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Helmy AM, Lu A, Duggal I, Rodrigues KP, Maniruzzaman M. Electromagnetic drop-on-demand (DoD) technology as an innovative platform for amorphous solid dispersion production. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124185. [PMID: 38703932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Production of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is an effective strategy to promote the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water soluble medicinal substances. In general, ASD is manufactured using a variety of classic and modern techniques, most of which rely on either melting or solvent evaporation. This proof-of-concept study is the first ever to introduce electromagnetic drop-on-demand (DoD) technique as an alternative solvent evaporation-based method for producing ASDs. Herein 3D printing of ASDs for three drug-polymer combinations (efavirenz-Eudragit L100-55, lumefantrine-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, and favipiravir-polyacrylic acid) was investigated to ascertain the reliability of this technique. Polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results supported the formation of ASDs for the three drugs by means of DoD 3D printing, which significantly increases the equilibrium solubility of efavirenz from 0.03 ± 0.04 µg/ml to 21.18 ± 4.20 µg/ml, and the equilibrium solubility of lumefantrine from 1.26 ± 1.60 µg/ml to 20.21 ± 6.91 µg/ml. Overall, the reported findings show how this new electromagnetic DoD technology can have a potential to become a cutting-edge 3D printing solvent-evaporation technique for on-demand and continuous manufacturing of ASDs for a variety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M Helmy
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Anqi Lu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ishaan Duggal
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kristina P Rodrigues
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677-1848, USA.
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2
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de Souza Furtado P, Agnes Silva Camargo de Oliveira A, Santiago Rodrigues P, Rita Santiago de Paula Gonçalves A, Raphaella Autran Colaço A, Pinheiro da Costa S, Muniz da Paz M, Wetler Meireles Carreiros Assumpção P, Pereira Rangel L, Simon A, Almada do Carmo F, Mendes Cabral L, Cunha Sathler P. In vivo evaluation of time-dependent antithrombotic effect of rivaroxaban-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/sodium lauryl sulfate or didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide nanoparticles in Wistar rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:184-196. [PMID: 37517449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Rivaroxaban (RVX), an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, is being explored as an alternative to traditional anticoagulans. However, RVX still faces pharmacokinetic limitations and adverse effects, highlighting the need for more effective formulations. In this regard, pharmaceutical nanotechnology, particularly the use of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs), offers a promising approach for optimizing RVX delivery. This study aimed to develop and physicochemically characterize RVX-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide (DMAB) nanoparticles, and also evaluate their pharmacological and toxicological profiles as a potential therapeutic strategy. The PNPs exhibited sizes below 300 nm and spherical morphology, with both negative and positive surface charges, according to surfactant used. They demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency and suitable yields, as well as rapid initial liberation followed by sustained release in different pH environments. Importantly, in vivo evaluations revealed a time-dependent antithrombotic effect surpassing the free form of RVX when administered orally in SLS or DMAB PNP. No hemolytic or cytotoxic effects were observed at various concentrations of the PNPs. Interestingly, the PNPs did not induce hemorrhagic events or cause liver enzyme alterations in vivo. These findings suggest that RVX-loaded SLS or DMAB PNPs are promising innovative therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of thromboembolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila de Souza Furtado
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabHEx, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Pryscila Santiago Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabHEx, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Anna Raphaella Autran Colaço
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabHEx, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandro Pinheiro da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabHEx, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Muniz da Paz
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LBT, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Pereira Rangel
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LBT, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alice Simon
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia Almada do Carmo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Plínio Cunha Sathler
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabHEx, Faculdade de Farmácia, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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3
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Rashed M, Dadashzadeh S, Bolourchian N. The Impact of Process and Formulation Parameters on the Fabrication of Efavirenz Nanosuspension to Improve Drug Solubility and Dissolution. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e129409. [PMID: 36942076 PMCID: PMC10024318 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-129409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Efavirenz nanosuspensions (EZ-NSs) were developed by the wet milling method as the most promising top-down nanosizing technique. Different process and formulation parameters were studied and optimized to produce appropriate EZ-NS in suitable conditions to enhance drug dissolution. Methods In the preliminary studies, various polymeric stabilizers, including Pluronic F68, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), as well as different sizes and weight of milling beads were used to prepare NSs. The effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) concentration on the NS properties was also evaluated. The influence of other formulation and process parameters, including polymer concentration, milling speed, and milling time, on the particle size and distribution of NSs were investigated using Box-Behnken design. The optimized freeze-dried nanosuspension was characterized by redispersibility, physicochemical