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Saad ALGhasab N, Fogacci F, Avagimyan A, Cicero AFG. Expanding therapeutic options: overview of novel pharmacotherapies for dyslipidemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39286934 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2406270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dyslipidemia plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. AREAS COVERED This article explores the emerging therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia and provides novel insights into this field. Thus, it aims to contribute to the understanding and advancement of therapeutic options for managing dyslipidemia. EXPERT OPINION Optimizing the use of available first- and second-line lipid-lowering drugs allows us to adequately control low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, even in statin-intolerant individuals and in patients at high and very high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases who must reach more aggressive LDL-C targets. The drugs under development will further improve our ability to manage the overall lipid-related cardiovascular disease risk and target other dyslipidemia biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Saad ALGhasab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cardiology, Libin cardiovascular institute, Calgary University, Calgary, Canada
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ashot Avagimyan
- Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Morphology Department, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, IRCCS AOUBO, Bologna, Italy
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Li M, Wang B, Wang L, Tong L, Zhao G, Wang B, Guo J. Dynamic trends of ischemic heart disease mortality attributable to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a joinpoint analysis and age-period-cohort analysis with predictions. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:292. [PMID: 39261844 PMCID: PMC11389117 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamic trends of ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality attributable to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). METHODS Data on IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the global disease burden database. Joinpoint software was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR). An age‒period‒cohort model was used to analyze the impacts of age, period, and cohort on these changes. The Bayesian framework was used to predict IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C from 2022 to 2040. RESULTS The overall ASMR of IHD attributable to high LDL-C decreased from 50. 479 per 100,000 people in 1990 to 32.286 per 100,000 people in 2021, and ASMR of IHD attributable to high LDL-C was higher in males than in females. The longitudinal age curves of the overall IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C showed a monotonic upward trend, especially after 65 years of age. The period and cohort effect relative risk (RR) values of overall IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C showed a downward trend. The overall ASMR of IHD attributable to high LDL-C is predicted to show a downward trend, and male IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C is expected to be higher than that of females. CONCLUSION This study revealed a sustained decrease in IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C over three decades, with a continued decline expected. Despite this, gender disparities persist, with males experiencing higher mortality rates and elderly individuals remaining a vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Jinzhong, Jinzhong, 030602, China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Ling Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Wenshui People's Hospital, Wenshui, Shanxi, 032100, China
| | - Jingli Guo
- Medical Department, Shanghai Ashermed Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Mercep I, Strikic D, Hrabac P, Pecin I, Reiner Ž. PCSK9 inhibition: from effectiveness to cost-effectiveness. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1339487. [PMID: 38988669 PMCID: PMC11234837 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1339487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is a complex disorder characterised by abnormal lipid levels in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides, and plays an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Most risk factors for cardiovascular disease are modifiable, and dyslipidaemia is a key factor among them. It can result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A distinction is made between primary dyslipidaemia, which is mainly caused by inherited genetic changes, and secondary dyslipidaemia, which is due to underlying diseases or certain medications. The treatment of dyslipidaemia has evolved over the years. In the past, statins were the first choice, but newer drugs, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, have gained prominence due to their effectiveness in lowering lipids. Although recent guidelines recommend PCSK9 inhibitors for high-risk patients and patients who cannot tolerate statins, their widespread use is limited because of cost. Several meta-analyses have confirmed the efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors and have shown a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. However, the long-term side effects and interactions with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease remain uncertain. In addition, cost-effectiveness analyses have shown mixed results, with some countries considering PCSK9 inhibitors to be cost-effective for certain patient groups, while others consider them less economical. Meanwhile, initial data from patients using PCSK9 inhibitors support the results of the clinical trials. To summarise, PCSK9 inhibitors represent a revolutionary solution for lowering LDL cholesterol, but their cost-effectiveness remains controversial. Despite the controversy, they offer clear benefits for high-risk patients and should therefore be considered in the treatment of dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Mercep
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dominik Strikic
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pero Hrabac
