1
|
Li C, Wang L, Xie W, Chen E, Chen Y, Li H, Can D, Lei A, Wang Y, Zhang J. TGR5 deficiency in excitatory neurons ameliorates Alzheimer's pathology by regulating APP processing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado1855. [PMID: 38941459 PMCID: PMC11212731 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) metabolism has a significant impact on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that deoxycholic acid (DCA) increased in brains of AD mice at an early stage. The enhanced production of DCA induces the up-regulation of the bile acid receptor Takeda G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5), which is also specifically increased in neurons of AD mouse brains at an early stage. The accumulation of exogenous DCA impairs cognitive function in wild-type mice, but not in TGR5 knockout mice. This suggests that TGR5 is the primary receptor mediating these effects of DCA. Furthermore, excitatory neuron-specific knockout of TGR5 ameliorates Aβ pathology and cognition impairments in AD mice. The underlying mechanism linking TGR5 and AD pathology relies on the downstream effectors of TGR5 and the APP production, which is succinctly concluded as a "p-STAT3-APH1-γ-secretase" signaling pathway. Our studies identified the critical role of TGR5 in the pathological development of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenli Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Liangjie Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wenting Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Erqu Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yanbing Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Dan Can
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Aiyu Lei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chung YC, Chen SJ, Huang CC, Liu WC, Lai MT, Kao TY, Yang WS, Yang CH, Hsu CP, Chang JF. Tocilizumab Exerts Anti-Tumor Effects on Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Xenografts Corresponding to Expression Levels of Interleukin-6 Receptor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:127. [PMID: 38256960 PMCID: PMC10820566 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of tocilizumab against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) has been demonstrated as inhibiting the progression of diverse cancers in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, evidence regarding the anti-tumor effects of tocilizumab on human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) corresponding to IL-6R expression levels remains scarce. To investigate the influence of IL-6R expression, SW480 and HT-29 cells inoculated subcutaneously into NU/NU mice were used as human CRC xenograft models with anti-IL-6R antibody (tocilizumab) therapy. The IL-6R expression levels, histology of CRC growth/invasiveness, and tumor growth-related signaling pathway were estimated by H&E and immunohistochemical staining. SW480 tumor cells with higher IL-6R expression levels showed better responsiveness in tocilizumab therapy than in the treated HT-29 group. Likewise, therapeutic effects of tocilizumab on the proliferative ability with mitotic index and Ki-67 expressions, invasiveness with MMP-9 proteinase expressions, and ERK 1/2 and STAT3 signaling transduction in the SW480 treatment group were superior to the HT-29 treatment group. In light of our results, IL-6R is the key indicator for the efficacy of tocilizumab treatment in CRC xenografts. From the perspective of precision medicine, tumor response to anti-IL-6R antibody therapy could be predicted on the basis of IL-6R expression levels. In this manner, tocilizumab may serve as a targeted and promising anti-CRC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chiang Chung
- Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 433, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Jung Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan;
| | - Chiu-Chen Huang
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hsin-Chu Branch, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Tsung Lai
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung 403, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Yu Kao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Shun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hsin-Chu Branch, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Hui Yang
- Department of Business Administration, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Ping Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Robinson G, Pineda-Torra I, Ciurtin C, Jury EC. Lipid metabolism in autoimmune rheumatic disease: implications for modern and conventional therapies. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e148552. [PMID: 35040437 PMCID: PMC8759788 DOI: 10.1172/jci148552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressing inflammation has been the primary focus of therapies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs), including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, conventional therapies with low target specificity can have effects on cell metabolism that are less predictable. A key example is lipid metabolism; current therapies can improve or exacerbate dyslipidemia. Many conventional drugs also require in vivo metabolism for their conversion into therapeutically beneficial products; however, drug metabolism often involves the additional formation of toxic by-products, and rates of drug metabolism can be heterogeneous between patients. New therapeutic technologies and research have highlighted alternative metabolic pathways that can be more specifically targeted to reduce inflammation but also to prevent undesirable off-target metabolic consequences of conventional antiinflammatory therapies. This Review highlights the role of lipid metabolism in inflammation and in the mechanisms of action of AIRD therapeutics. Opportunities for cotherapies targeting lipid metabolism that could reduce immunometabolic complications and potential increased cardiovascular disease risk in patients with AIRDs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Robinson
- Centre for Rheumatology Research
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Research, and
| | - Ines Pineda-Torra
- Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Coziana Ciurtin
- Centre for Rheumatology Research
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Research, and