properties, and stability. Results A combination of PVA and SLS was selected as steric and electrostatic stabilizers. The optimum EZ-NS displayed a uniform size distribution with a mean particle size and zeta potential of 254.4 nm and 21.1 mV, respectively. The solidified nanosuspension was well redispersed to the original nanoparticles. Significantly enhanced aqueous solubility (about 11-fold) and accelerated dissolution rate were observed for the optimized formulation. This could be attributed to the reduced particle size and partial amorphization of EZ during the preparation process, studied by X-ray diffraction. Accelerated studies confirmed the stability of the optimum freeze-dried formulation over the examined period of three months. Conclusions Optimization of different variables led to the formation of EZ-NSs with desired properties through wet milling in a very short time compared to the previous study and therefore reduced production costs. This formulation seems to be a suitable approach for solubility and dissolution enhancement of EZ and may have a great potential to improve the drug's oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Rashed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Dadashzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Bolourchian
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Rohde F, Walther M, Wächter J, Knetzger N, Lotz C, Windbergs M. In-situ tear fluid dissolving nanofibers enable prolonged viscosity-enhanced dual drug delivery to the eye. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121513. [PMID: 35085733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid and semi-solid formulations are the most commonly used drug delivery systems for ophthalmic diseases. Upon application into the conjunctival sac, these systems introduce a variable and unphysiologically high liquid volume to the eye, resulting in overflow and extensive nasolacrimal drainage, accounting for dosing inaccuracy and short ocular residence time. In this study, we present nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds composed of biocompatible polymers, overcoming these challenges by immediate drug release. The fibers incorporate gentamicin and dexamethasone, intended for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Upon contact with the ocular surface, the nanofibers immediately dissolve in the tear fluid, quantitatively releasing the two actives, yielding over92% drug recovery, determined with fluorimetric and chromatographic quantifications methods. Simultaneously, the viscosity of the tear fluid increases, shown by complex viscometry measurements. A newly developed ex vivo microfluidic porcine cornea model was used to evaluated ocular residence time. In contrast to fluid eye drops, the contact time was significantly prolonged and 20min after application, an increase in drug availability on the ocular surface of 342% was observed. Biocompatibility of the polymer system was demonstrated in an OECD approved in vitro cornea model. The antibacterial activity after processing was evaluated according to EUCAST guidelines, and storage stability of the system was confirmed over a 12-week period. This innovative drug delivery system poses a highly promising platform technology, overcoming challenges associated with conventional dosage forms for drug delivery to the anterior eye and thus significantly advancing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rohde
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M Walther
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Wächter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - N Knetzger
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Lotz
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Windbergs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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5
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Kakad S, Kshirsagar S. Nose to brain delivery of Efavirenz nanosuspension for effective neuro AIDS therapy: in-vitro, in- vivo and pharmacokinetic assessment. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08368. [PMID: 34901485 PMCID: PMC8637478 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz is inhibitor of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase enzyme; BCS class II drug. The objective of the present research was to prepare and evaluate nanosuspension of Efavirenz for the treatment of neuro-AIDS. Efavirenz is the substrate for drug resistant proteins at BBB prone to efflux and could not reach brain with effective levels. Current need of the therapy is to develop drug delivery systems targeting viral reservoirs at effective concentration in the brain. With this need we developed Efavirenz nanosuspension for nose to brain drug transport to bypass blood brain barrier. Nanosuspension prepared with high-pressure homogenization had a mean particle size of 223 nm, PDI of 0.2 and -21.2 mV zeta potential. Histopathology study on goat nasal mucosa showed no adverse effects of formulation on nasal tissues. Gamma scintigraphy study and in-vivo study on Wistar rat model reveals drug transport to the CNS after nasal administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters and drug targeting potential of 99.46 % suggest direct nose to brain transport of Efavirenz nanoparticle. Results reveal that nose to brain delivery of Efavirenz is the best possible alternative for neuro -AIDS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kakad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET's Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 422003, India
| | - Sanjay Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET's Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 422003, India
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6
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Bedor DCG, Bedor NCTC, Neto JGP, José de Alencar Danda L, de Oliveira FM, de Oliveira GHO, Soares Sobrinho JL, Beyssac E, Castro WVD, Santana DPD. Characterization, in vitro dissolution, and pharmacokinetics of different batches of efavirenz raw materials. