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Fujita K, Isozumi N, Zhu Q, Matsubayashi M, Taniguchi T, Arakawa H, Shirasaka Y, Mori E, Tamai I. Unique Binding Sites of Uricosuric Agent Dotinurad for Selective Inhibition of Renal Uric Acid Reabsorptive Transporter URAT1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:99-107. [PMID: 38670801 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.124.002096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dotinurad was developed as a uricosuric agent, inhibiting urate (UA) reabsorption through the UA transporter URAT1 in the kidneys. Due to its high selectivity for URAT1 among renal UA transporters, we investigated the mechanism underlying this selectivity by identifying dotinurad binding sites specific to URAT1. Dotinurad was docked to URAT1 using AutoDock4, utilizing the AlphaFold2-predicted structure. The inhibitory effects of dotinurad on wild-type and mutated URAT1 at the predicted binding sites were assessed through URAT1-mediated [14C]UA uptake in Xenopus oocytes. Nine amino acid residues in URAT1 were identified as dotinurad-binding sites. Sequence alignment with UA-transporting organic anion transporters (OATs) revealed that H142 and R487 were unique to URAT1 among renal UA-transporting OATs. For H142, IC50 values of dotinurad increased to 62, 55, and 76 nM for mutated URAT1 (H142A, H142E, and H142R, respectively) compared with 19 nM for the wild type, indicating that H142 contributes to URAT1-selective interaction with dotinurad. H142 was predicted to interact with the phenyl-hydroxyl group of dotinurad. The IC50 of the hydroxyl group methylated dotinurad (F13141) was 165 μM, 8420-fold higher than dotinurad, suggesting the interaction of H142 and the phenyl-hydroxyl group by forming a hydrogen bond. Regarding R487, URAT1-R487A exhibited a loss of activity. Interestingly, the URAT1-H142A/R487A double mutant restored UA transport activity, with the IC50 value of dotinurad for the mutant (388 nM) significantly higher than that for H142A (73.5 nM). These results demonstrate that H142 and R487 of URAT1 determine its selectivity for dotinurad, a uniqueness observed only in URAT1 among UA-transporting OATs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Dotinurad selectively inhibits the urate reabsorption transporter URAT1 in renal urate-transporting organic ion transporters (OATs). This study demonstrates that dotinurad interacts with H142 and R487 of URAT1, located in the extracellular domain and unique among OATs when aligning amino acid sequences. Mutations in these residues reduce affinity of dotinurad for URAT1, confirming their role in conferring selective inhibition. Additionally, the interaction between dotinurad and URAT1 involving H142 is found to mediate hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
| | - Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
| | - Qiunan Zhu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
| | - Tetsuya Taniguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (K.F., Q.Z., H.A., Y.S., I.T.); Department of Future Basic Medicine (N.I., E.M.) and V-iCliniX Laboratory (E.M.), Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; and Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Nishi-Ward, Saitama, Japan (M.M., T.T.)
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Gege C, Hahn F, Wangen C, Häge S, Herrmann A, Uhlig N, Eberlein V, Issmail L, Klopfleisch R, Grunwald T, Marschall M, Kohlhof H, Vitt D. Synthesis and Characterization of DHODH Inhibitors Based on the Vidofludimus Scaffold with Pronounced Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400292. [PMID: 38887198 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
New strategies for the rapid development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies are urgently required for emerging and re-emerging viruses like the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Host-directed antivirals that target universal cellular metabolic pathways necessary for viral replication present a promising approach with broad-spectrum activity and low potential for development of viral resistance. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) was identified as one of those universal host factors essential for the replication of many clinically relevant human pathogenic viruses. DHODH is the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing the fourth step in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Therefore, it is also developed as a therapeutic target for many diseases relying on cellular pyrimidine resources, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases and viral or bacterial infection. Thus, several DHODH inhibitors, including vidofludimus calcium (VidoCa, IMU-838), are currently in development or have been investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of virus infections such as SARS-CoV-2-mediated coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Here, we report the medicinal chemistry optimization of VidoCa that resulted in metabolically more stable derivatives with improved DHODH target inhibition in various mammalian species, which translated into improved efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gege
- Immunic AG, Lochhamer Schlag 21, 82166, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Wangen
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sigrun Häge
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nadja Uhlig
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Unit Preclinical Validation, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valentina Eberlein
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Unit Preclinical Validation, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leila Issmail
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Unit Preclinical Validation, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Unit Preclinical Validation, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hella Kohlhof
- Immunic AG, Lochhamer Schlag 21, 82166, Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Daniel Vitt
- Immunic AG, Lochhamer Schlag 21, 82166, Gräfelfing, Germany
