1
|
Lei J, Ran X, Guo M, Liu J, Yang F, Chen D. Screening, Identification, and Probiotic Properties of Bacillus Pumilus From Yak. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:531-540. [PMID: 36995549 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The yak has a unique physiological structure suited to life in anoxic and cold environments at high altitudes. The aim of this study was to isolate Bacillus species with good probiotic properties from yak feces. A series of tests were performed on the isolated Bacillus: 16S rRNA identification, antibacterial activity, tolerance to gastroenteric fluid, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, antibiotic sensitivity, growth performance, antioxidants, and immune indexes. A safe and harmless Bacillus pumilus DX24 strain with good survival rate, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and antibacterial activity was identified in the yak feces. Feeding mice with Bacillus pumilus DX24 increased their daily weight gain, jejunal villus length, villi/Crypt ratio, blood IgG levels, and jejunum sIgA levels. This study confirmed the probiotic effects of Bacillus pumilus isolated from yak feces and provides the theoretical basis for the clinical application and development of new feed additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Lei
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuan Ran
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Minghao Guo
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Falong Yang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization (Southwest Minzu University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dechun Chen
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization (Southwest Minzu University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Latifi T, Kachooei A, Jalilvand S, Zafarian S, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Correlates of immune protection against human rotaviruses: natural infection and vaccination. Arch Virol 2024; 169:72. [PMID: 38459213 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05975-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses are the leading viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age worldwide. Despite progress in the characterization of the pathogenesis and immunology of rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis, correlates of protection (CoPs) in the course of either natural infection or vaccine-induced immunity are not fully understood. There are numerous factors such as serological responses (IgA and IgG), the presence of maternal antibodies (Abs) in breast milk, changes in the intestinal microbiome, and rotavirus structural and non-structural proteins that contribute to the outcome of the CoP. Indeed, while an intestinal IgA response and its surrogate, the serum IgA level, are suggested as the principal CoPs for oral rotavirus vaccines, the IgG level is more likely to be a CoP for parenteral non-replicating rotavirus vaccines. Integrating clinical and immunological data will be instrumental in improving rotavirus vaccine efficacy, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where vaccine efficacy is significantly lower than in high-income countries. Further knowledge on CoPs against rotavirus disease will be helpful for next-generation vaccine development. Herein, available data and literature on interacting components and proposed CoPs against human rotavirus disease are reviewed, and limitations and gaps in our knowledge in this area are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Zafarian
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu C, Cyphert EL, Stephen SJ, Wang B, Morales AL, Nixon JC, Natsoulas NR, Garcia M, Blazquez Carmona P, Vill AC, Donnelly EL, Brito IL, Vashishth D, Hernandez CJ. Microbiome-induced Increases and Decreases in Bone Tissue Strength can be Initiated After Skeletal Maturity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.574074. [PMID: 38260539 PMCID: PMC10802367 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.574074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies in mice have indicated that the gut microbiome can regulate bone tissue strength. However, prior work involved modifications to the gut microbiome in growing animals and it is unclear if the same changes in the microbiome, applied later in life, would change matrix strength. Here we changed the composition of the gut microbiome before and/or after skeletal maturity (16 weeks of age) using oral antibiotics (ampicillin + neomycin). Male and female mice (n=143 total, n=12-17/group/sex) were allocated into five study groups:1) Unaltered, 2) Continuous (dosing 4-24 weeks of age), 3) Delayed (dosing only 16-24 weeks of age), 4) Initial (dosing 4-16 weeks of age, suspended at 16 weeks), and 5) Reconstituted (dosing from 4-16 weeks following by fecal microbiota transplant from Unaltered donors). Animals were euthanized at 24 weeks of age. In males, bone matrix strength in the femur was 25-35% less than expected from geometry in mice from the Continuous (p= 0.001), Delayed (p= 0.005), and Initial (p=0.040) groups as compared to Unaltered. Reconstitution of the gut microbiota, however, led to a bone matrix strength similar to Unaltered animals (p=0.929). In females, microbiome-induced changes in bone matrix strength followed the same trend as males but were not significantly different, demonstrating sex-related differences in the response of bone matrix to the gut microbiota. Minor differences in chemical composition of bone matrix were observed (Raman spectroscopy). Our findings indicate that microbiome-induced impairment of bone matrix in males can be initiated and/or reversed after skeletal maturity. The portion of the femoral cortical bone formed after skeletal maturity (16 weeks) is small; however, this suggests that microbiome-induced changes in bone matrix occur without osteoblast/osteoclast turnover using an, as of yet unidentified mechanism. These findings add to evidence that the mechanical properties of bone matrix can be altered in the adult skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - E L Cyphert
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S J Stephen
- Shirley Ann Jackson, PhD Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - B Wang
- Shirley Ann Jackson, PhD Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - A L Morales
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J C Nixon
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Shirley Ann Jackson, PhD Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Reseach Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Rensselaer - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Center for Engineering and Precision Medicine, New York, NY
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, CA, US
| | - N R Natsoulas
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M Garcia
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - A C Vill
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - E L Donnelly
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Reseach Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - I L Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D Vashishth
- Shirley Ann Jackson, PhD Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Rensselaer - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Center for Engineering and Precision Medicine, New York, NY
| | - C J Hernandez
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, CA, US
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McCuaig B, Goto Y. Immunostimulating Commensal Bacteria and Their Potential Use as Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15644. [PMID: 37958628 PMCID: PMC10647581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is intimately intertwined with the host immune system, having effects on the systemic immune system. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been linked not only to gastrointestinal disorders but also conditions of the skin, lungs, and brain. Commensal bacteria can affect the immune status of the host through a stimulation of the innate immune system, training of the adaptive immune system, and competitive exclusion of pathogens. Commensal bacteria improve immune response through the production of immunomodulating compounds such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and secondary bile acids. The microbiome, especially when in dysbiosis, is plastic and can be manipulated through the introduction of beneficial bacteria or the adjustment of nutrients to stimulate the expansion of beneficial taxa. The complex nature of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) ecosystem complicates the use of these methods, as similar treatments have various results in individuals with different residential microbiomes and differential health statuses. A more complete understanding of the interaction between commensal species, host genetics, and the host immune system is needed for effective microbiome interventions to be developed and implemented in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonita McCuaig
- Project for Host-Microbial Interactions in Symbiosis and Pathogenesis, Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Goto
- Project for Host-Microbial Interactions in Symbiosis and Pathogenesis, Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
- Division of Pandemic and Post-Disaster Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hopken MW, Gilfillan D, Gilbert AT, Piaggio AJ, Hilton MS, Pierce J, Kimball B, Abdo Z. Biodiversity indices and Random Forests reveal the potential for striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) fecal microbial communities to function as a biomarker for oral rabies vaccination. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285852. [PMID: 37607164 PMCID: PMC10443867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildlife disease surveillance and monitoring poses unique challenges when assessing rates of population vaccination, immunity, or infection prevalence. Non-invasively detected biomarkers can help reduce risk to both animal and field personnel during wildlife disease management activities. In this study, we investigated the utility of fecal microbiome data collected from captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in predicting rabies virus vaccination and infection status. We sequenced the hypervariable region 4 (V4) of the bacterial 16S gene and estimated alpha and beta diversity across timepoints in three groups of skunks: vaccination then rabies virus infection, sham vaccination then rabies virus infection, and rabies virus infected without vaccination. Alpha diversity did not differ among treatment groups but beta diversity between treatments was statistically significant. The phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were dominant among all samples. Using Random Forests, we identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that greatly influenced classification of fecal samples into treatment groups. Each of these OTUs was correlated with fecal volatile organic compounds detected from the samples for companion treatment groups in another study. This research is the first to highlight striped skunk microbiome biodiversity as a vaccination biomarker which pushes the frontier on alternative methods for surveillance and monitoring of vaccination and disease in wildlife populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Hopken