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:725-734. [PMID: 34038291 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1934860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform the solid-state characterization and the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of three batches of efavirenz (EFV) active pharmaceutical ingredients. SIGNIFICANCE EFV is an effective anti-HIV drug. Due to the poor aqueous solubility, the rate and extent of EFV absorption deeply depend on its dissolution characteristics. METHODS Thermal analyses, x-ray diffraction, and particle size distribution were performed. The saturation solubility and dissolution profiles were assessed in 0.5% (w/v) sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF), and fed-state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) using a flow-through cell. Each batch was orally administered to Wistar rats and the pharmacokinetic parameters were correlated with those obtained from in vitro dissolution. RESULTS All batches of EFV consisted polymorph I. EFV-A presented the lowest particle size distribution [d(v,0.5) = 197.8 µm; d(v,0.9) = 444.6 µm] followed by EFV-B [d(v,0.5) = 223.9 µm; d(v,0.9) = 481.1 µm], and EFV-C [d(v,0.5) = 240.8 µm; d(v,0.9) = 497.3 µm]. The saturated solubility in FaSSIF was 36% and 40% of that in FeSSIF and SLS, respectively. EFV-A presented the fastest rate and largest extension of dissolution than EFV-B and C (79.15%, 69.93% and 54.22%, respectively, as well as the highest maximum plasma concentration. Levels B, C, and multiple-C of IVIVC models were achieved. CONCLUSION The FaSSIF medium discriminated the dissolution profiles of EFV APIs. Small differences in particle size distribution had a significant impact on the biopharmaceutical parameters of EFV, suggesting that strict control of such parameter is an important aspect during API development and drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Beyssac
- Biopharmaceutical Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont, France
| | - Whocely Victor de Castro
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis Brazil
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7
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Ataollahi N, Broseghini M, Ferreira FF, Susana A, Pizzato M, Scardi P. Effect of High-Energy Milling on the Dissolution of Anti-HIV Drug Efavirenz in Different Solvents. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12647-12659. [PMID: 34056416 PMCID: PMC8154137 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The anti-HIV drug efavirenz (EFV) displays low and variable bioavailability because of its poor aqueous solubility. Ball milling is a simple and cost-effective alternative to traditional micronization to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of EFV. A multibody dynamics model was employed to optimize the milling process parameters, while the motion of the balls in the mill jar was monitored in operando. This led to a better understanding of the milling dynamics for efficient comminution and enhancement of EFV dissolution. The variability of results for different EFV batches was also considered. Depending on the EFV batch, there were intrinsic differences in how the milling affected the dissolution behavior and inhibition of HIV-1 infection. High-energy grinding is more effective on EFV materials containing an amorphous fraction; it helps to remove agglomeration and enhances dissolution. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) addition improves the dissolution by forming a hydrophilic layer on the EFV surface, thereby increasing the drug wettability. Polymorphism also affects the quality, dosage, and effectiveness of the drug. The mechanical stress effect and PVP addition on the EFV polymorphic transformation were monitored by X-ray powder diffraction, while the residual of ground EFV was collected after dissolution, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and provided insights into the morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Ataollahi
- Department
of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Marica Broseghini
- Helmholtz
Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Institute of Coastal
Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Fabio F. Ferreira
- Center
for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal
University of ABC, Santo
André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Alberto Susana
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Centre
for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Paolo Scardi
- Department
of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, Trento 38123, Italy
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8
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Ambhore JP, Chaudhari SR, Cheke RS, Kharkar PS. A Concise Analytical Profile of Efavirenz: Analytical Methodologies. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1583-1592. [PMID: 33722117 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1895711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are the prime members of antiretroviral therapy that are presently employed for the management of the human immunodeficiency virus. It uses an enzyme i.e., reverse transcriptase to convert its ribonucleic acid into reverse transcription; these agents impede the function of reverse transcriptase and reverse transcription counter human immunodeficiency virus from replicating. Efavirenz is the first-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor agent. Similar to the other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor agents; it is prescribed with other inhibitors in combination for regimens antiretroviral therapy. To enhance survival and avoid aggressive infections in patients affected with human immunodeficiency virus infection, adequate antiretroviral therapy is the most significant treatment. Accordingly, the development and validation of such therapeutic agents are challenging work for the analysts. Therefore, the proposed review integrally addresses the analytical reports of efavirenz recorded in the literature databases like Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Pub-Med, and through many other sources. It has been remarked that for the development of efavirenz many analytical techniques were used for addressing the qualitative and quantitative estimation of efavirenz from various pharmaceutical and biological matrices. This review plan to review the stereochemistry, mechanism of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and adverse reaction, and various analytical approaches assessed for the same. The hyphenated and chromatographic techniques are frequently used for analysis of cited drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya P Ambhore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, MS, India
| | - Suraj R Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, MS, India
| | - Rameshwar S Cheke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Malkapur, MS, India
| | - Prashant S Kharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, MS, India
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9
