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Fayezizadeh MR, Ansari NA, Sourestani MM, Hasanuzzaman M. Variations in photoperiods and their impact on yield, photosynthesis and secondary metabolite production in basil microgreens. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:712. [PMID: 39060976 PMCID: PMC11282849 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of different photoperiods on plant phytochemical synthesis can be improved by adjusting the daily light integral. Photoperiod is one of the most important environmental factors that control growth, plant's internal rhythm and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Information about the appropriate standard in terms of photoperiod for growing basil microgreens as one of the most important medicinal plants is limited. In this study, the effects of five different photoperiods, 6 (6 h × 3 cycles), 8 (8 h × 2 cycles), 16, 18, and 24 h day- 1 on the yield, photosynthesis and synthesis of secondary metabolites of three cultivars and one genotype of basil microgreens in floating system were evaluated. The purpose of this research was to determine the feasibility of using permanent light in growing basil microgreens and to create the best balance between beneficial secondary metabolites and performance. RESULTS The results showed that the effects of photoperiod and cultivar on all investigated traits and their interaction on photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds, proline content and net photosynthesis rate were significantly different at the 1% level. The highest levels of vitamin C, flavonoids, anthocyanins, yield and antioxidant potential composite index (APCI) were obtained under the 24-h photoperiod. The highest antioxidant capacity was obtained for the Kapoor cultivar, and the highest total phenolic compound and proline contents were measured for the Ablagh genotype under a 24-h photoperiod. The highest yield (4.36 kg m- 2) and APCI (70.44) were obtained for the Ablagh genotype. The highest nitrate content was obtained with a photoperiod of 18 h for the Kapoor cultivar. The highest net photosynthesis rate was related to the Violeto cultivar under a 24-hour photoperiod (7.89 μmol CO2 m- 2 s- 1). Antioxidant capacity and flavonoids had a positive correlation with phenolic compounds and vitamin C. Yield had a positive correlation with antioxidant capacity, flavonoids, vitamin C, APCI, and proline. CONCLUSIONS Under continuous light conditions, basil microgreens resistance to light stress by increasing the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the increase of these biochemical compounds made basil microgreens increase their performance along with the increase of these health-promoting compounds. The best balance between antioxidant compounds and performance was achieved in continuous red + blue light. Based on these results, the use of continuous artificial LED lighting, due to the increase in plant biochemical with antioxidant properties and yield, can be a suitable strategy for growing basil microgreens in floating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, 61357-43311, Iran.
| | - Naser Alemzadeh Ansari
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, 61357-43311, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Lanoue J, St Louis S, Little C, Hao X. Photosynthetic adaptation strategies in peppers under continuous lighting: insights into photosystem protection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1372886. [PMID: 38882573 PMCID: PMC11176547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1372886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Energy efficient lighting strategies have received increased interest from controlled environment producers. Long photoperiods (up to 24 h - continuous lighting (CL)) of lower light intensities could be used to achieve the desired daily light integral (DLI) with lower installed light capacity/capital costs and low electricity costs in regions with low night electricity prices. However, plants grown under CL tend to have higher carbohydrate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels which may lead to leaf chlorosis and down-regulation of photosynthesis. We hypothesize that the use of dynamic CL using a spectral change and/or light intensity change between day and night can negate CL-injury. In this experiment we set out to assess the impact of CL on pepper plants by subjecting them to white light during the day and up to 150 µmol m-2 s-1 of monochromatic blue light at night while controlling the DLI at the same level. Plants grown under all CL treatments had similar cumulative fruit number and weight compared to the 16h control indicating no reduction in production. Plants grown under CL had higher carbohydrate levels and ROS-scavenging capacity than plants grown under the 16h control. Conversely, the amount of photosynthetic pigment decreased with increasing nighttime blue light intensity. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), a metric often used to measure stress, was unaffected by light treatments. However, when light-adapted, the operating efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) decreased and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased with increasing nighttime blue light intensity. This suggests that both acclimated and instantaneous photochemistry during CL can be altered and is dependent on the nighttime light intensity. Furthermore, light-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence measurements may be more adept at detecting altered photochemical states than the conventional stress metric using dark-adapted measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lanoue
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah St Louis