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Darby Gilfillan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Antoinette J. Piaggio
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mikaela Samsel Hilton
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James Pierce
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bruce Kimball
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zaid Abdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao Q, Liu H, Yu W, Wang Z, Yang Y, Guo K, Sun Z. Pathogenetic characteristics of infectious diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1195118. [PMID: 37483931 PMCID: PMC10358834 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Analysis of the pathogenic spectrum, epidemiological characteristics and molecular epidemiological features of important pathogens of infectious diarrhea in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019, were analyzed to provide a reference basis for the prevention and control of infectious diarrhea. Methods A total of 1514 stool specimens were collected within 3 days of the onset of diarrhea in secondary or higher hospitals in Yantai from 2018-2019, and all specimens were tested for the presence of seven major viruses and three major bacteria by employing reverse transcription ploymeraer chain reaction (RT-PCR). Population and seasonal analyses were also performed on positive samples for infectious diarrhea. The top two ranked rotavirus and norovirus were focused on genotyping and analysis of geographical distribution. Results The study showed that the high prevalence of infectious diarrhea in Yantai, Shandong Province, for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019 was in young children aged 1-5 years, accounting for 48.6% of the total number of cases. Viral diarrhea was distributed throughout the year with no obvious seasonal distribution, while bacterial diarrhea was predominant in summer. Of 1514 stool specimens, the total positive rate of specimens was 43.92% (665/1514). One pathogen was detected in 507 specimens, two pathogens in 107 specimens, and three pathogens in 44 specimens, with mixed infections accounting for 22.71% of positive specimens (151/665). Viral diarrheal pathogens accounted for 93.23% (620/665) of positive samples. The percentages of positive samples for Rotavirus (RV), Norovirus GI, Norovirus GII, Enterovirus universal (EV), Enteroadenovirus (EAdV), Sapovirus (SaV), Astrovirus (Astv), Salmonella (SE), Listeria monocytogenes (LiMo), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) were 48.57%, 3.61%, 15.34%, and 10.68% of the total positive samples. Conclusions This study analyzed in detail the composition of infectious diarrhea pathogen spectrum, pathogen alternation pattern, seasonal distribution and population distribution of pathogens in Yantai City, Shandong Province, 2018-2019, to provide a basis for improving relevant local preventive measures and reducing the disease burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Gao
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Liver Disease Hepatic, Yantai Infectious Diseases Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Weixia Yu
- Laiyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaolin Wang
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenlu Sun
- Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He J, Zhang Y, Li H, Xie Y, Huang G, Peng C, Zhao P, Wang Z. Hybridization alters the gut microbial and metabolic profile concurrent with modifying intestinal functions in Tunchang pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1159653. [PMID: 37152756 PMCID: PMC10157192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1159653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hybridization has been widely used among Chinese wild boars to improve their growth performance and maintain meat quality. Most studies have focused on the genetic basis for such variation. However, the differences in the gut environment between hybrid and purebred boars, which can have significant impacts on their health and productivity, have been poorly understood. Methods In the current study, metagenomics was used to detect the gut microbial diversity and composition in hybrid Batun (BT, Berkshire × Tunchang) pigs and purebred Tunchang (TC) pigs. Additionally, untargeted metabolomic analysis was used to detect differences in gut metabolic pathways. Furthermore, multiple molecular experiments were conducted to demonstrate differences in intestinal functions. Results As a result of hybridization in TC pigs, a microbial change was observed, especially in Prevotella and Lactobacillus. Significant differences were found in gut metabolites, including fatty acyls, steroids, and steroid derivatives. Furthermore, the function of the intestinal barrier was decreased by hybridization, while the function of nutrient metabolism was increased. Discussion Evidences were shown that hybridization changed the gut microbiome, gut metabolome, and intestinal functions of TC pigs. These findings supported our hypothesis that hybridization altered the gut microbial composition, thereby modifying the intestinal functions, even the host phenotypes. Overall, our study highlights the importance of considering the gut microbiome as a key factor in the evaluation of animal health and productivity, particularly in the context of genetic selection and breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi He
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Zhang
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Long Jian Animal Husbandry Company, Haikou, China
| | - Yanshe Xie
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiqing Huang
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Peng
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Pengju Zhao,
| | - Zhengguang Wang
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhengguang Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tan M, Caro Y, Lebeau J, Shum-Cheong-Sing A, François JM, Regnier T, Petit T. Screening for Volatile α-Unsaturated Ester-Producing Yeasts from the Feces of Wild Animals in South Africa. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121999. [PMID: 36556363 PMCID: PMC9782132 DOI: 10.3390/life12121999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
α-unsaturated esters are fruity-aromatic compounds which are largely spread in the volatilome of many different fruits, but they are rarely found in the volatilome of yeasts. The yeast S. suaveolens has been recently shown to produce relatively high amounts of α-unsaturated esters and it appears to be an interesting model for the production of these compounds. This study aimed to isolate new α-unsaturated ester-producing yeasts by focusing on strains displaying a similar metabolism to S. suaveolens. While the production of α-unsaturated esters by S. suaveolens is believed to be closely related to its ability to grow on media containing branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine and valine) as the sole carbon source (ILV+ phenotype), in this study, an original screening method was developed that selects for yeast strains displaying ILV+ phenotypes and is able to produce α-unsaturated esters. Among the 119 yeast strains isolated from the feces of 42 different South African wild animal species, 43 isolates showed the ILV+ phenotype, among which 12 strains were able to produce α-unsaturated esters. Two interesting α-unsaturated esters were detected in two freshly isolated strains, both identified as Galactomyces candidus. These new esters were detected neither in the volatilome of the reference strain S. suaveolens, nor in any other yeast species previously studied for their aroma production. This work demonstrated the efficiency of an original method to rapidly screen for α-unsaturated ester-producing yeasts. In addition, it demonstrated that wild animal feces are interesting resources to isolate novel strains producing compounds with original aromas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Tan
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologies des Produits Naturels, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Reunion, France
- Département Hygiène, Sécurité et Environnement (HSE), IUT de la Réunion, 97410 Reunion, France
| | - Yanis Caro
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologies des Produits Naturels, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Reunion, France
- Département Hygiène, Sécurité et Environnement (HSE), IUT de la Réunion, 97410 Reunion, France
| | - Juliana Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologies des Produits Naturels, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Reunion, France
| | - Alain Shum-Cheong-Sing
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologies des Produits Naturels, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Reunion, France
| | - Jean Marie François
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), INSA Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Regnier
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Thomas Petit
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biotechnologies des Produits Naturels, Université de la Réunion, 97400 Reunion, France
