. coli bacteria. Finally, AFA-HS cookies, containing the extract as one of their ingredients, showed increased polyphenols. Here, we evaluate the possibility to use the AFA extract to produce functional food and prevent metabolic and age-related diseases.

Altilix® Supplement Containing Chlorogenic Acid and Luteolin Improved Hepatic and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A 6 Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

The objective was to evaluate the effects of 6 months of supplementation with Altilix^®, containing chlorogenic acid and its derivatives, and luteolin and its derivatives, on cardiovascular risk and hepatic markers in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed in 100 subjects with MetS with a follow-up period of 6 months; 50 subjects were randomized to Altilix^® (26 men and 24 women, mean age 63 ± 8 years) and the other 50 to placebo (28 men and 22 women, mean age 63 ± 11 years). Anthropometric, cardiometabolic, and hepatic parameters were assessed at baseline and at the end of follow-up. Carotid intima-media thickness and endothelial function were assessed by doppler ultrasound and by flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, respectively. The presence and degree of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was assessed by the fatty liver index (FLI), and subjects were divided into three subgroups: (1) without NAFLD; (2) with borderline NAFLD; and (3) with NAFLD. After 6 months of Altilix^® supplementation, we found a significant improvement vs. placebo in most of the evaluated parameters, including body weight (−2.40% (95% CI −3.79, −1.01); p < 0.001), waist circumference (−2.76% (95% CI −4.55, −0.96); p = 0.003), HbA1c (−0.95% (95% CI −1.22, −0.67); p < 0.001), plasma lipids, FLI (−21.83% (95% CI −27.39, −16.27); p < 0.001), hepatic transaminases, flow-mediated dilation (10.56% (95% CI 5.00, 16.12); p < 0.001), and carotid intima-media thickness (−39.48% (95% CI −47.98, −30.97); p < 0.001). Further, the improvement in cardiometabolic variables was independent of the degree of hepatic steatosis. Altilix^® supplementation improved hepatic and cardio-metabolic parameters in MetS subjects. Altilix^® supplementation was a beneficial approach in the management of hepatic and cardiometabolic alterations in MetS subjects.

Deletion of the Casp8 gene in mice results in ileocolitis, gut barrier dysfunction, and malassimilation, which can be partially attenuated by inulin or sodium butyrate

Genetically modified mice have been successfully used as models for inflammatory bowel diseases; however, dietary effects were poorly examined. Here, we studied the impact of particular nutrients and supplements on gut functions related to the knockout of the epithelial caspase-8 gene. Caspase-8 knockout (Casp8^∆IEC) and control (Casp8^fl) mice were fed for 4 wk a control diet (CD) enriched with 10% inulin (CD-Inu) or 5% sodium butyrate (CD-But) while having free access to plain water or water supplemented with 30% fructose (+F). Body weight changes, intestinal inflammation, and selected markers for barrier function and of liver steatosis were assessed. Casp8^∆IEC mice developed ileocolitis accompanied by changes in intestinal barrier morphology and reduced expression of barrier-related genes such as mucin-2 (Muc2) and defensins in the ileum and Muc2 in the colon. Casp8^∆IEC mice fed a CD also showed impaired body weight gain compared with Casp8^fl mice, which was even more pronounced in mice receiving water supplemented with fructose. Furthermore, we observed a marked liver steatosis and inflammation in some but not all Casp8^∆IEC mice under a CD, which was on average similar to that observed in control mice under a fructose-rich diet. Hepatic lipid accumulation, as well as markers of ileal barrier function, but not intestinal pathohistology or body weight loss, were attenuated by diets enriched with inulin or butyrate, especially in the absence of fructose supplementation. Our data show that ileocolitis, barrier dysfunction, and malassimilation in Caspase-8 knockout mice can be partially attenuated by oral inulin or butyrate supplementation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Genetic mouse models for ileocolitis are important to understand inflammatory bowel disease in humans. We examined dietetic factors that might aggravate or attenuate ileocolitis and related pathologies in such a model. Deletion of the caspase-8 gene results not only in ileocolitis but also in gut barrier dysfunction, liver steatosis, and malassimilation, which can be partially attenuated by oral inulin or sodium butyrate. Our data indicate that diet modifications can contribute to disease variability and therapy.