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pecin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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Muzurović E, Borozan S, Rizzo M. Clinical impact of genetic testing for lipid disorders. Curr Opin Cardiol 2024; 39:154-161. [PMID: 38456469 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic testing is increasingly becoming a common consideration in the clinical approach of dyslipidemia patients. Advances in research in last decade and increased recognition of genetics in biological pathways modulating blood lipid levels created a gap between theoretical knowledge and its applicability in clinical practice. Therefore, it is very important to define the clinical justification of genetic testing in dyslipidemia patients. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical indications for genetic testing for most dyslipidemias are not precisely defined and there are no clearly established guideline recommendations. In patients with severe low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, the genetic analysis can be used to guide diagnostic and therapeutic approach, while in severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), clinicians can rely on triglyceride level rather than a genotype along the treatment pathway. Genetic testing increases diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification, access and adherence to specialty therapies, and cost-effectiveness of cascade testing. A shared decision-making model between the provider and the patient is essential as patient values, preferences and clinical characteristics play a very strong role. SUMMARY Genetic testing for lipid disorders is currently underutilized in clinical practice. However, it should be selectively used, according to the type of dyslipidemia and when the benefits overcome costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Muzurović
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Centre of Montenegro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Sanja Borozan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Centre of Montenegro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Omari M, Alkhalil M. Atherosclerosis Residual Lipid Risk-Overview of Existing and Future Pharmacotherapies. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:126. [PMID: 38667744 PMCID: PMC11050263 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with atherosclerotic disease remain at increased risk of future events despite receiving optimal medical treatment. This residual risk is widely heterogeneous, but lipoprotein particles and their content play a major role in determining future cardiovascular events. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), other lipoprotein particles have not demonstrated similar contribution to the progression of atherosclerosis. Statins, ezetimibe, and more recently, proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and bempedoic acid have confirmed the causal role of LDL-c in the development of atherosclerosis. Data on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) suggested a possible causal role for atherosclerosis; nonetheless, HDL-c-raising treatments, including cholesteryl-ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors and niacin, failed to confirm this relationship. On the other hand, mendelian randomisation revealed that triglycerides are more implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Although the use of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was associated with a reduction in the risk of adverse cardiovascular events, this beneficial effect did not correlate with the reduction in triglycerides level and has not been consistent across large phase 3 trials. Moreover, other triglyceride-lowering treatments, such as fibrates, were not associated with a reduction in future cardiovascular risk. Studies assessing agents targeting angiopoietin-like 3 (lipoprotein lipase inhibitor) and apolipoprotein C3 antisense will add further insights into the role of triglycerides in atherosclerosis. Emerging lipid markers such as lipoprotein (a) and cholesterol efflux capacity may have a direct role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Targeting these biomarkers may provide incremental benefits in reducing cardiovascular risk when added to optimal medical treatment. This Review aims to assess available therapies for current lipid biomarkers and provide mechanistic insight into their potential role in reducing future cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntaser Omari
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE7 7DN, UK;
| | - Mohammad Alkhalil
- Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE7 7DN, UK;
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Abstract
The link between elevated LDL-C, low HDL-C, elevated triglycerides, and an increased risk for cardiovascular disease has solidified over the past decades. Concomitantly, the number of agents to treat dyslipidemia proliferated in clinical trials, proving or refuting their clinical efficacy. Many of these agents' role in reducing cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality is now clear. Recently, there has been an explosion in emerging therapeutics for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease through the control of dyslipidemia. This article reviews standard, new, and emerging treatments for hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Reamy
- Academic Affairs, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Brian Ford
- Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Charles Goodman
- Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Wu NQ, Li ZF, Lu MY, Li JJ. Monoclonal antibodies for dyslipidemia in adults: a focus on vulnerable patients groups. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38375817 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2321374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dyslipidemia significantly contributes to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Patients with lipid-rich vulnerable plaques are particularly susceptible to cardiovascular complications. Despite available lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs), challenges in effective lipid management remain. AREAS COVERED This article reviews monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy in dyslipidemia, particularly focusing on vulnerable plaques and patients. We have reviewed the definitions of vulnerable plaques and patients, outlined the efficacy of traditional LLTs, and discussed in-depth the mAbs targeting PCSK9. We extensively discuss the potential mechanisms, intracoronary imaging, and clinical evidence of PCSK9mAbs in vulnerable plaques and patients. A brief overview of promising mAbs targeting other targets such as ANGPTL3 is also provided. EXPERT OPINION Research consistently supports the potential of mAb therapies in treating adult dyslipidemia, particularly in vulnerable patients. PCSK9mAbs are effective in regulating lipid parameters, such as LDL-C and Lp(a), and exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties. These antibodies also maintain endothelial and smooth muscle health, contributing to the stabilization of vulnerable plaques and reduction in adverse cardiovascular events. Future research aims to further understand PCSK9 and other targets like ANGPTL3, focusing on vulnerable groups. Overall, mAbs are emerging as a promising and superior approach in dyslipidemia management and cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Qiong Wu