- Département Hygiène, Sécurité et Environnement (HSE), IUT de la Réunion, 97410 Reunion, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhi W, Tang K, Yang J, Yang T, Chen R, Huang J, Tan H, Zhao J, Sheng Z. Research on the Gut Microbiota of Hainan Black Goat. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223129. [PMID: 36428357 PMCID: PMC9686789 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine of animals is a complex micro-ecosystem containing a large number of microbiomes, which is essential for the host's health development. The Hainan black goat with good resistance and adaptability is a unique species in Hainan, China. These unique physiological characteristics are inseparable from their intestinal microbiota. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate bacterial communities in different segments of the intestinal tract of Hainan black goat. The results showed that the indices of Chao1 and ACE in the cecum and colon were significantly greater than those in the ileum (p = 0.007, 0.018). According to PCoA, the intestinal flora composition of the cecum and colon is almost equivalent. In contexts of the phylum, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Pseudomonadota were the dominant phyla in the gut of the Hainan black goat. While in context of the genus, the dominant groups in the gut of black goats mainly include Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Bacteroides, Paeniclostridium, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes _group, Prevotella_1, they have different proportions in different intestinal segments. The gut microbiota of Hainan black goat is mainly Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Pseudomonadota. Influenced by the intestinal location where they colonize, the large intestine has a more complex intestinal flora than the small intestine. In contrast, there are only minor differences between the caecum and the colon in the large intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Kai Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jinsong Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Z.S.)
| | - Tianshu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Rong Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiaming Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haisheng Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhanwu Sheng
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Z.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morales CG, Jimenez NR, Herbst-Kralovetz MM, Lee NR. Novel Vaccine Strategies and Factors to Consider in Addressing Health Disparities of HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer Development among Native American Women. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:52. [PMID: 36135837 PMCID: PMC9503187 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the 4th most common type of cancer in women world-wide. Many factors play a role in cervical cancer development/progression that include genetics, social behaviors, social determinants of health, and even the microbiome. The prevalence of HPV infections and cervical cancer is high and often understudied among Native American communities. While effective HPV vaccines exist, less than 60% of 13- to 17-year-olds in the general population are up to date on their HPV vaccination as of 2020. Vaccination rates are higher among Native American adolescents, approximately 85% for females and 60% for males in the same age group. Unfortunately, the burden of cervical cancer remains high in many Native American populations. In this paper, we will discuss HPV infection, vaccination and the cervicovaginal microbiome with a Native American perspective. We will also provide insight into new strategies for developing novel methods and therapeutics to prevent HPV infections and limit HPV persistence and progression to cervical cancer in all populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal G. Morales
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Nicole R. Jimenez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Melissa M. Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Naomi R. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Loh TP, Henriques A, Tang JWT. Space travel and early childhood gut microbiome: is space dirty enough to raise a child? Future Microbiol 2022; 17:717-721. [PMID: 35535501 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tze P Loh
- Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Andre Henriques
- CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng SJ, Luo Y, Xiao JH. The Impact of Intestinal Microorganisms and Their Metabolites on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1123-1139. [PMID: 35431564 PMCID: PMC9012311 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s355749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease with a complex etiology comprising numerous genetic and environmental factors; however, many of the mechanisms underlying disease development remain unclear. Nevertheless, a critical role has recently been assigned to intestinal microorganisms in T1DM disease pathogenesis. In particular, a decrease in intestinal microbial diversity, increase in intestinal permeability, and the translocation of intestinal bacteria to the pancreas have been reported in patients and animal models with T1DM. Moreover, intestinal microbial metabolites differ between healthy individuals and patients with T1DM. Specifically, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, which contributes to intestinal barrier integrity and immune response regulation, is significantly reduced in patients with T1DM. Considering this correlation between intestinal microorganisms and T1DM, many studies have investigated the potential of intestinal microbiota in preventive and therapeutic strategies for T1DM. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to provide further support for the notion that intestinal microbiota contributes to the regulation of T1DM occurrence and development. In particular, this article reviews the involvement of the intestinal microbiota and the associated metabolites in T1DM pathogenesis, as well as recent studies on the involvement of the intestinal microbiota in T1DM prevention and treatment. CONCLUSION Intestinal microbes and their metabolites contribute to T1DM occurrence and development and may become a potential target for novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Juan Zheng
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jian-Hui Xiao, Guizhou Provincial Research Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, HuiChuan District, Zunyi, 563003, People’s Republic of China, Email
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu C, Yan Y, Jian F, Ning C. Coccidia-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on the Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751481. [PMID: 34660347 PMCID: PMC8517481 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common parasitic disease in animals, coccidiosis substantially affects the health of the host, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and intestinal tract colonization. Gut microbiota is an important part of organisms and is closely related to the parasite and host. Parasitic infections often have adverse effects on the host, and their pathogenic effects are related to the parasite species, parasitic site and host-parasite interactions. Coccidia-microbiota-host interactions represent a complex network in which changes in one link may affect the other two factors. Furthermore, coccidia-microbiota interactions are not well understood and require further research. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which coccidia interact directly or indirectly with the gut microbiota and the effects on the host. Understanding the mechanisms underlying coccidia-microbiota-host interactions is important to identify new probiotic strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus Res 2021; 304:198499. [PMID: 34224769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and also cause disease in the young of many other mammalian and of avian species. During the recent 5-6 years rotavirus research has benefitted in a major way from the establishment of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems, the creation of human and other mammalian intestinal enteroids, and from the wide application of structural biology (cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM tomography) and complementary biophysical approaches. All of these have permitted to gain new insights into structure-function relationships of rotaviruses and their interactions with the host. This review follows different stages of the viral replication cycle and summarizes highlights of structure-function studies of rotavirus-encoded proteins (both structural and non-structural), molecular mechanisms of viral replication including involvement of cellular proteins and lipids, the spectrum of viral genomic and antigenic diversity, progress in understanding of innate and acquired immune responses, and further developments of prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Kulyar MFEA, Waqas M, Han Z, Jiang X. Milk replacer supplementation in early life optimizes the development of intestinal microbes in goats. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105210. [PMID: 34563609 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colonization and development of the gut microbiome during early life is important in establishing a host-microbial symbiotic relationship. It contributes to maintaining health and well-being throughout the life span. To date, early longitudinal development of intestinal microflora in the ileum micro-ecology of the Yimeng black goats (YBGs) is rare. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of milk replacer with age on the ileal microbiota growth and maturation in YBGs throughout the post-weaning phase. The newborn YBGs (n = 24) were divided into two groups, i.e., milk replacer (R group) and control group (B group). The microbiome of Ileum was observed on days 15, 25, 45, and 75. When compared with baseline (B group), the R group's alpha diversity was lower (day 15, 25, 45), but it gradually approached and exceeded the baseline in the later stages (day 75). On the time axis, the richness of intestinal microflora was increased with age, but there was no statistically significant difference. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Peptoclustridium, Lachnospiraceae, and Prevotellaceae showed a continuous trend of increase initially. They then decreased except Ruminococcaceae, which reflected the gradual maturity of intestinal microbial development. Milk replacer treatment temporarily increased the abundance of Actinomycetes (day 25 and 45), while the relative proportion of several intestinal bacteria such as Parasutterella, Megasphaera, Prevotellaceae, Akkermansia, and Subdoligranulum species were significantly higher in R group than in B group. The major changes in gut microflora composition might reflect positive effect of milk replacer on the development and maturation of the intestine during the early stage, connecting with substrate availability in the gut. Our study provides an effective strategy to promote the development of the gut microbiome, which is helpful for a smooth transition during the early-weaning period in YBGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000 , China; Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, Yichang, 443000, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | | | - Muhammad Waqas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, District Poonch, 12350, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Zhaoqing Han
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000 , China.