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Hou Z, Ma A, Mao J, Song D, Zhao X. Overview of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of URAT1 inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:895-909. [PMID: 37994776 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2287477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperuricemia is a common metabolic disease, which is a risk factor for gouty arthritis and ureteral stones and may also lead to cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CDK). Therefore, hyperuricemia should be treated early. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs) and uricosuric agents (UAs), which target uric acid, are two types of medications that are used to treat gout and hyperuricemia. XOIs stop the body from producing excessive uric acid, while UAs eliminate it rapidly via the kidneys. Urate transporter 1 (URAT1) belongs to the organic anion transporter family (OAT) and is specifically localized to the apical membrane of the epithelial cells of proximal tubules. Unlike other organic anion transporter family members, URAT1 identifies and transports organic anions that are primarily responsible for urate transport. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the existing URAT1 inhibitors to serve as a reference for subsequent drug studies. EXPERT OPINION The URAT1 inhibitors that are currently used as clinical drugs mainly include dotinurad, benzbromarone, and probenecid. Results indicate that RDEA3170 may be the most promising inhibitor, in addition to SHR4640, URC-102, and MBX-102, which are in the early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Hou
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aijinxiu Ma
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiale Mao
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Danni Song
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Peng X, Li X, Xie B, Lai Y, Sosnik A, Boucetta H, Chen Z, He W. Gout therapeutics and drug delivery. J Control Release 2023; 362:728-754. [PMID: 37690697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis caused by persistently elevated uric acid levels. With the improvement of people's living standards, the consumption of processed food and the widespread use of drugs that induce elevated uric acid, gout rates are increasing, seriously affecting the human quality of life, and becoming a burden to health systems worldwide. Since the pathological mechanism of gout has been elucidated, there are relatively effective drug treatments in clinical practice. However, due to (bio)pharmaceutical shortcomings of these drugs, such as poor chemical stability and limited ability to target the pathophysiological pathways, traditional drug treatment strategies show low efficacy and safety. In this scenario, drug delivery systems (DDS) design that overcome these drawbacks is urgently called for. In this review, we initially describe the pathological features, the therapeutic targets, and the drugs currently in clinical use and under investigation to treat gout. We also comprehensively summarize recent research efforts utilizing lipid, polymeric and inorganic carriers to develop advanced DDS for improved gout management and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Hamza Boucetta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 2111198, PR China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
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Wei B, Ren P, Yang R, Gao Y, Tang Q, Xue C, Wang Y. Ameliorative Effect of Mannuronate Oligosaccharides on Hyperuricemic Mice via Promoting Uric Acid Excretion and Modulating Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020417. [PMID: 36678288 PMCID: PMC9865265 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannuronate oligosaccharide (MOS) is α-D-mannuronic acid polymer with 1,4-glycosidic linkages that possesses beneficial biological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypouricemic effect of MOS in hyperuricemic mice and demonstrate the possible protective mechanisms involved. In this research, 200 mg/kg/day of MOS was orally administered to hyperuricemic mice for four weeks. The results showed that the MOS treatment significantly reduced the serum uric acid (SUA) level from 176.4 ± 7.9 μmol/L to 135.7 ± 10.9 μmol/L (p < 0.05). MOS alleviated the inflammatory response in the kidney. Moreover, MOS promoted uric acid excretion by regulating the protein levels of renal GLUT9, URAT1 and intestinal GLUT9, ABCG2. MOS modulated the gut microbiota in hyperuricemic mice and decreased the levels of Tyzzerella. In addition, research using antibiotic-induced pseudo-sterile mice demonstrated that the gut microbiota played a crucial role in reducing elevated serum uric acid of MOS in mice. In conclusion, MOS may be a potential candidate for alleviating HUA symptoms and regulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqian Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Pengfei Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ruzhen Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qingjuan Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-186-6140-2667
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
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Naseem A, Pal A, Gowan S, Asad Y, Donovan A, Temesszentandrási-Ambrus C, Kis E, Gaborik Z, Bhalay G, Raynaud F. Intracellular Metabolomics Identifies Efflux Transporter Inhibitors in a Routine Caco-2 Cell Permeability Assay-Biological Implications. Cells 2022; 11:3286. [PMID: 36291153 PMCID: PMC9601193 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caco-2 screens are routinely used in laboratories to measure the permeability of compounds and can identify substrates of efflux transporters. In this study, we hypothesized that efflux transporter inhibition of a compound can be predicted by an intracellular metabolic signature in Caco-2 cells in the assay used to test intestinal permeability. Using selective inhibitors and transporter knock-out (KO) cells and a targeted Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) method, we identified 11 metabolites increased in cells with depleted P-glycoprotein (Pgp) activity. Four metabolites were altered with Breast Cancer Resistance (BCRP) inhibition and nine metabolites were identified in the Multidrug Drug Resistance Protein 2 (MRP2) signature. A scoring system was created that could discriminate among the three transporters and validated with additional inhibitors. Pgp and MRP2 substrates did not score as inhibitors. In contrast, BCRP substrates and inhibitors showed a similar intracellular metabolomic signature. Network analysis of signature metabolites led us to investigate changes of enzymes in one-carbon metabolism (folate and methionine cycles). Our data shows that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) protein levels increased with Pgp inhibition and Thymidylate synthase (TS) protein levels were reduced with Pgp and MRP2 inhibition. In addition, the methionine cycle is also affected by both Pgp and MRP2 inhibition. In summary, we demonstrated that the routine Caco-2 assay has the potential to identify efflux transporter inhibitors in parallel with substrates in the assays currently used in many DMPK laboratories and that inhibition of efflux transporters has biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Naseem