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang QM, Ni WW, Li Y, Zhang X, Hou JC, Meng XC, Li AL, Jiang ZM. Analysis of altered miRNA profiling in the colon of a mouse model with β-lactoglobulin allergy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2020; 48:666-674. [PMID: 33131977 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The differences in the expression profiles of colonic miRNAs between β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) allergic mice and normal mice were analyzed to investigate the important role of the miRNA regulation mechanism in the pathogenesis of cow's milk allergy. METHODS The present study performed Illumina sequencing to characterize the miRNA profile changes in mouse colon responding to β-Lg challenge. Target genes were predicted by TargetScan 50 and miRanda 3.3a algorithms and assessed by GO and KEGG analysis. The expression levels of selected miRNAs and cytokine production were verified by cell transfection and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS A total of 15 miRNAs were diversely expressed between the colon of the normal and β-Lg-sensitized mice (P < 0.05, fold change of >1.50 or <0.67), including six up-regulated miRNAs and nine down-regulated miRNAs, among which seven miRNAs were validated using qRT-PCR. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses further revealed that biological process, protein binding, cytoplasm and the pathways of cancer were significantly enriched, which were closely connected to the allergic inflammation development. Additionally, six key functional interaction pairs in β-Lg allergy were identified in miRNA prediction algorithms and verified using qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS We can conclude that our results suggested that the miRNAs regulation network participated in the pathogenesis of cow's milk allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q-M Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - W-W Ni
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - X Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - J-C Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - X C Meng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China
| | - A-L Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China.
| | - Z-M Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luan J, Fu J, Wang D, Jiao C, Cui X, Chen C, Liu D, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yuen PST, Kopp JB, Pi J, Zhou H. miR-150-Based RNA Interference Attenuates Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis through the SOCS1/JAK/STAT Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:871-884. [PMID: 33230482 PMCID: PMC7658580 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether microRNA-150 (miR-150)-based RNA interference (RNAi) ameliorates tubular injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Mice injected with folic acid developed tubulointerstitial fibrosis at day 30. miR-150 levels were increased at day 7 and peaked at day 30. At day 30, protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin (FN), and collagen 1 (COL-1) were increased, while suppressor of cytokine signal 1 (SOCS1) was decreased. Kidneys manifested increased macrophage numbers and increased expression of potential mediators: interferon-γ, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Locked nucleic acid-anti-miR-150, started prior to or after tubular injury and administered twice weekly for 4 weeks, reversed renal inflammation and fibrosis. In HK-2 cells, co-culture with macrophages increased miR-150 expression and decreased SOCS1. Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway-related proteins p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-STAT1, p-STAT3, and pro-fibrotic genes encoding α-smooth muscle actin, FN, and COL-1 were all upregulated. The miR-150 antagonist reversed these transcriptional changes. Lastly, in renal biopsies from patients with chronic interstitial fibrosis, renal miR-150, and pro-fibrotic gene expression and macrophage numbers were increased, while SOCS1 expression was decreased. In conclusion, miR-150-based RNAi is as a potential novel therapeutic agent for tubulointerstitial fibrosis, suppressing the SOCS1/JAK/STAT pathway and reducing macrophage influx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Luan
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congcong Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangfei Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengjie Chen
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Massalska M, Maslinski W, Ciechomska M. Small Molecule Inhibitors in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Beyond: Latest Updates and Potential Strategy for Fighting COVID-19. Cells 2020; 9:E1876. [PMID: 32796683 PMCID: PMC7464410 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and target synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs), also known as small molecule inhibitors, represent a breakthrough in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. The tsDMARDs are a large family of small molecules targeting mostly the several types of kinases, which are essential in downstream signaling of pro-inflammatory molecules. This review highlights current challenges associated with the treatment of RA using small molecule inhibitors targeting intracellular JAKs/MAPKs/NF-κB/SYK-BTK signaling pathways. Indeed, we have provided the latest update on development of small molecule inhibitors, their clinical efficacy and safety as a strategy for RA treatment. On the other hand, we have highlighted the risk and adverse effects of tsDMARDs administration including, among others, infections and thromboembolism. Therefore, performance of blood tests or viral infection screening should be recommended before the tsDMARDs administration. Interestingly, recent events of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak have demonstrated the potential use of small molecule inhibitors not only in RA treatment, but also in fighting COVID-19 via blocking the viral entry, preventing of hyperimmune activation and reducing cytokine storm. Thus, small molecule inhibitors, targeting wide range of pro-inflammatory singling pathways, may find wider implications not only for the management of RA but also in the controlling of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marzena Ciechomska