| | - Xiong Jiang
- Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, Yichang, 443000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Significance of the Gut Microbiome for Viral Diarrheal and Extra-Intestinal Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081601. [PMID: 34452466 PMCID: PMC8402659 DOI: 10.3390/v13081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of the mammalian gut microbiome is very important for the health and disease of the host. Significant correlations of particular gut microbiota with host immune responsiveness and various infectious and noninfectious host conditions, such as chronic enteric infections, type 2 diabetes, obesity, asthma, and neurological diseases, have been uncovered. Recently, research has moved on to exploring the causalities of such relationships. The metabolites of gut microbiota and those of the host are considered in a ‘holobiontic’ way. It turns out that the host’s diet is a major determinant of the composition of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Animal models of bacterial and viral intestinal infections have been developed to explore the interrelationships of diet, gut microbiome, and health/disease phenotypes of the host. Dietary fibers can act as prebiotics, and certain bacterial species support the host’s wellbeing as probiotics. In cases of Clostridioides difficile-associated antibiotic-resistant chronic diarrhea, transplantation of fecal microbiomes has sometimes cured the disease. Future research will concentrate on the definition of microbial/host/diet interrelationships which will inform rationales for improving host conditions, in particular in relation to optimization of immune responses to childhood vaccines.
Collapse
|
17
|
Saha D, Ota MOC, Pereira P, Buchy P, Badur S. Rotavirus vaccines performance: dynamic interdependence of host, pathogen and environment. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:945-957. [PMID: 34224290 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1951247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As of January 2021, rotavirus vaccination programs have been implemented in 109 countries and their use has resulted in a positive impact on rotavirus-related diarrheal hospitalizations and mortality in children below 5 years of age. Despite these successes, several countries in Africa and Asia where disease burden is high have not yet implemented rotavirus vaccination at all or at a scale sufficient enough to demonstrate impact. This could be, among other reasons, due to poor vaccine coverage and the modest levels of efficacy and effectiveness of the vaccines in these resource-limited settings. AREAS COVERED We review various factors related to the human host (malnutrition, maternally derived antibodies and breastfeeding, genetic factors, blood group, and co-administration with oral polio vaccine), rotavirus pathogen (force of infection, strain diversity and coinfections), and the environment (related to the human microbiome) which reflect complex and interconnected processes leading to diminished vaccine performance in resource-limited settings. EXPERT OPINION Addressing the limiting factors for vaccine efficacy is needed but likely to take a long time to be resolved. An immediate solution is to increase the immunization coverage to higher values generating an overall effect of adequate proportion of protected population to reduce the prevalence of rotavirus disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Guevarra RB, Cho JH, Cho JH, Lee JH, Kim H, Kim S, Kim ES, Keum GB, Watthanaphansak S, Song M, Kim HB. Oral Vaccination against Lawsoniaintracellularis Changes the Intestinal Microbiome in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072082. [PMID: 34359211 PMCID: PMC8300401 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsoniaintracellularis, which causes porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), is a common swine intestinal pathogen that is prevalent in pig production sites worldwide. In this study, the alteration in the microbiome composition of weaned pigs was investigated in response to vaccination against L. intracellularis, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A total of 64 crossbred (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire]) healthy weanling pigs weaned at 4 weeks of age were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (four pigs/pen; four pens/treatment), using a randomized complete block design for the 42-day trial. Pigs in the treatment groups were orally administered with three different doses (1 dose = 2 mL) of vaccine against L. intracellularis (Enterisol® Ileitis, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH), namely the following: LAW1 (0.5 dose), LAW2 (1 dose), LAW3 (2 dose). A non-vaccinated group served as a negative control (CONT). Alpha diversity analysis revealed that vaccination led to significant changes in species evenness but not species richness of the gut microbiota. Beta diversity analysis revealed that vaccination against L. intracellularis caused a significant shift in the microbial community structure. At the genus level, there was a significant increase in Streptococcus and a significant decrease in Clostridium in the fecal microbiota of vaccinated pigs, regardless of dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin B. Guevarra
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea; (R.B.G.); (J.H.C.); (J.H.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.S.K.); (G.B.K.)
| | - Jae Hyoung Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea; (R.B.G.); (J.H.C.); (J.H.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.S.K.); (G.B.K.)
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 286-44, Korea;
| | - Jun Hyung Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea; (R.B.G.); (J.H.C.); (J.H.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.S.K.); (G.B.K.)
| | - Hyeri Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea; (R.B.G.); (J.H.C.); (J.H.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.S.K.); (G.B.K.)
| | - Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea; (R.B.G.); (J.H.C.); (J.H.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.S.K.); (G.B.K.)
| | - Eun Sol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea; (R.B.G.); (J.H.C.); (J.H.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.S.K.); (G.B.K.)
| | - Gi Beom Keum
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea; (R.B.G.); (J.H.C.); (J.H.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.S.K.); (G.B.K.)
| | - Suphot Watthanaphansak
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 341-34, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (H.B.K.)