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Akos Pal
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sharon Gowan
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Yasmin Asad
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Adam Donovan
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - Emese Kis
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Charles River Company, Irinyi József u. 4-20, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Gaborik
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Charles River Company, Irinyi József u. 4-20, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gurdip Bhalay
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
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Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Chemical Composition of Pistacia chinensis Leaf Essential Oil. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14101982. [PMID: 36297418 PMCID: PMC9609098 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is a common metabolic disease caused by abnormal purine metabolism that promotes the formation and deposition of monosodium urate crystals within joints that causes acute arthritis and can seriously affect the daily life of patients. Pistacia chinensis is one of the traditional medicinal plants of the Anacardiaceae family, and there have been many studies on its biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antibacterial, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigout effect of P. chinensis leaf essential oil and its constituents through xanthine oxidase inhibition. Leaf essential oil showed good xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity for both substrates, hypoxanthine and xanthine. Six fractions were obtained from open column chromatography, and fraction E1 exhibited the best activity. The constituents of leaf essential oil and fraction E1 were analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of both leaf essential oil and fraction E1 were limonene and 3-carene; limonene showed a higher inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase. Based on the enzyme kinetic investigation, limonene was the mixed-type inhibitor against xanthine oxidase. The results revealed that Pistacia chinensis leaf essential oil and limonene have the potential to act as natural remedies for the treatment of gout.
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Zhao R, Li Z, Sun Y, Ge W, Wang M, Liu H, Xun L, Xia Y. Engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 with urate oxidase and an oxygen-recycling system for hyperuricemia treatment. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2070391. [PMID: 35491895 PMCID: PMC9067508 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2070391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is the second most prevalent metabolic disease to human health after diabetes. Only a few clinical drugs are available, and most of them have serious side effects. The human body does not have urate oxidase, and uric acid is secreted via the kidney or the intestine. Reduction through kidney secretion is often the cause of hyperuricemia. We hypothesized that the intestine secretion could be enhanced when a recombinant urate-degrading bacterium was introduced into the gut. We engineered an Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 strain with a plasmid containing a gene cassette that encoded two proteins PucL and PucM for urate metabolism from Bacillus subtilis, the urate importer YgfU and catalase KatG from E. coli, and the bacterial hemoglobin Vhb from Vitreoscilla sp. The recombinant E. coli strain effectively degraded uric acid under hypoxic conditions. A new method to induce hyperuricemia in mice was developed by intravenously injecting uric acid. The engineered Escherichia coli strain significantly lowered the serum uric acid when introduced into the gut or directly injected into the blood vessel. The results support the use of urate-degrading bacteria in the gut to treat hyperuricemia. Direct injecting bacteria into blood vessels to treat metabolic diseases is proof of concept, and it has been tried to treat solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zimai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China,School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China,CONTACT Yongzhen Xia State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province266237, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Circulation of urate levels is determined by the balance between urate production and excretion, homeostasis regulated by the function of urate transporters in key epithelial tissues and cell types. Our understanding of these physiological processes and identification of the genes encoding the urate transporters has advanced significantly, leading to a greater ability to predict risk for urate-associated diseases and identify new therapeutics that directly target urate transport. Here, we review the identified urate transporters and their organization and function in the renal tubule, the intestinal enterocytes, and other important cell types to provide a fuller understanding of the complicated process of urate homeostasis and its role in human diseases. Furthermore, we review the genetic tools that provide an unbiased catalyst for transporter identification as well as discuss the role of transporters in determining the observed significant gender differences in urate-associated disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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