Dietary inulin alters the gut microbiome, enhances systemic metabolism and reduces neuroinflammation in an APOE4 mouse model

The apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 carriers develop systemic metabolic dysfunction decades before showing AD symptoms. Accumulating evidence shows that the metabolic dysfunction accelerates AD development, including exacerbated amyloid-beta (Aβ) retention, neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Therefore, preserving metabolic function early on may be critical to reducing the risk for AD. Here, we show that inulin increases beneficial microbiota and decreases harmful microbiota in the feces of young, asymptomatic APOE4 transgenic (E4FAD) mice and enhances metabolism in the cecum, periphery and brain, as demonstrated by increases in the levels of SCFAs, tryptophan-derived metabolites, bile acids, glycolytic metabolites and scyllo-inositol. We show that inulin also reduces inflammatory gene expression in the hippocampus. This knowledge can be utilized to design early precision nutrition intervention strategies that use a prebiotic diet to enhance systemic metabolism and may be useful for reducing AD risk in asymptomatic APOE4 carriers.

Doenjang, A Korean Traditional Fermented Soybean Paste, Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Obesity is considered a risk factor for neurodegeneration. Because fermentation of soybean increases contents of various bioactive compounds with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities, we investigated the protective effect of doenjang, a Korean traditional fermented soybean paste, against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the cortex and hippocampus of mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat diet, an HF diet, an HF-containing steamed soybean diet, or an HF-containing doenjang (DJ) diet for 11 weeks. Doenjang consumption alleviated hippocampal neuronal loss, which was increased by the HF diet. Accordingly, we observed higher cell proliferation and neurotrophic factor mRNA levels in the DJ group. Contents of oxidative metabolites and mRNA levels of oxidative stress- and neuroinflammation-related genes were lower in the DJ group compared to the HF group. Dietary doenjang reduced β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) levels by regulating gene expressions involved in Aβ production and degradation. Furthermore, doenjang consumption reduced tau hyperphosphorylation induced by HF feeding. Overall, doenjang was more effective than steamed soybean in suppressing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in mice fed an HF diet. These results suggest that bioactive compounds produced during the fermentation and aging of soybean may be involved in the enhanced neuroprotective effects of doenjang.

Effect of Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus Extract on Neurodegeneration Improvement: Ameliorating Role in Cognitive Disorder Caused by High-Fat Diet Induced Obesity

This study was performed to estimate the possibility of using an ethyl acetate fraction from Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus (EFAD) on metabolic syndrome that is induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). It was demonstrated that EFAD suppresses lipid accumulation and improves insulin resistance (IR) caused by Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in in-vitro experiments using the 3T3-L1 cell. In in-vivo tests, C57BL/6 mice were fed EFAD at 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight (BW) for four weeks after the mice were fed HFD for 15 weeks to induce obesity. EFAD significantly suppressed the elevation of BW and improved impaired glucose tolerance in obese mice. Additionally, this study showed that EFAD has an ameliorating effect on obesity-induced cognitive disorder with behavioral tests. The effect of EFAD on peripheral-IR improvement was confirmed by serum analysis and western blotting in peripheral tissues. Additionally, EFAD showed an ameliorating effect on HFD-induced oxidative stress, impaired cholinergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are interrelated symptoms of neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease and central nervous system (CNS)-IR in brain tissue. Furthermore, we confirmed that EFAD improves CNS-IR by confirming the IR-related factors in brain tissue. Consequently, this study suggests the possibility of using EFAD for the prevention of neurodegeneration by improving metabolic syndrome that is caused by HFD.