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 311-16, Korea; (R.B.G.); (J.H.C.); (J.H.L.); (H.K.); (S.K.); (E.S.K.); (G.B.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (H.B.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Manterola M, Palominos MF, Calixto A. The Heritability of Behaviors Associated With the Host Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658551. [PMID: 34054822 PMCID: PMC8155505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
What defines whether the interaction between environment and organism creates a genetic memory able to be transferred to subsequent generations? Bacteria and the products of their metabolism are the most ubiquitous biotic environments to which every living organism is exposed. Both microbiota and host establish a framework where environmental and genetic factors are integrated to produce adaptive life traits, some of which can be inherited. Thus, the interplay between host and microbe is a powerful model to study how phenotypic plasticity is inherited. Communication between host and microbe can occur through diverse molecules such as small RNAs (sRNAs) and the RNA interference machinery, which have emerged as mediators and carriers of heritable environmentally induced responses. Notwithstanding, it is still unclear how the organism integrates sRNA signaling between different tissues to orchestrate a systemic bacterially induced response that can be inherited. Here we discuss current evidence of heritability produced by the intestinal microbiota from several species. Neurons and gut are the sensing systems involved in transmitting changes through transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications to the gonads. Germ cells express inflammatory receptors, and their development and function are regulated by host and bacterial metabolites and sRNAs thus suggesting that the dynamic interplay between host and microbe underlies the host's capacity to transmit heritable behaviors. We discuss how the host detects changes in the microbiota that can modulate germ cells genomic functions. We also explore the nature of the interactions that leave permanent or long-term memory in the host and propose mechanisms by which the microbiota can regulate the development and epigenetic reprogramming of germ cells, thus influencing the inheritance of the host. We highlight the vast contribution of the bacterivore nematode C. elegans and its commensal and pathogenic bacteria to the understanding on how behavioral adaptations can be inter and transgenerational inherited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Manterola
- Programa de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Fernanda Palominos
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, mención Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Andrea Calixto
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li A, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Lv S, Jin T, Li K, Han Z, Li Y. Microbiome analysis reveals the alterations in gut microbiota in different intestinal segments of Yimeng black goats. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104900. [PMID: 33894292 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence revealed the importance of gut microbiota in host metabolism, immunity and physiology, and health. Yimeng black goats (YBGs) mainly distributed in Shandong province of China, displayed a complicated intestinal microecosystem, but studies of its gut microbiota are still insufficient to report. Therefore, this study was performed with an objective to characterize the intestinal microbial community structure and diversity in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and cecum of YBGs and investigated the variability of gut microbiota of different intestinal segments. A total of 12 intestinal samples were collected from YBGs for high-throughput sequencing analysis based on V3-V4 variable region of 16S rRNA genes. Our results revealed alterations in gut microbial composition with obvious differences in relative abundance between the different intestinal segments. Additionally, small intestine including duodenum, jejunum and ileum not only displayed higher species abundance and diversity than cecum but also showed a significant difference among the main components of gut microbiota based on the analytical results of alpha and beta diversities. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most preponderant phyla in all the samples regardless of intestinal sites. Moreover, the microbiota in small intestine was significantly different from cecum, which were characterized by the higher relative abundance of Butyrivibrio_2, Megasphaera, Halomonas, Delftia, Hydrogenophaga, Limnobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, Novosphingobium, Janibacter and Erythrobacter, whereas the levels of Butyricicoccus, unidentified_Lachnospiraceae, Fusicatenibacter, Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Lactobacillus were lower. Overall, this study first characterized the profile of gut microbiota composition in different intestinal sites and provide better insight into intestinal microbial community structure and diversity of YBGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoyun Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi, 276012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenjin Lv
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Taihua Jin
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Zhaoqing Han
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China.
| | - Yongzhu Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li A, Yang Y, Qin S, Lv S, Jin T, Li K, Han Z, Li Y. Microbiome analysis reveals gut microbiota alteration of early-weaned Yimeng black goats with the effect of milk replacer and age. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:78. [PMID: 33789672 PMCID: PMC8010993 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization of intestinal microbiota in ruminant during the early life is important to host health, metabolism and immunity. Accumulating evidence revealed the ameliorative effect of milk replacer administration in the gut microbial development of early-weaned ruminants. Yimeng black goats (YBGs) inhabiting Shandong, China show a complex intestinal microbial ecosystem, but studies of their gut microbiota are still insufficient to report. Here, this study was performed to investigate how the gut microbiota develops in weaned YBGs with the effect of age and milk replacer. Results Results indicated that both age and milk replacer were important factors to change the gut microbiota of YBGs. Although the alpha diversity of gut microbiota did not change with the age of YBGs, the taxonomic compositions significantly changed. The relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Ruminiclostridium, Eubacterium and Barnesiella significantly decreased and subsequently increase with age, which contributes to maintain the stability of intestinal environment and realize the diversity of intestinal functions. The relative abundance of Porphyromonas, Brevundimonas, Flavobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Propionibacterium, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus and Clostridium belong to pathogenic bacteria in milk replacer-treated YBGs was significantly decreased. Additionally, some beneficial bacteria such as Ruminococcus, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Ruminiclostridium also display a trend of decreasing first followed by gradually increasing. Conclusions This study first revealed the gut bacterial community alterations in YBGs with the effect of age and milk replacer. This study also characterized the gut microbial distribution in YBGs with different ages and provided better insight into microbial population structure and diversity of YBGs. Moreover, milk replacer may serve as a good applicant for improving gut microbial development in early-weaned YBGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoyun Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi, 276012, China
| | - Songkang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenjin Lv
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Taihua Jin
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Zhaoqing Han
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China.