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Wardhana YW, Hardian A, Chaerunisa AY, Suendo V, Soewandhi SN. Kinetic estimation of solid state transition during isothermal and grinding processes among efavirenz polymorphs. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03876. [PMID: 32405549 PMCID: PMC7210586 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation into the solid-state transition among drug polymorphs has been more intense lately. Many factors induce the transformation of polymorphs during manufacturing processes. Efavirenz (EFV), an AIDS therapy drug, has more than 23 polymorphs, but very little information has been reported on them. This study aimed to perform a characterisation of EFV polymorph properties and to predict the kinetics and mechanism of the polymorphic transformation of EFV during manufacturing processes. The bimorphism study was conducted by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis. The phase transition kinetics of the polymorphs was monitored by X-ray powder diffraction and the quantification of concomitant polymorphs was examined using Rietveld refinement with MAUD ver. 2.7 as a software aid. To predict the solid-state transition, correlation coefficients of solid-state kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data. The results show that Form I and Form II of EFV were thermodynamically shown to be monotropy related. By fitting the experimental data, it was found that isothermal treatment had the best model fit with the phase boundary reaction in the two-dimensional model (G2). Accordingly, by employing mechanical treatment (grinding), it was predicted that the transition mechanism is a second-ordered reaction (R2). The activation energy of the transition during isothermal treatment calculated by the Arrhenius plot was found to be 23.051 kJ mol−1; the half-lif of Form II at ambient temperature was 428.05 min (~7.1 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoga Windhu Wardhana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institute Technology of Bandung (ITB), Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceuticals Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD), Indonesia
| | - Arie Hardian
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, ITB, Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jenderal Achmad Jani (UNJANI), Indonesia
| | - Anis Y Chaerunisa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceuticals Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD), Indonesia
| | - Veinardi Suendo
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, ITB, Indonesia.,Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute Technology of Bandung (ITB), Indonesia
| | - Sundani N Soewandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Institute Technology of Bandung (ITB), Indonesia.,Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute Technology of Bandung (ITB), Indonesia
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10
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Patel M, Shah R, Sawant K. Recent Advances in Drug Delivery Strategies for Improved Therapeutic Efficacy of Efavirenz. RECENT PATENTS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 14:119-127. [PMID: 31738157 DOI: 10.2174/1872210513666191019103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efavirenz, an anti-HIV agent, has a noticeable place in the HAART regimen for the treatment and maintenance therapy of AIDS. However, its poor water solubility accounts for hindered absorption and bio-distribution upon administration. This results in its low and variable bioavailability. To circumvent these limitations, various novel formulations of Efavirenz have been investigated in order to mitigate its drawbacks and draw out its maximum therapeutic effect. METHODS Numerous formulations explored to overcome the drawbacks of Efavirenz include modified/ controlled-release tablets, solid dispersions, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, surface-engineered nanoparticles and various other nanoformulations. Moreover, combinatorial formulations of Efavirenz with other Anti-HIV drugs have also been reported to overcome the problem of Drug-Resistance. RESULTS The nanoformulation based strategies, owing to their ability to provide controlled release profile and targeted drug delivery were found to augment bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and reduce the side effects of the Efavirenz. CONCLUSION This review pivots around the challenges and recent advances in the delivery of Efavirenz with particular emphasis on novel formulations including its patents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Patel
- Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Surat 394350, Gujarat, India
| | - Ruhi Shah
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Shri G.H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Faculty of Pharmacy, The M. S. University of Baroda, Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Krutika Sawant
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Shri G.H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Faculty of Pharmacy, The M. S. University of Baroda, Fatehgunj, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
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11
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Letchmanan K, Shen SC, Ng WK, Tan RB. Application of transglycosylated stevia and hesperidin as drug carriers to enhance biopharmaceutical properties of poorly-soluble artemisinin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 161:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Sartori GJ, Prado LD, Rocha HVA. Efavirenz Dissolution Enhancement IV-Antisolvent Nanocrystallization by Sonication, Physical Stability, and Dissolution. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:3011-3020. [PMID: 28493004 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz is a fundamental drug in the HIV therapy; however, it has a low bioavailability due to low water solubility. Particle nanonization should enhance its dissolution and therefore its bioavailability. Nanocrystallization is a promising technique for preparing drug nanocrystals. A solution containing efavirenz (EFV) and methanol was added to an aqueous solution of particle stabilizers, under sonication. The adequate polymer stabilizer and its concentration and drug load were evaluated. Particle size and zeta potential of suspensions were measured. Nanosuspensions were freeze-dried and the resulting powder was characterized by some techniques, with special attention to dissolution. Particle size and zeta potential analysis showed that HMPC and PVP were the most suitable polymers. All samples prepared with these stabilizers had nanosized particles and proper zeta potential; however, sedimentation and particle growth were detected with Turbiscan™. Time-related destabilization occurred when the lowest polymer concentration of 20% was used. SEM analysis of the dried powder shows film formation for suspensions with 40% of polymer and particle aggregation in samples with less polymer. Dissolution profiles of samples were higher than EFV raw material, although the lower the polymer concentration, the higher the dissolution.