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
| | - Celeste Little
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
| | - Xiuming Hao
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
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Yu H, Liu P, Xu J, Wang T, Lu T, Gao J, Li Q, Jiang W. The Effects of Different Durations of Night-Time Supplementary Lighting on the Growth, Yield, Quality and Economic Returns of Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1516. [PMID: 38891324 PMCID: PMC11174464 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
To achieve higher economic returns, we employ inexpensive valley electricity for night-time supplementary lighting (NSL) of tomato plants, investigating the effects of various durations of NSL on the growth, yield, and quality of tomato. Tomato plants were treated with supplementary light for a period of 0 h, 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h during the autumn-winter season. The findings revealed superior growth and yield of tomato plants exposed to 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h of NSL compared to their untreated counterparts. Notably, providing lighting for 3 h demonstrated greater yields per plant and per trough than 5 h exposure. To investigate if a reduced duration of NSL would display similar effects on the growth and yield of tomato plants, tomato plants received supplementary light for 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h at night during the early spring season. Compared to the control group, the stem diameter, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, and yield of tomatoes significantly increased upon supplementation with lighting. Furthermore, the input-output ratios of 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h NSL were calculated as 1:10.11, 1:4.38, and 1:3.92, respectively. Nonetheless, there was no detectable difference in yield between the 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h NSL groups. These findings imply that supplemental LED lighting at night affects tomato growth in the form of light signals. Night-time supplemental lighting duration of 1 h is beneficial to plant growth and yield, and its input-output ratio is the lowest, which is an appropriate NSL mode for tomato cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Yu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
- Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou 318014, China
| | - Tanyu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Tao Lu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Weijie Jiang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
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Marie TRJG, Leonardos ED, Rana N, Grodzinski B. Tomato and mini-cucumber tolerance to photoperiodic injury involves photorespiration and the engagement of nighttime cyclic electron flow from dynamic LEDs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1384518. [PMID: 38841277 PMCID: PMC11150841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1384518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is critical for achieving year-round food security in many regions of the world. CEA is a resource-intensive endeavor, with lighting consuming a large fraction of the energy. To lessen the burden on the grid and save costs, an extended photoperiod strategy can take advantage of off-peak time-of-day options from utility suppliers. However, extending the photoperiod limits crop production morphologically and physiologically if pushed too long. Here, we present a continuous-light dynamic light-emitting diode (LED) strategy (involving changes in spectra, intensity, and timing), that overcomes these limitations. We focused on tomato, a well described photoperiodic injury-sensitive species, and mini-cucumber, a photoperiodic injury-tolerant species to first assess morphological responses under control (16-h photoperiod, unchanging spectrum), constant (24-h photoperiod, unchanging spectrum), and two variations of a dynamic LED strategy, dynamic 1 (16-h "day", 3-h "peak", 8-h "night" spectra) and dynamic 2 (20-h "day", 5-h "peak", 4-h "night" spectra). Next, we tested the hypothesis of photorespiration's involvement in photoperiodic injury by using a leaf gas exchange coupled with chlorophyll fluorescence protocol. We further explored Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) ratio supply/demand responses by probing photosynthetic electron flow and proton flow with the MultispeQ instrument. We found canopy architecture can be tuned by minor variations of the same dynamic LED strategy, and we highlight dynamic 1 as the optimal choice for both tomato and mini-cucumber as it improved biomass/architecture and first-yield, respectively. A central discovery was that dynamic 1 had a significantly higher level of photorespiration than control, for both species. Unexpectedly, photorespiration was comparable between species under the same treatments, except under constant. However, preliminary data on a fully tolerant tomato genotype grown under constant treatment upregulated photorespiration similar to mini-cucumber. These results suggest that photoperiodic injury tolerance involves a sustained higher level of photorespiration under extended photoperiods. Interestingly, diurnal MultispeQ measurements point to the importance of cyclic electron flow at subjective nighttime that may also partially explain why dynamic LED strategies mitigate photoperiodic injury. We propose an ontology of photoperiodic injury involving photorespiration, triose phosphate utilization, peroxisomal H2O2-catalase balance, and a circadian external coincidence model of sensitivity that initiates programmed cell death.