| | - Yongzhu Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gut microbiome associations with outcome following co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in pigs immunized with a PRRS modified live virus vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109018. [PMID: 33639341 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two of the most significant pathogens affecting swine. Co-infections are common and result in respiratory disease and reduced weight gain in growing pigs. Although PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are widely used to decrease PRRS-associated losses, they are generally considered inadequate for disease control. The gut microbiome provides an alternative strategy to enhance vaccine efficacy and improve PRRS control. The objective of this study was to identify gut microbiome characteristics associated with improved outcome in pigs immunized with a PRRS MLV and co-challenged with PRRSV and PCV2b. Twenty-eight days after vaccination and prior to co-challenge, fecal samples were collected from an experimental population of 50 nursery pigs. At 42 days post-challenge, 20 pigs were retrospectively identified as having high or low growth outcomes during the post-challenge period. Gut microbiomes of the two outcome groups were compared using the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA) and 16S rDNA sequencing. High growth outcomes were associated with several gut microbiome characteristics, such as increased bacterial diversity, increased Bacteroides pectinophilus, decreased Mycoplasmataceae species diversity, higher Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios, increased relative abundance of the phylum Spirochaetes, reduced relative abundance of the family Lachnospiraceae, and increased Lachnospiraceae species C6A11 and P6B14. Overall, this study identifies gut microbiomes associated with improved outcomes in PRRS vaccinated pigs following a polymicrobial respiratory challenge and provides evidence towards the gut microbiome playing a role in PRRS vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Beirão BCB, Ingberman M, Mesa D, Salles GBC, Muniz EC, Caron LF. Effects of aroA deleted E. coli vaccine on intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101612. [PMID: 33477024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
E. coli infection of broilers can result in systemic diseases and productivity losses. Use of antimicrobials against this condition is common but other approaches, such as vaccination, are gaining ground. Anecdotal field reports indicate that intestinal health is improved unspecifically following E. coli live vaccination. We hypothesized that the intestine may be an important site for the functionality of the vaccine. Vaccine effects on the intestine were assessed. Spray vaccination induced marked alterations of the caecum microbiota of broilers within 3 days, and this effect gradually waned. However, T cell activation occurred in the spleen, but not in caecal tonsils, and anti-E. coli IgA was concentrated in the respiratory mucosae. Accordingly, IL-6 mRNA was produced in the lungs following immunization. Overall, these data are an initial indication that any vaccine-induced effects on the intestine are greatly associated with the microbiota. However, immunity conferred by vaccination is not primarily induced in gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breno C B Beirão
- Imunova Análises Biológicas, Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Max Ingberman
- Imunova Análises Biológicas, Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Dany Mesa
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Gleidson B C Salles
- Zoetis Indústria de Produtos Veterinários Ltda, São Paulo, SP, 04709-111, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Muniz
- Zoetis Indústria de Produtos Veterinários Ltda, São Paulo, SP, 04709-111, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Caron
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hammond JA, Gordon EA, Socarras KM, Chang Mell J, Ehrlich GD. Beyond the pan-genome: current perspectives on the functional and practical outcomes of the distributed genome hypothesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2437-2455. [PMID: 33245329 PMCID: PMC7752077 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The principle of monoclonality with regard to bacterial infections was considered immutable prior to 30 years ago. This view, espoused by Koch for acute infections, has proven inadequate regarding chronic infections as persistence requires multiple forms of heterogeneity among the bacterial population. This understanding of bacterial plurality emerged from a synthesis of what-were-then novel technologies in molecular biology and imaging science. These technologies demonstrated that bacteria have complex life cycles, polymicrobial ecologies, and evolve in situ via the horizontal exchange of genic characters. Thus, there is an ongoing generation of diversity during infection that results in far more highly complex microbial communities than previously envisioned. This perspective is based on the fundamental tenet that the bacteria within an infecting population display genotypic diversity, including gene possession differences, which result from horizontal gene transfer mechanisms including transformation, conjugation, and transduction. This understanding is embodied in the concepts of the supragenome/pan-genome and the distributed genome hypothesis (DGH). These paradigms have fostered multiple researches in diverse areas of bacterial ecology including host-bacterial interactions covering the gamut of symbiotic relationships including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. With regard to the human host, within each of these symbiotic relationships all bacterial species possess attributes that contribute to colonization and persistence; those species/strains that are pathogenic also encode traits for invasion and metastases. Herein we provide an update on our understanding of bacterial plurality and discuss potential applications in diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccinology based on perspectives provided by the DGH with regard to the evolution of pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn A. Hammond
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Emma A. Gordon
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Kayla M. Socarras
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Joshua Chang Mell
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Meta-omics Shared Resource Facility, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Meta-omics Shared Resource Facility, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prevotella in Pigs: The Positive and Negative Associations with Production and Health. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101584. [PMID: 33066697 PMCID: PMC7602465 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse and dynamic microbial community (known as microbiota) resides within the pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The microbiota contributes to host health and performance by mediating nutrient metabolism, stimulating the immune system, and providing colonization resistance against pathogens. Manipulation of gut microbiota to enhance growth performance and disease resilience in pigs has recently become an active area of research in an era defined by increasing scrutiny of antimicrobial use in swine production. In order to develop microbiota-targeted strategies, or to identify potential next-generation probiotic strains originating from the endogenous members of GIT microbiota in pigs, it is necessary to understand the role of key commensal members in host health. Many, though not all, correlative studies have associated members of the genus Prevotella with positive outcomes in pig production, including growth performance and immune response; therefore, a comprehensive review of the genus in the context of pig production is needed. In the present review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the genus Prevotella in the intestinal microbial community of pigs, including relevant information from other animal species that provide mechanistic insights, and identify gaps in knowledge that must be addressed before development of Prevotella species as next-generation probiotics can be supported.