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Siyawamwaya M, Choonara YE, Kumar P, Kondiah PPD, du Toit LC, Pillay V. Synthesis, Comparison, and Optimization of a Humic Acid-Quat10 Polyelectrolyte Complex by Complexation-Precipitation versus Extrusion-Spheronization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:3116-3128. [PMID: 28523633 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel humic acid and polyquaternium-10 polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) was synthesized utilizing two methods and the solubility and permeability of efavirenz (EFV) were established. Complexation-precipitation and extrusion-spheronization were used to synthesize and compare the drug-loaded PECs. The chemical integrity, thermo-mechanical differences, and morphology between the drug-loaded PECs produced by the two methods were assessed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and SEM. The extent of drug solubilization was determined using the saturation solubility test while the biocompatibility of both PECs was confirmed by cytotoxicity studies on human adenocarcinoma cells (caco2). Bio-relevant media was used for the solubility and permeability analysis of the optimized PEC formulations for accurate assessment of formulation performance. Ritonavir (RTV) was loaded into the optimized formulation to further corroborate the impact of the PEC on the solubility and permeability properties of a poorly soluble and poorly permeable drug. The optimized EFV-loaded PEC and the RTV-loaded PEC exhibited 14.16 ± 2.81% and 4.39 ± 0.57% increase in solubility, respectively. Both PECs were compared to currently marketed formulations. Intestinal permeation results revealed an enhancement of 61.24 ± 6.92% for EFV and 38.78 ± 0.50% for RTV. Although both fabrication methods produced PECs that enhanced the solubility and permeability of the model Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II and IV drugs, extrusion-spheronization was selected as most optimal based on the higher solubility and permeability improvement and the impact on caco2 cell viability.
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Chatterjee S, Judeh ZMA. Impact of the type of emulsifier on the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared fish oil-loaded microcapsules. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:366-382. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1341561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chatterjee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zaher M. A. Judeh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Hoffmeister CRD, Fandaruff C, da Costa MA, Cabral LM, Pitta LR, Bilatto SER, Prado LD, Corrêa DS, Tasso L, Silva MAS, Rocha HVA. Efavirenz dissolution enhancement III: Colloid milling, pharmacokinetics and electronic tongue evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 99:310-317. [PMID: 28042101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), is part of first-line therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (HIV-1/AIDS). This drug shows relatively low oral absorption and bioavailability, as well as high intra- and inter-subject variability. Several studies have shown that treatment failure and adverse effects are associated with low and high EFV plasma concentrations, respectively. Some studies suggest different EFV formulations to minimize inter-patient variability and improve its solubility and dissolution; however, all of these formulations are complex, using for instance, cyclodextrins, dendrimers and polymeric nanoparticles, rendering them inviable industrially. The aim of this work was to prepare simple and low-cost suspensions of EFV for improvement of solubility and dissolution rate by using colloid mill, spray or freeze-drying, and characterization of the powders obtained. The results demonstrated an increase in the dissolution rate of EFV, using 0.2% of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and 0.2% of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) or hydroxypropylmetilcellulose (HPMC) in both freeze and spray dried powders. The pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic parameters for the formulation containing SLS and HPC. The powders obtained, which present enhanced dissolution properties, can be incorporated in a solid dosage form for treatment of AIDS in paediatric patients with promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane R D Hoffmeister
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Sistemas Farmacêuticos Avançados (LaSiFA), Av. Comandante Guaranys 447, CEP 22775-903 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cinira Fandaruff
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Campus Universitário, Trindade, CEP 88040-9007 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maíra A da Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Sistemas Farmacêuticos Avançados (LaSiFA), Av. Comandante Guaranys 447, CEP 22775-903 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucio M Cabral
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Pitta
- Vice-Diretoria de Ensino, Pesquisa e Inovação (VDEPI), Farmanguinhos (FIOCRUZ), Brazil
| | - Stanley E R Bilatto
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia para o Agronegócio (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia (CCET), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia D Prado
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Sistemas Farmacêuticos Avançados (LaSiFA), Av. Comandante Guaranys 447, CEP 22775-903 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Corrêa
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia para o Agronegócio (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia (CCET), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Tasso
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio S Silva
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade, Campus Universitário, Trindade, CEP 88040-9007 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Helvécio V A Rocha