- Cardiometabolic Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fan Li
- Cardiometabolic Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Ying Lu
- Cardiometabolic Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Cardiometabolic Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhou L, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhao H, Li Y, Han J, Zhang H, Li X, Qu Z. PCSK-9 inhibitors: a new direction for the future treatment of ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1327185. [PMID: 38273837 PMCID: PMC10808616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1327185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, the most prevalent and serious manifestation of cerebrovascular disease, is the main cause of neurological problems that require hospitalization, resulting in disability and death worldwide. Currently, clinical practice focuses on the effective management of blood lipids as a crucial approach to preventing and treating ischemic stroke. In recent years, a great breakthrough in ischemic stroke treatment has been witnessed with the emergence and use of a novel lipid-lowering medication, Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. And its remarkable potential for reducing the occurrence of ischemic stroke is being acknowledged. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review, encompassing the association between PCSK9 and the heightened risk of ischemic stroke, the mechanisms, and the extensive evidence supporting the proven efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors in clinical practice. Through this present study, we can gain deeper insights into the utilization and impact of PCSK9 inhibitors in treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Juqian Han
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengyi Qu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Fukami H, Morinaga J, Nakagami H, Hayashi H, Okadome Y, Matsunaga E, Kadomatsu T, Horiguchi H, Sato M, Sugizaki T, Miyata K, Torigoe D, Mukoyama M, Morishita R, Oike Y. Efficacy and safety in mice of repeated, lifelong administration of an ANGPTL3 vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:168. [PMID: 37914738 PMCID: PMC10620388 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that an ANGPTL3 vaccine is a hopeful therapeutic option against dyslipidemia. In our current study, we assess durability and booster effects of that vaccine over a period representing a mouse's lifespan. The vaccine remained effective for over one year, and booster vaccination maintained suppression of circulating triglyceride levels thereafter without major adverse effects on lungs, kidneys, or liver, suggesting vaccine efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Fukami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jun Morinaga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan.
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan.
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okadome
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsunaga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kadomatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Haruki Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Michio Sato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Taichi Sugizaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Keishi Miyata
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daisuke Torigoe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis (IRDA), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oike
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan.
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan.
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-8556, Japan.
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis (IRDA), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-shi, 860-0811, Japan.
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Merćep I, Vujević A, Strikić D, Radman I, Pećin I, Reiner Ž. Present and Future of Dyslipidaemia Treatment-A Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5839. [PMID: 37762780 PMCID: PMC10531957 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest burdens on the healthcare systems of modern civilization is cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, the medical community is looking for ways to reduce the incidence of CVDs. Simple lifestyle changes from an unhealthy to a healthy lifestyle are the cornerstone of prevention, but other risk factors for cardiovascular disease are also being currently targeted, most notably dyslipidaemia. It is well known that lowering serum lipid levels, and in particular lowering elevated LDL-cholesterol, leads to a reduction in major cardiovascular events. Although the focus to date has been on LDL-cholesterol levels and lowering them with statin therapy, this is often not enough because of increased concentrations of other lipoprotein particles in the serum and residual cardiovascular risk. Since lowering LDL-cholesterol levels is successful in most cases, there has been a recent focus on lowering residual cardiovascular risk. In recent years, new therapeutic options have emerged that target triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, lipoprotein (a) and apolipoproteins C and B. The effects of these drugs on serious adverse cardiovascular events are not yet known, but recent studies with some of these drugs have shown significant results in lowering total lipid levels. The aim of this review is to present the current therapeutic options for the treatment of dyslipidaemia and to describe the newly approved drugs as well as the drugs that are still in development. Although at this stage we cannot say with certainty whether these agents will be approved and widely used, it is safe to say that our views on the treatment of dyslipidaemia are certainly changing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Merćep
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.M.); (I.P.)