Collapse
|
26
|
Xue J, Ajuwon KM, Fang R. Mechanistic insight into the gut microbiome and its interaction with host immunity and inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:421-428. [PMID: 33364458 PMCID: PMC7750791 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia. These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival. The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play in the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients have been clearly demonstrated. Additionally, commensals are indispensable in regulating host immunity. This is evidenced by the poorly developed gut immune system of germ-free mice, which can be corrected by transplantation of specific commensal bacteria. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of host–microbial interaction have provided the basis for this interaction. This paper reviews some of these key studies, with a specific focus on the effect of the microbiome on the immune organ development, nonspecific immunity, specific immunity, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, United States
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vaga S, Lee S, Ji B, Andreasson A, Talley NJ, Agréus L, Bidkhori G, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Park J, Lee D, Proctor G, Ehrlich SD, Nielsen J, Engstrand L, Shoaie S. Compositional and functional differences of the mucosal microbiota along the intestine of healthy individuals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14977. [PMID: 32917913 PMCID: PMC7486370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut mucosal microbes evolved closest to the host, developing specialized local communities. There is, however, insufficient knowledge of these communities as most studies have employed sequencing technologies to investigate faecal microbiota only. This work used shotgun metagenomics of mucosal biopsies to explore the microbial communities' compositions of terminal ileum and large intestine in 5 healthy individuals. Functional annotations and genome-scale metabolic modelling of selected species were then employed to identify local functional enrichments. While faecal metagenomics provided a good approximation of the average gut mucosal microbiome composition, mucosal biopsies allowed detecting the subtle variations of local microbial communities. Given their significant enrichment in the mucosal microbiota, we highlight the roles of Bacteroides species and describe the antimicrobial resistance biogeography along the intestine. We also detail which species, at which locations, are involved with the tryptophan/indole pathway, whose malfunctioning has been linked to pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease. Our study thus provides invaluable resources for investigating mechanisms connecting gut microbiota and host pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vaga
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Boyang Ji
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Andreasson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Agréus
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Junseok Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doheon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, & Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165, Solna, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yuan L, Hensley C, Mahsoub HM, Ramesh AK, Zhou P. Microbiota in viral infection and disease in humans and farm animals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:15-60. [PMID: 32475521 PMCID: PMC7181997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on viral infection susceptibility and disease outcome is undisputable although varies among viruses. The purpose of understanding the interactions between microbiota, virus, and host is to identify practical, effective, and safe approaches that target microbiota for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases in humans and animals, as currently there are few effective and reliable antiviral therapies available. The initial step for achieving this goal is to gather clinical evidences, focusing on the viral pathogens-from human and animal studies-that have already been shown to interact with microbiota. The subsequent step is to identify mechanisms, through experimental evidences, to support the development of translational applications that target microbiota. In this chapter, we review evidences of virus infections altering microbiota and of microbiota enhancing or suppressing infectivity, altering host susceptibility to certain viral diseases, and influencing vaccine immunogenicity in humans and farm animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hassan M Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moody LV, Miyamoto Y, Ang J, Richter PJ, Eckmann L. Evaluation of Peroxides and Chlorine Oxides as Disinfectants for Chemical Sterilization of Gnotobiotic Rodent Isolators. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:558-568. [PMID: 31319899 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gnotobiotic animal research has expanded markedly over the past decade. Although germ-free animals were first described more than 100 y ago, little evidence-based guidance is available on best operational procedures. A key aspect of gnotobiotic technology is the sterilization of animal enclosures, most commonly flexible vinyl film isolators. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective methods for chemical sterilization of gnotobiotic isolators and associated equipment. As test microbes, we used bacteria from 4 different accidental isolator contaminations that occurred in a gnotobiotic core facility. Identification by 16S ribotyping revealed facultative anaerobic firmicutes, including several Paenibacillus and Bacillus species, and obligate aerobic actinobacteria, namely Micrococcus luteus, among the contaminants. We selected 6 products commonly used for disinfecting hospital rooms, kitchens, and veterinary facilities to represent chlorine-oxide- and peroxide-based disinfectants and tested the hypothesis that these 2 classes are equally effective. However, evaluation of bactericidal and sporicidal activity in liquid cultures revealed that chlorine oxide-based disinfectants were more effective than peroxide-based disinfectants. In both groups, various products effectively sterilized gnotobiotic isolators by fogging in field tests, although bactericidal concentrations were markedly higher than those in suspension cultures, and effectiveness was contact-time-dependent. In addition, in both groups, some disinfectants were excessively corrosive to ferrous metals and acrylic. These results demonstrate that no single disinfectant has all desirable properties and that the different characteristics of disinfectants must be balanced during their selection. However, chlorine oxide-based disinfectants were generally more effective and less corrosive than peroxide-based products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LaTisha V Moody
- Animal Care Program, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan Ang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Philip J Richter
- Animal Care Program, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California;,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ceccarelli G, Statzu M, Santinelli L, Pinacchio C, Bitossi C, Cavallari EN, Vullo V, Scagnolari C, d'Ettorre G. Challenges in the management of HIV infection: update on the role of probiotic supplementation as a possible complementary therapeutic strategy for cART treated people living with HIV/AIDS. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:949-965. [PMID: 31260331 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1638907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Recent insights show that gut-mucosal immunity and intestinal microbiota play a key role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Alterations in the composition of intestinal flora (dysbiosis) could be associated with an impaired intestinal epithelium barrier activity and an impaired mucosal immunity function, significantly contributing to microbial translocation which is considered a major driver of chronic immune activation. Areas covered: This article provides an overview on the novel trends in probiotic therapy application. A particular emphasis is addressed to the importance of probiotics as a novel strategy to attenuate or prevent gastrointestinal involvement and to improve gut-mucosal immunity in HIV-infected subjects. Therefore, opportunities, limits and methodological criticalities of supplementation with probiotic therapy are considered and analyzed. Expert opinion: Use of probiotics is emerging as a novel strategy to manage dysbiosis and gut-mucosal impairment, to reduce immune activation and to limit a number of non-AIDS-related disorders. However, despite the growing use of probiotic therapy, mechanisms by which oral bacteria intake exhibits its effects are strain-related and disease-specific, hence clinicians need to take these two factors into consideration when suggesting probiotic supplementation to HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Maura Statzu
- b Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Letizia Santinelli
- b Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Pinacchio
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Camilla Bitossi
- b Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Eugenio Nelson Cavallari
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- b Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - GabrieIla d'Ettorre