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Sistemas Farmacêuticos Avançados (LaSiFA), Av. Comandante Guaranys 447, CEP 22775-903 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, LabTIF, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Vedha Hari B, Lu CL, Narayanan N, Wang RR, Zheng YT. Engineered polymeric nanoparticles of Efavirenz: Dissolution enhancement through particle size reduction. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Micronized Organic Magnesium Salts Enhance Opioid Analgesia in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161776. [PMID: 27792736 PMCID: PMC5085085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose As previously reported, magnesium sulphate administered parenterally significantly increased an opioid antinociception in different kinds of pain. Since the typical form of magnesium salts are poorly and slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract we examined whether their micronized form could increase opioids induced antinociception. Methods In behavioural studies on rats morphine, tramadol and oxycodone together with magnesium (lactate dihydrate, hydroaspartate, chloride) in micronized (particles of size D90 < 50 μm) and conventional forms were used. Changes in pain thresholds were determined using mechanical stimuli. The intestinal absorption of two forms of magnesium lactate dihydrate (at the doses of 7.5 or 15 mg ions) in the porcine gut sac model were also compared. Results Micronized form of magnesium lactate dihydrate or hydroaspartate but not chloride (15 mg of magnesium ions kg-1) enhanced the analgesic activity of orally administered opioids, significantly faster and more effective in comparison to the conventional form of magnesium salts (about 40% for oxycodone administered together with a micronized form of magnesium hydroaspartate). Moreover, in vitro studies of transport across porcine intestines of magnesium ions showed that magnesium salts administered in micronized form were absorbed from the intestines to a greater extent than the normal form of magnesium salts. Conclusions The co-administration of micronized magnesium organic salts with opioids increased their synergetic analgesic effect. This may suggest an innovative approach to the treatment of pain in clinical practice.
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Kamble RN, Mehta PP, Kumar A. Efavirenz Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1240-7. [PMID: 26573159 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) is the isotropic and thermodynamically stable mixture of oil, surfactant, co-solvent/surfactant, and drug. It emulsifies spontaneously when introduced into an aqueous phase under a mild agitation. The current study was aimed to prepare SNEDDS to augment solubility, release rate, and oral bioavailability of BCS class II drug, efavirenz (EFV). A series of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant was screened out by a ternary phase diagram to locate a better homogenous mixture. The prepared SNEDDS was evaluated regarding its appearance, mean droplet size, phase separation, in vitro drug release, and oral bioavailability. Among the screened oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, Labrafil M 2125 CS, Tween 80, and Transcutol®P mixture exhibited superior solubilizing capacity, respectively. Optimized SNEDDS exhibits 98.39% drug release. SNEDDS dissolution behavior was attributed to oil/surfactant ratios and properties of the surfactant phase. It also demonstrates threefold increments in the area under curve (AUC) in comparison to neat EFV. Furthermore, the optimized SNEDDS does not show any vitrification during its 3-month storage. In the present study, better performance of SNEDDS is explained by various factors like (i) improved surface area of droplets, (ii) superior solubilization potential for hydrophobic drugs due to Labrafil M 2125 CS, and (iii) result of surfactant on mucosal permeability. This study demonstrated that SNEDDS may be an alternative approach for the poorly soluble drugs to improve their solubility and oral bioavailability.
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Siccardi M, Martin P, Smith D, Curley P, McDonald T, Giardiello M, Liptrott N, Rannard S, Owen A. Towards a rational design of solid drug nanoparticles with optimised pharmacological properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:110-123. [PMID: 27774308 PMCID: PMC5054800 DOI: 10.1002/jin2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid drug nanoparticles (SDNs) are a nanotechnology with favourable characteristics to enhance drug delivery and improve the treatment of several diseases, showing benefit for improved oral bioavailability and injectable long‐acting medicines. The physicochemical properties and composition of nanoformulations can influence the absorption, distribution, and elimination of nanoparticles; consequently, the development of nanoparticles for drug delivery should consider the potential role of nanoparticle characteristics in the definition of pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological behaviour of efavirenz SDNs and the identification of optimal nanoparticle properties and composition. Seventy‐seven efavirenz SDNs were included in the analysis. Cellular accumulation was evaluated in HepG2 (hepatic) and Caco‐2 (intestinal), CEM (lymphocyte), THP1 (monocyte), and A‐THP1 (macrophage) cell lines. Apparent intestinal permeability (Papp) was measured using a monolayer of Caco‐2 cells. The Papp values were used to evaluate the potential benefit on pharmacokinetics using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. The generated SDNs had an enhanced intestinal permeability and accumulation in different cell lines compared to the traditional formulation of efavirenz. Nanoparticle size and excipient choice influenced efavirenz apparent permeability and cellular accumulation, and this appeared to be cell line dependent. These findings represent a valuable platform for the design of SDNs, giving an empirical background for the selection of optimal nanoparticle characteristics and composition. Understanding how nanoparticle components and physicochemical properties influence pharmacological patterns will enable the rational design of SDNs with desirable pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Phillip Martin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Darren Smith
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Tom McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, Crown Street University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Marco Giardiello
- Department of Chemistry, Crown Street University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Neill Liptrott
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Steve Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, Crown Street University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