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Andro Vujević
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Dominik Strikić
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Radman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivan Pećin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Željko Reiner
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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11
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Kang YM, Kim KY, Kim TI, Kim YJ, Kim HH, Kim K. Cheong-sang-bang-pung-san alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating lipid metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1223534. [PMID: 37745047 PMCID: PMC10511874 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1223534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The occurrence of fatty liver disease, resulting from the accumulation of excessive fat within the liver, has been showing a significant and rapid increase. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Cheong-sang-bang-pung-san extract (CB) on fatty liver disease, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: We used a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed fatty liver mice and free fatty acid (FFA) induced HepG2 cell lipid accumulation model. The levels of serum, hepatic, and intracellular lipid content were assessed. Histopathological staining was used to evaluate the extent of hepatic lipid accumulation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were conducted to examine the expression of factors associated with lipid metabolism. Results: We demonstrated that treatment with CB dramatically reduced body weight, liver weight, and fat mass, and improved the serum and hepatic lipid profiles in HFD-induced fatty liver mice. Additionally, CB alleviated lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice by controlling lipid metabolism, including fatty acid uptake, triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation, at the mRNA as well as protein levels. In free fatty acid-treated HepG2 cells, CB significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation by regulating lipid metabolism via the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Conclusion: These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying CB's effects on liver steatosis and position of CB as a potential therapeutic candidate for managing lipid metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Kang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae In Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Hae Kim
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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12
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Michaeli DT, Michaeli JC, Albers S, Boch T, Michaeli T. Established and Emerging Lipid-Lowering Drugs for Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2023; 23:477-495. [PMID: 37486464 PMCID: PMC10462544 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-023-00594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite treatment with statins, patients with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides remain at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events. Consequently, novel pharmaceutical drugs have been developed to control and modify the composition of blood lipids to ultimately prevent fatal cardiovascular events in patients with dyslipidaemia. This article reviews established and emerging lipid-lowering drugs regarding their mechanism of action, development stage, ongoing clinical trials, side effects, effect on blood lipids and reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We conducted a keyword search to identify studies on established and emerging lipid modifying drugs. Results were summarized in a narrative overview. Established pharmaceutical treatment options include the Niemann-Pick-C1 like-1 protein (NPC1L1) inhibitor ezetimibe, the protein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors alirocumab and evolocumab, fibrates as peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha (PPAR-α) activators, and the omega-3 fatty acid icosapent ethyl. Statins are recommended as the first-line therapy for primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention in patients with hypercholesterinaemia and hypertriglyceridemia. For secondary prevention in hypercholesterinaemia, second-line options such as statin add-on or statin-intolerant treatments are ezetimibe, alirocumab and evolocumab. For secondary prevention in hypertriglyceridemia, second-line options such as statin add-on or statin-intolerant treatments are icosapent ethyl and fenofibrate. Robust data for these add-on therapeutics in primary cardiovascular prevention remains scarce. Recent biotechnological advances have led to the development of innovative small molecules (bempedoic acid, lomitapide, pemafibrate, docosapentaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid), antibodies (evinacumab), antisense oligonucleotides (mipomersen, volanesorsen, pelcarsen, olezarsen), small interfering RNA (inclisiran, olpasiran), and gene therapies for patients with dyslipidemia. These molecules specifically target new cellular pathways, such as the adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase (bempedoic acid), PCSK9 (inclisiran), angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3: evinacumab), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP: lomitapide), apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100: mipomersen), apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III: volanesorsen, olezarsen), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a): pelcarsen, olpasiran). The authors are hopeful that the development of new treatment modalities alongside new therapeutic targets will further reduce patients' risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Apart from statins, data on new drugs' use in primary cardiovascular prevention remain scarce. For their swift adoption into clinical routine, these treatments must demonstrate safety and efficacy as well as cost-effectiveness in randomized cardiovascular outcome trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tobias Michaeli