Pistachio Consumption Prevents and Improves Lipid Dysmetabolism by Reducing the Lipid Metabolizing Gene Expression in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Pistachios contain beneficial substances such as unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, and polyphenols. In the present study, we investigated if pistachio consumption is able to prevent or to revert hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and adipose tissue morphological alterations caused by high fat diet (HFD) in the mouse. Moreover, the impact of pistachio intake on the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid transport proteins (FAT-P), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1), and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c) in liver and adipose tissue was also analyzed. No change in body weight, food intake, and hyperglycemia was observed between mice consuming pistachios (HFD-P) and HFD mice. Pistachio intake was able to prevent but not to reverse HFD-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Cholesterol plasma levels, steatosis grading, body fat mass, and adipocyte size were significantly lower in HFD-P group compared to HFD in both prevention and reversal protocol. Pistachio-diet was able to prevent HFD-induced overexpression of PPAR-γ, FAS, and SCD1 in the liver and SREBP-1c, PPAR-γ, and FAT-P in adipose tissue. Similarly, HFD-P significantly ameliorated the expression levels of FAT-P and SCD1 in the liver and SREBP-1c, FAS, and SCD1 in adipose tissue of obese mice. The present study shows that pistachio consumption is able to prevent and to ameliorate obesity-related dysfunctions by positively modulating the expression of genes linked to lipid metabolism.

Nanoemulsions improve the efficacy of turmeric in palmitate- and high fat diet-induced cellular and animal models

Turmeric is a well-known functional food exhibiting multiple biological activities in health and disease. However, low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability limit its therapeutic potential. Herein, we investigated the utility of nanoemulsions as a carrier to improve the efficacy of turmeric. Compared with turmeric extract (TE), 5% TE-loaded nanoemulsion (TE-NE), which contains 20-fold lower curcumin content than TE, achieved similar inhibition of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Exposure of HepG2 cells to 5% TE-NE also suppressed the palmitate-induced accumulation of lipid vacuoles and reactive oxygen species comparably with TE, and was accompanied by decreased levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPAR-γ2), cleaved caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Consistent with these effects in HepG2 cells, oral administration of 5% TE-NE to mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) markedly suppressed lipid accumulation in liver, leading to a significant reduction in body weight and adipose tissue weight, equivalent to the effects observed with TE. Compared with TE, 5% TE-NE also equivalently inhibited the levels of SREBP-1, PPAR-γ2, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP in the liver of mice fed a HFD. Furthermore, TE and 5% TE-NE significantly improved serum lipid profiles in a similar manner. These observations indicate that nanoemulsions can improve the efficacy of turmeric, thereby eliciting more potent biological efficacy against palmitate- and high fat diet (HFD)-induced cellular damage.

Bergamot Polyphenols Boost Therapeutic Effects of the Diet on Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Induced by "Junk Food": Evidence for Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Wrong alimentary behaviors and so-called “junk food” are a driving force for the rising incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children and adults. The “junk food” toxicity can be studied in “cafeteria” (CAF) diet animal model. Young rats exposed to CAF diet become obese and rapidly develop NAFLD. We have previously showed that bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) flavonoids, in the form of bergamot polyphenol fraction (BPF), effectively prevent CAF diet-induced NAFLD in rats. Here, we addressed if BPF can accelerate therapeutic effects of weight loss induced by a normocaloric standard chow (SC) diet. 21 rats fed with CAF diet for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD with inflammatory features (NASH) were divided into three groups. Two groups were switched to SC diet supplemented or not with BPF (CAF/SC±BPF), while one group continued with CAF diet (CAF/CAF) for 10 weeks. BPF had no effect on SC diet-induced weight loss, but it accelerated hepatic lipid droplets clearance and reduced blood triglycerides. Accordingly, BPF improved insulin sensitivity, but had little effect on leptin levels. Interestingly, the inflammatory parameters were still elevated in CAF/SC livers compared to CAF/CAF group after 10 weeks of dietary intervention, despite over 90% hepatic fat reduction. In contrast, BPF supplementation decreased hepatic inflammation by reducing interleukin 6 (Il6) mRNA expression and increasing anti-inflammatory Il10, which correlated with fewer Kupffer cells and lower inflammatory foci score in CAF/SC+BPF livers compared to CAF/SC group. These data indicate that BPF mediates a specific anti-inflammatory activity in livers recovering from NASH, while it boosts lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic effects of the dietary intervention.