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Challenges in oral drug delivery of antiretrovirals and the innovative strategies to overcome them. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:105-120. [PMID: 26772138 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Development of novel drug delivery systems (DDS) represents a promising opportunity to overcome the various bottlenecks associated with the chronic antiretroviral (ARV) therapy of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Oral drug delivery is the most convenient and simplest route of drug administration that involves the swallowing of a pharmaceutical compound with the intention of releasing it into the gastrointestinal tract. In oral delivery, drugs can be formulated in such a way that they are protected from digestive enzymes, acids, etc. and released in different regions of the small intestine and/or the colon. Not surprisingly, with the exception of the subcutaneous enfuvirtide, all the marketed ARVs are administered orally. However, conventional (marketed) and innovative (under investigation) oral delivery systems must overcome numerous challenges, including the acidic gastric environment, and the poor aqueous solubility and physicochemical instability of many of the approved ARVs. In addition, the mucus barrier can prevent penetration and subsequent absorption of the released drug, a phenomenon that leads to lower oral bioavailability and therapeutic concentration in plasma. Moreover, the frequent administration of the cocktail (ARVs are administered at least once a day) favors treatment interruption. To improve the oral performance of ARVs, the design and development of more efficient oral drug delivery systems are called for. The present review highlights various innovative research strategies adopted to overcome the limitations of the present treatment regimens and to enhance the efficacy of the oral ARV therapy in HIV.
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Fitriani L, Haqi A, Zaini E. Preparation and characterization of solid dispersion freeze-dried efavirenz - polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2016; 7:105-9. [PMID: 27429930 PMCID: PMC4932804 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.184592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to prepare and characterize solid dispersion of efavirenz - polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 by freeze drying to increase its solubility. Solid dispersion of efavirenz - PVP K-30 was prepared by solvent evaporation method with ratio 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 and dried using a freeze dryer. Characterizations were done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Solubility test was carried out in CO2-free distilled water, and efavirenz assay was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography with acetonitrile:acetic acid (80:20) as the mobile phases. Powder X-ray diffractogram showed a decrease in the peak intensity, which indicated the crystalline altered to amorphous phase. DTA thermal analysis showed a decrease in the melting point of the solid dispersion compared to intact efavirenz. SEM results indicated the changes in the morphology of the crystal into an amorphous form compared to pure components. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis showed a shift wavenumber of the spectrum efavirenz and PVP K-30. The solubility of solid dispersion at ratio 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 was 6.777 μg/mL, 6.936 μg/mL, and 14,672 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the solubility of intact efavirenz was 0.250 μg/mL. In conclusion, the solubility of solid dispersion increased significantly (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Fitriani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Alianshar Haqi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia
| | - Erizal Zaini
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia
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Lavra ZMM, Pereira de Santana D, Ré MI. Solubility and dissolution performances of spray-dried solid dispersion of Efavirenz in Soluplus. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:42-54. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1205598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zênia Maria Maciel Lavra
- Mines Albi, CNRS, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Université de Toulouse, Albi, France
- Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, PE, Brazil
| | - Davi Pereira de Santana
- Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Ré
- Mines Albi, CNRS, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Université de Toulouse, Albi, France
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23
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Novel pimozide-β-cyclodextrin-polyvinylpyrrolidone inclusion complexes for Tourette syndrome treatment. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Louis D. Formulation and Evaluation of Nanocrystals of a Lipid Lowering Agent. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2016; 15:71-82. [PMID: 27610148 PMCID: PMC4986098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atorvastatin calcium, the lipid lowering agent, is taken as a model drug characterized by poor water solubility and bioavailability. In this study an attempt was made for preparation of nanocrystals using high pressure homogenization. A number of stabilizers were included as well as polymers at different concentrations, and the formulations were homogenized for ten cycles at a pressure of 1000 bars. The obtained nano crystals were evaluated by determining their size, zeta potential, saturated solubility and dissolution rate. Results revealed that Formulation 3, containing (10: 1) drug to sodium lauryl sulphate ratio, possessed the highest saturated solubility and dissolution rate, and hence was analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourrier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. An in-vivo study was carried out on the successful formulation in comparison to drug powder using rats as experimental animals. A significant increase in the area under the concentration-time curve Cpmax and MRT for nanocrystals was observed in comparison to the untreated atorvastatin calcium.