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Caroline Michaeli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Albers
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sport Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Boch
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Michaeli
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Dybiec J, Baran W, Dąbek B, Fularski P, Młynarska E, Radzioch E, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Advances in Treatment of Dyslipidemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13288. [PMID: 37686091 PMCID: PMC10488025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemias have emerged as prevalent disorders among patients, posing significant risks for the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. These conditions are characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). This review delves into the current treatment approach, focusing on equalizing these parameters while enhancing the overall quality of life for patients. Through an extensive analysis of clinical trials, we identify disorders that necessitate alternative treatment strategies, notably familial hypercholesterolemia. The primary objective of this review is to consolidate existing information concerning drugs with the potential to revolutionize dyslipidemia management significantly. Among these promising pharmaceuticals, we highlight alirocumab, bempedoic acid, antisense oligonucleotides, angiopoietin-like protein inhibitors, apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3) inhibitors, lomitapide, and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors. Our review demonstrates the pivotal roles played by each of these drugs in targeting specific parameters of lipid metabolism. We outline the future landscape of dyslipidemia treatment, envisaging a more tailored and effective therapeutic approach to address this widespread medical concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Dybiec
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Baran
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dąbek
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Fularski
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Młynarska
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Radzioch
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Franczyk
- Department of Nephrocardiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
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14
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Sadiq F, Hegele RA, Catapano AL, Groselj U. Editorial: Rare dyslipidemias. Front Genet 2023; 14:1248435. [PMID: 37529775 PMCID: PMC10390060 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1248435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Sadiq
- Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Alberico L. Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Multimedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Urh Groselj
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Medical Center, University Children’s Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Attenuation of Hyperlipidemia by Medicinal Formulations of Emblica officinalis Synergized with Nanotechnological Approaches. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010064. [PMID: 36671636 PMCID: PMC9854976 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ayurvedic herb Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) is a gift to mankind to acquire a healthy lifestyle. It has great therapeutic and nutritional importance. Emblica officinalis, also known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. Amla is beneficial for treating illnesses in all its forms. The most crucial component is a fruit, which is also the most common. It is used frequently in Indian medicine as a restorative, diuretic, liver tonic, refrigerant, stomachic, laxative, antipyretic, hair tonic, ulcer preventive, and for the common cold and fever. Hyperlipidemia is also known as high cholesterol or an increase in one or more lipid-containing blood proteins. Various phytocompounds, including polyphenols, vitamins, amino acids, fixed oils, and flavonoids, are present in the various parts of E. officinalis. E. officinalis has been linked to a variety of pharmacological effects in earlier studies, including hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective, and hyperlipidemic effects. The amla-derived active ingredients and food products nevertheless encounter challenges such as instability and interactions with other food matrices. Considering the issue from this perspective, food component nanoencapsulation is a young and cutting-edge field for controlled and targeted delivery with a range of preventative activities. The nanoformulation of E. officinalis facilitates the release of active components or food ingredients, increased bioaccessibility, enhanced therapeutic activities, and digestion in the human body. Accordingly, the current review provides a summary of the phytoconstituents of E. officinalis, pharmacological actions detailing the plant E. officinalis's traditional uses, and especially hyperlipidemic activity. Correspondingly, the article describes the uses of nanotechnology in amla therapeutics and functional ingredients.