Curcumin Inhibits Age-Related Vascular Changes in Aged Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Inhibiting the onset of arteriosclerotic disease, which has been increasing due to the westernized diet and aging, is a significant social challenge. Curcumin, a type of polyphenol, has anti-oxidative effects and anti-inflammatory action and is expected to treat and to have prophylactic effects on different diseases. In this study, we examined the effects of long-term administration of curcumin on vascular aging and chronic inflammation—the causes of arteriosclerotic disease. Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed with high fat diet (HFD) or 0.1% curcumin-mixed HFD (HFD + Cu) until 80 weeks old (n = 20 for each group). After the breeding, we examined the expression of antioxidant enzymes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), oxidative stress, vascular aging, and inflammatory changes in the aorta. In the HFD group, oxidative stress increased with decreased sirt1 expression in the aorta followed by increased senescent cells and enhanced inflammation. Whereas in the HFD + Cu group, HO-1 was induced in the aorta with the suppression of oxidative stress. Additionally, it was shown that sirt1 expression in the aorta in the HFD + Cu group remained at a level comparable to that of the 8-week-old mice with suppression of increased senescent cells and enhanced inflammation. Consequently, disorders associated with HFD were resolved. These results suggest that curcumin might be a food with a prophylactic function against arteriosclerotic disease.

Effects of silymarin on metabolic syndrome: a review

Metabolic syndrome is one of the rising global health problems and medical challenges due to several clinical complications it may cause, for example increasing the risk of myocardial infarction and hypertension. However, great attention has been directed toward determining the worthiness of herbal medicines. There are emerging studies on preventive and therapeutic effects of silymarin on different components of metabolic syndrome. Extracted from the dried seeds of milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum L.), silymarin has been used in the treatment of different diseases for many years. Several protective effects have been identified for this herb such as decreasing insulin resistance, regulating blood pressure and lipid profile, as well as antioxidant and cytoprotective effects. This review aims to discuss available human and experimental researches into the promising effects of silymarin on different elements of metabolic syndrome. All related human and experimental papers published from 2012 to date were included in this review. Reviewing different human and experimental studies into the effects of silymarin on metabolic syndrome, we deduced that silymarin possesses promising effects on different components of this syndrome. Although the complete mechanism of action and target organs for silymarin require further verification and investigation, high-risk individuals may benefit from supplementation with this herbal medicine. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

A Natural Dietary Supplement with a Combination of Nutrients Prevents Neurodegeneration Induced by a High Fat Diet in Mice

Obesity and metabolic disorders can be risk factors for the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of a natural dietary supplement (NDS), containing Curcuma longa, silymarin, guggul, chlorogenic acid and inulin, on dysmetabolism and neurodegeneration in the brains of high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Decrease in the expression of FACL-4, CerS-1, CerS-4, cholesterol concentration and increase in the insulin receptor expression and insulin signaling activation, were found in brains of NDS-treated HFD brains in comparison with HFD untreated-mice, suggesting that NDS is able to prevent brain lipid accumulation and central insulin resistance. In the brains of NDS-treated HFD mice, the levels of RNS, ROS and lipid peroxidation, the expression of p-ERK, H-Oxy, i-NOS, HSP60, NF-kB, GFAP, IL-1β, IL-6 and CD4 positive cell infiltration were lower than in untreated HFD mice, suggesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of NDS. The decreased expression of p-ERK and GFAP in NDS-treated HFD mice was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Lastly, a lower number of apoptotic nuclei was found in cortical sections of NDS-treated HFD mice. The present data indicate that NDS exerts neuroprotective effects in HFD mice by reducing brain fat accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammation and improving brain insulin resistance.

Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Human Health

Recent evidence has suggested that polyphenol-rich foods intake may be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases. The Special Issue “Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Human Health” comprised 64 peer-reviewed papers on the most recent evidence regarding the dietary intake of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich foods, as well as their effect toward the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. Original contributions and literature reviews demonstrated the potential protective effects of polyphenol-rich foods and their extracts toward cardiovascular diseases, certain cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases, mostly through anti-oxidant and chemo-preventive properties.