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Morffy Smith CD, Gong M, Andrew AK, Russ BN, Ge Y, Zadeh M, Cooper CA, Mohamadzadeh M, Moore JM. Composition of the gut microbiota transcends genetic determinants of malaria infection severity and influences pregnancy outcome. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:639-655. [PMID: 31160271 PMCID: PMC6606560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria infection in pregnancy is a major cause of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mouse models for gestational malaria allow for the exploration of the mechanisms linking maternal malaria infection and poor pregnancy outcomes in a tractable model system. The composition of the gut microbiota has been shown to influence susceptibility to malaria infection in inbred virgin mice. In this study, we explore the ability of the gut microbiota to modulate malaria infection severity in pregnant outbred Swiss Webster mice. METHODS In Swiss Webster mice, the composition of the gut microbiota was altered by disrupting the native gut microbes through broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, followed by the administration of a faecal microbiota transplant derived from mice possessing gut microbes reported previously to confer susceptibility or resistance to malaria. Female mice were infected with P. chabaudi chabaudi AS in early gestation, and the progression of infection and pregnancy were tracked throughout gestation. To assess the impact of maternal infection on foetal outcomes, dams were sacrificed at term to assess foetal size and viability. Alternatively, pups were delivered by caesarean section and fostered to assess neonatal survival and pre-weaning growth in the absence of maternal morbidity. A group of dams was also euthanized at mid-gestation to assess infection and pregnancy outcomes. FINDINGS Susceptibility to infection varied significantly as a function of source of transplanted gut microbes. Parasite burden was negatively correlated with the abundance of five specific OTUs, including Akkermansia muciniphila and OTUs classified as Allobaculum, Lactobacillus, and S24-7 species. Reduced parasite burden was associated with reduced maternal morbidity and improved pregnancy outcomes. Pups produced by dams with high parasite burdens displayed a significant reduction in survival in the first days of life relative to those from malaria-resistant dams when placed with foster dams. At midgestation, plasma cytokine levels were similar across all groups, but expression of IFNγ in the conceptus was elevated in infected dams, and IL-10 only in susceptible dams. In the latter, transcriptional and microscopic evidence of monocytic infiltration was observed with high density infection; likewise, accumulation of malaria haemozoin was enhanced in this group. These responses, combined with reduced vascularization of the placenta in this group, may contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes. Thus, high maternal parasite burden and associated maternal responses, potentially dictated by the gut microbial community, negatively impacts term foetal health and survival in the early postnatal period. INTERPRETATION The composition of the gut microbiota in Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS-infected pregnant Swiss Webster mice transcends the outbred genetics of the Swiss Webster mouse stock as a determinant of malaria infection severity, subsequently influencing pregnancy outcomes in malaria-exposed progeny. FUND: Research reported in this manuscript was supported by the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine (JMM, MM, and MG), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers T32AI060546 (to CDMS), R01HD46860 and R21AI111242 (to JMM), and R01 DK109560 (to MM). MG was supported by Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and University of Florida graduate assistantships. AA was supported by the 2017-2019 Peach State LSAMP Bridge to the Doctorate Program at the University of Georgia (National Science Foundation, Award # 1702361). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent official views of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, or the National Institutes of Health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D Morffy Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Minghao Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alicer K Andrew
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brittany N Russ
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Caitlin A Cooper
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Julie M Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Verberk JDM, Vos RA, Mollema L, van Vliet J, van Weert JWM, de Melker HE, van der Klis FRM. Third national biobank for population-based seroprevalence studies in the Netherlands, including the Caribbean Netherlands. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:470. [PMID: 31138148 PMCID: PMC6537387 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper outlines the methodology, study population and response rate of a third large Dutch population-based cross-sectional serosurvey carried-out in 2016/2017, primarily aiming to obtain insight into age-specific seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases to evaluate the National Immunization Programme (NIP). In addition, Caribbean Netherlands (CN) was included, which enables additional research into tropical pathogens. METHODS A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to draw a sample of Dutch residents (0-89 years) (NS), including an oversampling of non-Western migrants, persons living in low vaccination coverage (LVC) areas, and an extra sample of persons born in Suriname, Aruba and the former Dutch Antilles (SAN). A separate sample was drawn for each Caribbean island. At the consultation hours, questionnaires, blood samples, oro- and nasopharyngeal swabs, faeces, - and only in the Netherlands (NL) saliva and a diary about contact patterns - were obtained from participants. Vaccination- and medical history was retrieved, and in CN anthropometric measurements were taken. RESULTS In total, blood samples and questionnaires were collected from 9415 persons: 5745 (14.4%) in the NS (including the non-Western migrants), 1354 (19.8%) in LVC areas, 501 (6.9%) SAN, and 1815 (23.4%) in CN. CONCLUSIONS This study will give insight into protection of the population against infectious diseases included in the NIP. Research based on this large biobank will contribute to public health (policy) in NL and CN, e.g., regarding outbreak management and emerging pathogens. Further, we will be able to extend our knowledge on infectious diseases and its changing dynamics by linking serological data to results from additional materials collected, environmental- and pharmacological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Doortje Maria Verberk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Regnerus Albertus Vos
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Mollema
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey van Vliet
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hester Ellen de Melker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona Regina Maria van der Klis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Reid G, Gadir AA, Dhir R. Probiotics: Reiterating What They Are and What They Are Not. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:424. [PMID: 30930863 PMCID: PMC6425910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been over seventeen years since the scientific definition of probiotics was crafted, along with guidelines ensuring the appropriate use of the term. This definition is now used globally, yet on a consistent basis scientists, media and industry misrepresent probiotics or make generalized statements that illustrate a misunderstanding of their utility and limitations. The rate of discovery of novel organisms with potentially therapeutic benefit for both human and environmental health is progressing at an unprecedented rate. However, the term “probiotic” is often misapplied to describe any microbe with plausible therapeutic utility in the human host. It is argued that strict compliance to the scientific definition of the term “probiotic” and avoidance of generalizations to the whole field of probiotics based upon studies of one product, will help advance the development and validation of microbial therapies, and applications to improve human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Reid
- Canadian R&D Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Azza A Gadir
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raja Dhir
- Seed, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Development of a live attenuated trivalent porcine rotavirus A vaccine against disease caused by recent strains most prevalent in South Korea. Vet Res 2019; 50:2. [PMID: 30616694 PMCID: PMC6323864 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotaviruses cause severe economic losses in the Korean swine industry due to G- and P-genotype mismatches between the predominant field and vaccine strains. Here, we developed a live attenuated trivalent porcine group A rotavirus vaccine using 80 cell culture passages of the representative Korean predominant strains G8P[7] 174-1, G9P[23] PRG942, and G5P[7] K71. Vaccination with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components induced no diarrhea during the first 2 weeks post-vaccination, i.e., the vaccines were attenuated. Challenge of trivalent-vaccinated or component-vaccinated piglets with homologous virulent strain(s) did not induce diarrhea for 2 weeks post-challenge. Immunization with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components also alleviated the histopathological lesions in the small intestines caused by challenge with the corresponding original virulent strain(s). Fecal secretory IgAs specific for each of vaccine strains were detected starting at 14 days post-vaccination (dpv), and IgA levels gradually increased up to 28 dpv. Oral immunization with the trivalent vaccine or its individual components induced high levels of serum virus-neutralizing antibody by 7 dpv. No diarrhea was observed in any experimental piglets during five consecutive passages of each vaccine strain. Our data indicated that the live attenuated trivalent vaccine was safe and effective at protecting piglets from diarrhea induced by challenge exposure of homologous virulent strains. This trivalent vaccine will potentially contribute toward controlling porcine rotavirus disease in South Korea and other countries where rotavirus infections with similar G and P genotypes are problematic.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Higher organisms are all born with general immunity as well as with, increasingly, more specific immune systems. All immune mechanisms function with the intent of aiding the body in defense against infection. Internal and external factors alike have varying effects on the immune system, and the immune response is tailored specifically to each one. Accompanying the components of the human innate and adaptive immune systems are the other intermingling systems of the human body. Increasing understanding of the body's immune interactions with other systems has opened new avenues of study, including that of the microbiome. The microbiome has become a highly active area of research over the last 10 to 20 years since the NIH began funding the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), which was established in 2007. Several publications have focused on the characterization, functions, and complex interplay of the microbiome as it relates to the rest of the body. A dysfunction between the microbiome and the host has been linked to various diseases including cancers, metabolic deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Further understanding of the microbiome and its interaction with the host in relation to diseases is needed in order to understand the implications of microbiome dysfunction and the possible use of microbiota in the prevention of disease. In this review, we have summarized information on the immune system, the microbiome, the microbiome's interplay with other systems, and the association of the immune system and the microbiome in diseases such as diabetes and colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sohail Siraj
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Krishna Patel
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Umesh T. Sankpal
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Stephen Mathew
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Riyaz Basha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| |
Collapse
|