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Chen J, Zhao F, Lei C, Qi T, Xue X, Meng Y, Zhang W, Zhang H, Wang J, Zhu H, Cheng C, Wang Q, Bi C, Song B, Jin C, Niu Q, An F, Li B, Huo X, Zhao Y, Li B. Effect of evolocumab on the progression of intraplaque neovascularization of the carotid based on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (EPIC study): A prospective single-arm, open-label study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:999224. [PMID: 36686711 PMCID: PMC9846542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of half a year of evolocumab plus moderate-intensity statin treatment on carotid intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) and blood lipid levels. Methods: A total of 31 patients with 33 carotid plaques who received evolocumab plus statin treatment were included. Blood lipid levels, B-mode ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) at baseline and after half a year of evolocumab plus statin therapy were collected. The area under the curve (AUC) reflected the total amount of acoustic developer entering the plaque or lumen within the 180 s measurement period. The enhanced intensity reflected the peak blood flow intensity during the monitoring period, and the contrast agent area reflected the area of vessels in the plaques. Results: Except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), all other lipid indices decreased. Compared with baseline, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) decreased by approximately 57% (p < 0.001); total cholesterol (TC) decreased by approximately 34% (p < 0.001); small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) decreased by approximately 52% (p < 0.001); and HDL-c increased by approximately 20% (p < 0.001). B-mode ultrasonography showed that the length and thickness of the plaque and the hypoechoic area ratio were reduced (p < 0.05). The plaque area, calcified area ratio, and lumen cross-sectional area changed little (p > 0.05). CEUS revealed that the area under the curve of plaque/lumen [AUC (P/L)] decreased from 0.27 ± 0.13 to 0.19 ± 0.11 (p < 0.001). The enhanced intensity ratio of plaque/lumen [intensity ratio (P/L)] decreased from 0.37 ± 0.16 to 0.31 ± 0.14 (p = 0.009). The contrast agent area in plaque/area of plaque decreased from 19.20 ± 13.23 to 12.66 ± 9.59 (p = 0.003). The neovascularization score decreased from 2.64 ± 0.54 to 2.06 ± 0.86 (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis based on statin duration (<6 months and ≥6 months) showed that there was no significant difference in the AUC (P/L) or intensity ratio (P/L) at baseline or after half a year of evolocumab treatment. Conclusion: This study found that evolocumab combined with moderate-intensity statins significantly improved the blood lipid profile and reduced carotid IPN. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; identifier: NCT04423406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Faming Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zibo Infectious Disease Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Chengbin Lei
- Laboratory Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Tianjun Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xin Xue
- Laboratory Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Laboratory Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Haijun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Qilei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Chenglong Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Beibei Song
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Chengwei Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Fengshuang An
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoguang Huo
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
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Biolo G, Vinci P, Mangogna A, Landolfo M, Schincariol P, Fiotti N, Mearelli F, Di Girolamo FG. Mechanism of action and therapeutic use of bempedoic acid in atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1028355. [PMID: 36386319 PMCID: PMC9650075 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1028355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bempedoic acid is a new cholesterol-lowering drug, which has recently received US FDA and EMA approval. This drug targets lipid and glucose metabolism as well as inflammation via downregulation of ATP-citrate lyase and upregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The primary effect is the reduction of cholesterol synthesis in the liver and its administration is generally not associated to unwanted muscle effects. Suppression of hepatic fatty acid synthesis leads to decreased triglycerides and, possibly, improved non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Bempedoic acid may decrease gluconeogenesis leading to improved insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and metabolic syndrome. The anti-inflammatory action of bempedoic acid is mainly achieved via activation of AMPK pathway in the immune cells, leading to decreased plasma levels of C-reactive protein. Effects of bempedoic acid on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic liver disease have been assessed in randomized clinical trials but require further confirmation. Safety clinical trials in phase III indicate that bempedoic acid administration is generally well-tolerated in combination with statins, ezetimibe, or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets. The aim of this narrative review on bempedoic acid is to explore the underlying mechanisms of action and potential clinical targets, present existing evidence from clinical trials, and describe practical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Biolo
- Medical Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pierandrea Vinci
- Medical Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mangogna
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Landolfo
- Medical Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Schincariol
- Hospital Pharmacy, Cattinara Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Fiotti
- Medical Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Mearelli
- Medical Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo
- Medical Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Hospital Pharmacy, Cattinara Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
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