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Sharma A, Pandey H, Nampoothiri Devadas VAS, Kartha BD, Jha R. Production of, Factors Affecting, Gene Regulations, and Challenges in Tissue Cultured Plant through Soilless Culture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5804-5811. [PMID: 36995942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soilless culture also known as water based culture and substrate based culture has immense potential to grow tissue cultured plants in a closed and controlled environment system. This review analyzes the various factors that affect the vegetative growth, reproductive growth, metabolic processes, and gene regulatory functions of tissue cultured plants and the suitability of soilless culture for tissue culture plants. Experiments show that morphological and reproductive abnormalities are mitigated in tissue cultured plants by gene regulation in a closed and controlled environment system. Various factors of a soilless culture influence gene regulation and enhance cellular, molecular, and biochemical processes and compensate constraints in tissue cultured plants in closed and controlled environment conditions. The soilless culture can be utilized to harden and grow tissue culture plants. The tissue cultured plants counter water logging problems and are supplied with nutrients at 7 day intervals in the water based culture. It is necessary to analyze the involvement of regulatory genes in detail in combating challenges of tissue cultured plants in soilless cultures under closed systems. Detailed studies are also required to determine anatomy, genesis, and function of microtuber cells in tissue cultured plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Sharma
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh 792103, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226005, India
| | | | - Bhagya D Kartha
- Department of Fruit Crops, College of Agriculture, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India
| | - Rani Jha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh 792103, India
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Lanoue J, St. Louis S, Little C, Hao X. Continuous lighting can improve yield and reduce energy costs while increasing or maintaining nutritional contents of microgreens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983222. [PMID: 36247650 PMCID: PMC9564221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens represent a fast growing segment of the edible greens industry. They are prized for their colour, texture, and flavour. Compared to their mature counterparts, microgreens have much higher antioxidant and nutrient content categorizing them as a functional food. However, current production practices in plant factories with artificial light are energy intensive. Specifically, the lack of sunlight within the indoor structure means all of the light must be provided via energy consuming light fixtures, which is energy intensive and costly. Plant growth is usually increased with the total amount of light provided to the plants - daily light integral (DLI). Long photoperiods of low intensity lighting (greater than 18h) providing the desired/target DLI can reduce the capital costs for light fixtures and electricity costs. This is achieved by moving the electricity use from peak daytime hours (high price) to off-peak hours (low price) during the night in regions with time-based pricing scheme and lowering the electricity use for air conditioning, if plant growth is not compromised. However, lighting with photoperiods longer than tolerance thresholds (species/cultivar specific) usually leads to plant stress/damage. Therefore, we investigated the effects of continuous 24h white light (CL) at two DLIs (~14 and 21 mol m-2 d-1) on plant growth, yield, and antioxidant content on 4 types of microgreens - amaranth, collard greens, green basil, and purple basil to see if it compromises microgreen production. It was found that amaranth and green basil had larger fresh biomass when grown under CL compared to 16h when the DLIs were the same. In addition, purple basil had higher biomass at higher DLI, but was unaffected by photoperiods. Plants grown under the CL treatments had higher energy-use-efficiencies for lighting (10-42%) than plants grown under the 16h photoperiods at the same DLI. Notably, the electricity cost per unit of fresh biomass ($ g-1) was reduced (8-38%) in all microgreens studied when plants were grown under CL lighting at the same DLIs. Amaranth and collard greens also had higher antioxidant content. Taken together, growing microgreens under CL can reduce electricity costs and increase yield while maintaining or improving nutritional content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiuming Hao
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
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Zhang S, Guo X, Li J, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Zheng W, Xue X. Effects of light-emitting diode spectral combinations on growth and quality of pea sprouts under long photoperiod. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978462. [PMID: 36161035 PMCID: PMC9490185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pea sprouts have rich nutrition and are considered good for heart health. In this study, the kaspa peas and black-eyed peas were chosen to clarify the effect of different LED spectral combinations on the growth, yield, and nutritional quality of pea sprouts under long photoperiod (22 h light/2 h dark). The results showed that the two pea varieties responded differently to light spectral combinations. Black-eyed pea sprouts had higher plant height, fresh weight per plant, dry weight per plant, soluble sugar content, and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content than kaspa peas under the same light treatment. Compared with white light, red-to-blue ratio of 2:1 significantly increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, soluble sugar and soluble protein content of kaspa pea sprouts, and decreased MDA content of black-eyed pea sprouts. Blue light was negatively correlated with the plant height of pea sprouts and positively correlated with SOD activity, vitamin C, soluble sugar, and soluble protein content. Antioxidant capacity, yield, and nutritional quality of black-eyed pea sprouts were higher than those of kaspa pea sprouts under the same light treatment. Blue light improved the nutritional quality of pea sprouts. Compared with other light treatments, the red-to-blue ratio of 2:1 was more conducive to improving the antioxidant capacity and nutritional quality of pea sprouts under long photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhang
- National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Li
- National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Youming Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wengang Zheng
- National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xuzhang Xue
- National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Short-Term Pre-Harvest Supplemental Lighting with Different Light Emitting Diodes Improves Greenhouse Lettuce Quality. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Winter–spring greenhouse vegetable production is limited by low-level natural light, resulting in decreased growth and quality. To investigate whether short-term pre-harvest supplemental lighting (SL) with light emitting diodes (LEDs) can address this issue, a study was conducted in a greenhouse in Dallas, Texas. Red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Red Mist’) plants grown in a hydroponic system were treated with daytime or nighttime SL with red (R) and blue (B) LEDs (RB-LED), blue and UVA LEDs (B/UVA-LED), or white LEDs (W-LED) for three days before harvest and compared to those without SL (control). All SL treatments provided a photon flux density of 167 μmol·m−2·s−1 for 12 h daily. Compared with the control, SL treatments increased leaf thickness and greenness, antioxidant capacity, and concentrations of phytonutrients such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, and total phenolics; however, shoot fresh biomass and total leaf area were generally not affected by SL. There were no differences in all of the above traits among W-LED, RB-LED and B/UVA-LED. Compared with daytime SL, nighttime SL increased leaf greenness and carotenoid concentration. In summary, all three LEDs with different spectra were effective in improving lettuce quality as short-term pre-harvest SL sources and nighttime SL was more effective than daytime SL; however, plant fresh weight and total leaf area were not affected.
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Lanoue J, Little C, Hao X. The Power of Far-Red Light at Night: Photomorphogenic, Physiological, and Yield Response in Pepper During Dynamic 24 Hour Lighting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:857616. [PMID: 35557729 PMCID: PMC9087831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.857616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental light is needed during the winter months in high latitude regions to achieve the desired daily light integral (DLI) (photoperiod × intensity) for greenhouse pepper (Capsicum annuum) production. Peppers tend to have short internodes causing fruit stacking and higher labor time for plant maintenance when grown under supplemental light. Far-red light can increase internode length, and our previous study on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) also discovered monochromatic blue light at night during continuous lighting (CL, 24 h) increased stem elongation. Furthermore, the use of low-intensity, long photoperiod lighting can reduce light fixture costs and overall electricity costs due to lower power prices during the night. Therefore, we investigated the use of blue and/or far-red light during the night period of CL to increase stem elongation. Three pepper cultivars with different internode lengths/growing characteristics ('Maureno,' 'Gina,' and 'Eurix') were used to investigate the effects on plant morphology in a short experiment, and one cultivar 'Maureno' was used in a long experiment to assess the impact on fruit yield. The five lighting treatments that were used are as follows: 16 h of white light during the day followed by either 8 h of darkness (16W - control), white light (24W), blue light only (16W + 8B), blue + far-red light (16W + 8BFR), or far-red light only (16W + 8FR). Calculated nighttime phytochrome photostationary state (PSS) was 0.833, 0.566, 0.315, and 0.186 for 24W, 16W + 8B, 16W + 8BFR, and 16W + 8FR respectively. All five treatments had the same DLI in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and far-red light. The 16W + 8BFR and 16W + 8FR treatments significantly increased internode length compared to 16W and 24W but neither was more impactful than the other. The 16W + 8B treatment also increased internode length but to a lesser extent than 16W + 8BFR and 16W + 8FR. This indicates that a nighttime PSS of 0.315 is sufficient to maximize stem elongation. Both 16W + 8B and 16W + 8BFR drove photosynthesis during the nighttime supporting a similar yield compared to 16W. Therefore, 16W + 8BFR is the most potential lighting strategy as it can lead to a greater reduction in the light fixture and electrical costs while maintaining yield and enhancing internode length.