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Preparation and characterization of Efavirenz nanosuspension with the application of enhanced solubility and dissolution rate. HIV & AIDS REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hivar.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Characterization of Amorphous and Co-Amorphous Simvastatin Formulations Prepared by Spray Drying. Molecules 2015; 20:21532-48. [PMID: 26633346 PMCID: PMC6332242 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, spray drying from aqueous solutions, using the surface-active agent sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a solubilizer, was explored as a production method for co-amorphous simvastatin-lysine (SVS-LYS) at 1:1 molar mixtures, which previously have been observed to form a co-amorphous mixture upon ball milling. In addition, a spray-dried formulation of SVS without LYS was prepared. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that SLS coated the SVS and SVS-LYS particles upon spray drying. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that in the spray-dried formulations the remaining crystallinity originated from SLS only. The best dissolution properties and a "spring and parachute" effect were found for SVS spray-dried from a 5% SLS solution without LYS. Despite the presence of at least partially crystalline SLS in the mixtures, all the studied formulations were able to significantly extend the stability of amorphous SVS compared to previous co-amorphous formulations of SVS. The best stability (at least 12 months in dry conditions) was observed when SLS was spray-dried with SVS (and LYS). In conclusion, spray drying of SVS and LYS from aqueous surfactant solutions was able to produce formulations with improved physical stability for amorphous SVS.
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27
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Pereira Camelo SR, Franceschi S, Perez E, Girod Fullana S, Ré MI. Factors influencing the erosion rate and the drug release kinetics from organogels designed as matrices for oral controlled release of a hydrophobic drug. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:985-97. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Franceschi
- Laboratoire Des I.M.R.C.P., Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, and
| | - Emile Perez
- Laboratoire Des I.M.R.C.P., Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France, and
| | - Sophie Girod Fullana
- Faculty of Sciences Pharmaceutiques, CIRIMAT INPT-CNRS-UPS, Université Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Inês Ré
- Mines Albi, CNRS, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Université De Toulouse, Albi CT Cedex, France,
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28
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Taneja S, Shilpi S, Khatri K. Formulation and optimization of efavirenz nanosuspensions using the precipitation-ultrasonication technique for solubility enhancement. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:978-84. [PMID: 25724312 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1008505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and is classified as BCS Class II API. Its erratic oral absorption and poor bioavailability make it a potential candidate for being formulated as a nanosuspension. The objective of this study was to formulate efavirenz nanosuspensions employing the antisolvent precipitation-ultrasonication method, and to enhance its solubility by reducing particle size to the nanometer range. The effects of different process parameters were studied and optimized with respect to particle size and poly dispersity index (PDI). The optimized formulation was also subjected to lyophilization, to further increase the solubility and stability, and the technology is potentially suited to a range of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Taneja
- a Department of Quality Assurance , ISF College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - Satish Shilpi
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , Ravishankar College of Pharmacy , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Kapil Khatri
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , Ravishankar College of Pharmacy , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
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29
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Dizaj SM, Vazifehasl Z, Salatin S, Adibkia K, Javadzadeh Y. Nanosizing of drugs: Effect on dissolution rate. Res Pharm Sci 2015; 10:95-108. [PMID: 26487886 PMCID: PMC4584458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubility, bioavailability and dissolution rate of drugs are important parameters for achieving in vivo efficiency. The bioavailability of orally administered drugs depends on their ability to be absorbed via gastrointestinal tract. For drugs belonging to Class II of pharmaceutical classification, the absorption process is limited by drug dissolution rate in gastrointestinal media. Therefore, enhancement of the dissolution rate of these drugs will present improved bioavailability. So far several techniques such as physical and chemical modifications, changing in crystal habits, solid dispersion, complexation, solubilization and liquisolid method have been used to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. It seems that improvement of the solubility properties ofpoorly water soluble drugscan translate to an increase in their bioavailability. Nowadays nanotechnology offers various approaches in the area of dissolution enhancement of low aqueous soluble drugs. Nanosizing of drugs in the form of nanoparticles, nanocrystals or nanosuspensions not requiring expensive facilities and equipment or complicated processes may be applied as simple methods to increase the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs. In this article, we attempted to review the effects of nanosizing on improving the dissolution rate of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. According to the reviewed literature, by reduction of drug particle size into nanometer size the total effective surface area is increased and thereby dissolution rate would be enhanced. Additionally, reduction of particle size leads to reduction of the diffusion layer thickness surrounding the drug particles resulting in the increment of the concentration gradient. Each of these process leads to improved bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Maleki Dizaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, I.R. Iran,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Zh. Vazifehasl
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - S. Salatin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Kh. Adibkia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
| | - Y. Javadzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I.R. Iran,Corresponding authors: Y. Javadzadeh Tel: 0098 413 3341315, Fax: 0098 413 3344798
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