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (W.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meszaros EC, Malemud CJ. STAT1 is Constitutively Activated in the T/C28a2 Immortalized Juvenile Human Chondrocyte Line and Stimulated by IL-6 Plus Soluble IL-6R. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 26213636 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T/C28a2 immortalized juvenile human chondrocytes were employed to determine the extent to which activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription-1 (STAT1) occurred in response to recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL-6) or rhIL-6 in combination with the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Two forms of STAT1, STAT1A and STAT1B, were identified on SDS-PAGE and western blotting with anti-STAT1 antibody. Western blotting revealed that STAT1 was constitutively phosphorylated (p-STAT1). Although incubation of T/C28a2 chondrocytes with rhIL-6 (50 ng/ml) increased p-STAT1A by Δ=22.3% after 30 min, this percent difference failed to reach significance by Chi-square analysis. Similarly, no effect of rhIL-6 (Δ=+10.7%) on p-STAT1B was seen at 30 min. In contrast, although the combination of rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R had no effect on p-STAT1A, rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R increased p-STAT1B by Δ=73.3% (p<0.0001) after 30 min compared to the control group and by Δ=56.7% (p<0.0001) compared to rhIL-6 alone. Janex-1, a Janus kinase-3-specific inhibitor (100 μM) partially reduced the effect of rhIL-6 on p-STAT1B by Δ=27.7% (p<0.05). The results of this study showed that STAT1A/STAT1B was constitutively activated in T/C28a2 chondrocytes. Although rhIL-6 increased p-STAT1B to a small extent, the combination of rhIL-6 plus sIL-6R was far more effective in stimulating STAT1B phosphorylation compared to controls or rhIL-6 alone. These data support the likelihood that although JAK3-mediated activation of STAT1 in T/C28a2 chondrocytes may involve the IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 pathway, these results indicated that STAT1 activation in response to IL-6 preferentially involved IL-6 trans-signaling via sIL-6R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Meszaros
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Arthritis Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Arthritis Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA ; Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim BH, Kim M, Yin CH, Jee JG, Sandoval C, Lee H, Bach EA, Hahm DH, Baeg GH. Inhibition of the signalling kinase JAK3 alleviates inflammation in monoarthritic rats. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:106-18. [PMID: 21434883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many cytokines associated with autoimmune disorders and inflammation have been shown to activate the signalling kinase JAK3, implying that JAK3 plays key roles in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Therefore, investigating the alterations of JAK3 activity and the efficacy of selective JAK3 antagonists in animal models of such disorders is essential to a better understanding of the biology of JAK3 and to assess the potential clinical benefits of JAK3 inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Through high-throughput cell-based screening using the NCI compound library, we identified NSC163088 (berberine chloride) as a novel inhibitor of JAK3. Specificity and efficacy of this compound were investigated in both cellular and animal models. KEY RESULTS We show that berberine chloride has selectivity for JAK3 over other JAK kinase members, as well as over other oncogenic kinases such as Src, in various cellular assays. Biochemical and modelling studies strongly suggested that berberine chloride bound directly to the kinase domain of JAK3. Also phospho-JAK3 levels were significantly increased in the synovial tissues of rat joints with acute inflammation, and the treatment of these rats with berberine chloride decreased JAK3 phosphorylation and suppressed the inflammatory responses. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The up-regulation of JAK3/STATs was closely correlated with acute arthritic inflammation and that inhibition of JAK3 activity by JAK3 antagonists, such as berberine chloride, alleviated the inflammation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hak Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malemud CJ, Sun Y, Pearlman E, Ginley NM, Awadallah A, Wisler BA, Dennis JE. Monosodium Urate and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Increase Apoptosis in Human Chondrocyte Cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:113. [PMID: 24660115 PMCID: PMC3959644 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1149.1000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium urate and tumor necrosis factor-α, are two potent mediators of separate inflammatory response pathways in arthritic joints where inflammation may be accompanied by the loss of chondrocyte vitality via apoptosis. To address this possibility in vitro, chondrocyte cultures were employed to determine the extent to which monosodium urate and recombinant TNF-α altered the frequency of apoptotic chondrocytes. Apoptosis as a function of the activation of p38 kinase, C-Jun-terminal kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and/or the activity of xanthine oxidase was also studied. Using normal human chondrocytes, monosodium urate or recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α increased the frequency of apoptosis and activity of xanthine oxidase. However, the xanthine oxidase-specific inhibitor, febuxostat, failed to blunt this response. Monosodium urate, tumor necrosis factor-α or the Janus kinase inhibitor, AG-490, increased the frequency of apoptotic nuclei in macroaggregate pellet cultures initiated from juvenile human chondrocytes, but not in pellet cultures derived from mesenchymal stem cells. In OA chondrocytes, activation of p38, C-Jun-NH2-kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 preceded apoptosis. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 also was seen in pellet cultures initiated from juvenile chondrocytes and MSCs incubated with MSU, recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α or febuxostat, but apoptosis was increased only in the pellet cultures derived from juvenile chondrocytes. Although AG-490 or the combination of AG-490 and febuxostat inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 activation, apoptosis was unaffected. These results showed that recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α, monosodium urate and AG-490 increased apoptosis in normal human chondrocytes, OA chondrocytes and human juvenile chondrocyte pellet cultures, but not in chondrocyte pellet cultures initiated from MSCs. The increased frequency of apoptotic chondrocytes in response to recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α or monosodium urate was not dependent on either activation of STAT3 or the activity of XO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106-5076 ; Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106-5076