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Marie TRJG, Leonardos ED, Lanoue J, Hao X, Micallef BJ, Grodzinski B. A Perspective Emphasizing Circadian Rhythm Entrainment to Ensure Sustainable Crop Production in Controlled Environment Agriculture: Dynamic Use of LED Cues. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.856162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
World-wide, sustainable crop production is increasingly dependent on the protection of crops from adverse local climate conditions by using controlled environment agriculture (CEA) facilities. Today's greenhouses and plant factories are becoming very technologically advanced. Important breakthroughs in our understanding of the deployment of affordable artificial lighting systems that can supplement and even replace solar radiation is the subject of this perspective article. The key to improving sustainable CEA is to synchronize those environmental cues that best entrain the natural circadian rhythm of the crop. Patterns of circadian rhythms reflect the balance of daily metabolic cycles and phenological stages of development that integrate and anticipate environmental changes for all complex organisms. Within the last decade, our understanding of the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as spectrally tunable tools for stimulating plant responses has expanded rapidly. This perspective proposes that extending the photoperiod in CEA is an economically sustainable goal to for year-round productivity of tomato, using dynamic LED shifts that entrain the circadian rhythm. When the photoperiod is extended too far, tomato experiences injury. To avoid yield reduction, we look to nature for clues, and how circadian rhythms evolved in general to long-photoperiods during the summer in high-latitudes. It follows that circadian rhythm traits are good targets for breeders to select new tomato cultivars suitable for CEA. Circadian rhythm entrainment, using dynamic LED cues, can be tailored to any latitude-of-origin crop, and thus expands the strategies ensuring sustainable food security including healthy diets locally in any region of the world.
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Kumar D, Singh H, Bhatt U, Soni V. Effect of continuous light on antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, proline and chlorophyll content in Vigna radiata L. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:145-154. [PMID: 34813420 DOI: 10.1071/fp21226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Longer photoperiod in form of continuous light (24-h photoperiod without dark interruption) can alter the various physiological and biochemical processes of the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of continuous light on various biochemical parameters associated with the growth and development of Vigna radiata L. (mung bean). The findings showed that leaf size and chlorophyll content of seedlings grown under continuous light were significantly greater than control plants subjected to 12h light/12h dark (12/12h). The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, 30.81%), catalase (CAT, 16.86%), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD, 12.27%), malondialdehyde, (MDA, 39.31) and proline (14.81%) were notably higher in 24/0h light period than 12/12h light period grown seedling at an early stage (on Day 6) while they were constant at the later stage of development. Increased activity of amylase and invertase reveals higher assimilation and consumption of photosynthetic products. This study revealed that plants were stressed at first. However, they gradually became acclimated to continuous light and efficiently used the excess light in carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Hanwant Singh
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Upma Bhatt
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Vineet Soni
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
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Lanoue J, Thibodeau A, Little C, Zheng J, Grodzinski B, Hao X. Light Spectra and Root Stocks Affect Response of Greenhouse Tomatoes to Long Photoperiod of Supplemental Lighting. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081674. [PMID: 34451719 PMCID: PMC8398429 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant biomass and yield are largely dictated by the total amount of light intercepted by the plant (daily light integral (DLI)—intensity × photoperiod). It is more economical to supply the desired DLI with a long photoperiod of low-intensity light because it uses fewer light fixtures, reducing capital costs. Furthermore, heat released by the light fixtures under a long photoperiod extended well into the night helps to meet the heating requirement during the night. However, extending the photoperiod beyond a critical length (>17 h) may be detrimental to production and lead to leaf chlorosis and a reduction in leaf growth and plant vigor in greenhouse tomato production. It is known that red light can increase leaf growth and plant vigor, as can certain rootstocks, which could compensate for the loss in plant vigor and leaf growth from long photoperiods. Therefore, this study investigated the response of tomatoes grafted onto different rootstocks to a long photoperiod of lighting under red and other light spectra. Tomato plants ‘Trovanzo’ grafted onto ‘Emperator’ or ‘Kaiser’ were subjected to two spectral compositions—100% red or a mix of red (75%), blue (20%), and green (5%) light for 17 h or 23 h. The four treatments supplied similar DLI. Leaf chlorosis appeared in all plants under 23 h lighting regardless of spectral compositions between 20 and 54 days into the treatment. The yield for 23 h mixed lighting treatment was lower than both 17 h lighting treatments. However, the 23 h red lighting treatment resulted in less leaf chlorosis and the plants grafted onto ‘Emperator’ produced a similar yield as both 17 h lighting treatments. Therefore, both spectral compositions and rootstocks affected the response of greenhouse tomatoes to long photoperiods of lighting. With red light and proper rootstock, the negative yield impact from long photoperiod lighting can be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lanoue
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (A.T.); (C.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Alyssa Thibodeau
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (A.T.); (C.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Celeste Little
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (A.T.); (C.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (A.T.); (C.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Xiuming Hao
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON N0R1G0, Canada; (J.L.); (A.T.); (C.L.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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