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Visual Sciences Research Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Visual Sciences Research Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Nell M Ginley
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Amad Awadallah
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Bradley A Wisler
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106-5076
| | - James E Dennis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106 ; Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA 98101-2795
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weinberg LR, Albom MS, Angeles TS, Breslin HJ, Gingrich DE, Huang Z, Lisko JG, Mason JL, Milkiewicz KL, Thieu TV, Underiner TL, Wells GJ, Wells-Knecht KJ, Dorsey BD. 2,7-Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as JAK2 inhibitors: modification of target structure to minimize reactive metabolite formation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7325-30. [PMID: 22041060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The JAK2/STAT pathway has important roles in hematopoiesis. With the discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation and its presence in many patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, research in the JAK2 inhibitor arena has dramatically increased. We report a novel series of potent JAK2 inhibitors containing a 2,7-pyrrolotriazine core. To minimize potential drug-induced toxicity, targets were analyzed for the ability to form a glutathione adduct. Glutathione adduct formation was decreased by modification of the aniline substituent at C2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Weinberg
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc. 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380-4245, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Malemud CJ. Myeloid-related protein activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:580295. [PMID: 21876832 PMCID: PMC3157825 DOI: 10.4061/2011/580295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SA100A8, SA100A9, and SA100A12 are members of the myeloid-related protein class. SA100A8 and SA100A9, also known as MRP-8 and MRP-14, respectively, are intracellular Ca2+-binding proteins produced mainly by neutrophils and monocytes where they exist as a heterodimeric complex in the cytosol. The MRP-8/-14 complex has been shown to promote chronic inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In that regard, MRP-8 and MRP-14 regulate the inflammatory response through their capacity to recruit neutrophils and monocytes to target tissues resulting in attachment to endothelium. MRPs also activate the signal transduction pathway principally involving the stress-activated/mitogen-activated protein kinases. MRP-8/MRP-14 also increased nitric oxide synthesis. Most recently, the MRP-8/MRP-14 complex was shown to be a novel ligand for the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TLR-4, in particular. Engagement of TLRs by the MRP-8/-14 complex may be particularly important for activating antigen-presenting dendritic cells which regulate critical autoimmune responses that promote chronic synovitis characteristic of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2061 Cornell Road, Suite 207, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shuttleworth S, Townsend P, Silva F, Cecil A, Hill T, Tomassi C, Rogers H, Harrison R. Progress in the development of small molecule therapeutics targeting Th17 cell function for the treatment of immune-inflammatory diseases. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 50:109-133. [PMID: 21315929 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381290-2.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shuttleworth
- Karus Therapeutics Ltd., 2 Venture Road, Southampton Science Park, Southampton, SO16 7NP, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leishman AJ, Sims GP, Sleeman M, Braddock M. Emerging small molecule and biological therapeutic approaches for the treatment of autoimmunity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 20:23-39. [PMID: 21118058 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.540569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Biological therapeutics targeting TNF-α, IL-6, CD20 and CD80/86 is proving to be an important weapon in the clinicians' armory to fight autoimmunity alongside long-standing small molecule therapeutics such as methotrexate and glucocorticoids. However, there still remains a high unmet clinical need in the field of autoimmunity and many researchers are continuing to discover and develop new therapeutics to address this. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A new wave of small molecule and biological therapeutics targeting different pathways is being developed which could generate exciting new options for clinicians. This review aims to highlight those emerging therapies that are most advanced in clinical development. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an appreciation of new approaches being developed to address the high unmet clinical need in the field of autoimmunity. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Despite recent success in the development of therapeutics to treat autoimmunity, new therapeutic strategies are being developed to address the remaining areas of a high unmet clinical need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Leishman
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bioscience Department, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|