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Wittmer J, Heidstra R. Appreciating animal induced pluripotent stem cells to shape plant cell reprogramming strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4373-4393. [PMID: 38869461 PMCID: PMC11263491 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Animals and plants have developed resilience mechanisms to effectively endure and overcome physical damage and environmental challenges throughout their life span. To sustain their vitality, both animals and plants employ mechanisms to replenish damaged cells, either directly, involving the activity of adult stem cells, or indirectly, via dedifferentiation of somatic cells that are induced to revert to a stem cell state and subsequently redifferentiate. Stem cell research has been a rapidly advancing field in animal studies for many years, driven by its promising potential in human therapeutics, including tissue regeneration and drug development. A major breakthrough was the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are reprogrammed from somatic cells by expressing a limited set of transcription factors. This discovery enabled the generation of an unlimited supply of cells that can be differentiated into specific cell types and tissues. Equally, a keen interest in the connection between plant stem cells and regeneration has been developed in the last decade, driven by the demand to enhance plant traits such as yield, resistance to pathogens, and the opportunities provided by CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene editing. Here we discuss how knowledge of stem cell biology benefits regeneration technology, and we speculate on the creation of a universal genotype-independent iPSC system for plants to overcome regenerative recalcitrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Wittmer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, cluster Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Cell and Developmental Biology, cluster Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Xu P, Zhong Y, Xu A, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhao A, Yang X, Ming M, Cao F, Fu F. Application of Developmental Regulators for Enhancing Plant Regeneration and Genetic Transformation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1272. [PMID: 38732487 PMCID: PMC11085514 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Establishing plant regeneration systems and efficient genetic transformation techniques plays a crucial role in plant functional genomics research and the development of new crop varieties. The inefficient methods of transformation and regeneration of recalcitrant species and the genetic dependence of the transformation process remain major obstacles. With the advancement of plant meristematic tissues and somatic embryogenesis research, several key regulatory genes, collectively known as developmental regulators, have been identified. In the field of plant genetic transformation, the application of developmental regulators has recently garnered significant interest. These regulators play important roles in plant growth and development, and when applied in plant genetic transformation, they can effectively enhance the induction and regeneration capabilities of plant meristematic tissues, thus providing important opportunities for improving genetic transformation efficiency. This review focuses on the introduction of several commonly used developmental regulators. By gaining an in-depth understanding of and applying these developmental regulators, it is possible to further enhance the efficiency and success rate of plant genetic transformation, providing strong support for plant breeding and genetic engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fangfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (P.X.); (Y.Z.); (A.X.); (B.L.); (Y.Z.); (A.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.M.); (F.C.)
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3
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Nagle MF, Yuan J, Kaur D, Ma C, Peremyslova E, Jiang Y, Goralogia GS, Magnuson A, Li JY, Muchero W, Fuxin L, Strauss SH. Genome-wide association study and network analysis of in vitro transformation in Populus trichocarpa support key roles of diverse phytohormone pathways and cross talk. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38650352 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wide variation in amenability to transformation and regeneration (TR) among many plant species and genotypes presents a challenge to the use of genetic engineering in research and breeding. To help understand the causes of this variation, we performed association mapping and network analysis using a population of 1204 wild trees of Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood). To enable precise and high-throughput phenotyping of callus and shoot TR, we developed a computer vision system that cross-referenced complementary red, green, and blue (RGB) and fluorescent-hyperspectral images. We performed association mapping using single-marker and combined variant methods, followed by statistical tests for epistasis and integration of published multi-omic datasets to identify likely regulatory hubs. We report 409 candidate genes implicated by associations within 5 kb of coding sequences, and epistasis tests implicated 81 of these candidate genes as regulators of one another. Gene ontology terms related to protein-protein interactions and transcriptional regulation are overrepresented, among others. In addition to auxin and cytokinin pathways long established as critical to TR, our results highlight the importance of stress and wounding pathways. Potential regulatory hubs of signaling within and across these pathways include GROWTH REGULATORY FACTOR 1 (GRF1), PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4-KINASE β1 (PI-4Kβ1), and OBF-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (OBP1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Nagle
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jialin Yuan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Damanpreet Kaur
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ekaterina Peremyslova
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Statistics Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Greg S Goralogia
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Anna Magnuson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jia Yi Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Li Fuxin
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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4
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McFarland FL, Kaeppler HF. History and current status of embryogenic culture-based tissue culture, transformation and gene editing of maize (Zea mays L.). THE PLANT GENOME 2024:e20451. [PMID: 38600860 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The production of embryogenic callus and somatic embryos is integral to the genetic improvement of crops via genetic transformation and gene editing. Regenerable embryogenic cultures also form the backbone of many micro-propagation processes for crop species. In many species, including maize, the ability to produce embryogenic cultures is highly genotype dependent. While some modern transformation and genome editing methods reduce genotype dependence, these efforts ultimately fall short of producing truly genotype-independent tissue culture methods. Recalcitrant genotypes are still identified in these genotype-flexible processes, and their presence is magnified by the stark contrast with more amenable lines, which may respond more efficiently by orders of magnitude. This review aims to describe the history of research into somatic embryogenesis, embryogenic tissue cultures, and plant transformation, with particular attention paid to maize. Contemporary research into genotype-flexible morphogenic gene-based transformation and genome engineering is also covered in this review. The rapid evolution of plant biotechnology from nascent technologies in the latter half of the 20th century to well-established, work-horse production processes has, and will continue to, fundamentally changed agriculture and plant genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L McFarland
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Crop Innovation Center, University of Wisconsin, Middleton, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heidi F Kaeppler
- Department of Plant and Agroecosystem Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Crop Innovation Center, University of Wisconsin, Middleton, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Yakovleva DV, Efremova EP, Smirnov KV, Simonova VY, Konstantinov ZS, Tvorogova VE, Lutova LA. The WOX Genes from the Intermediate Clade: Influence on the Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:223. [PMID: 38256776 PMCID: PMC10819790 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors from the WOX family are well-known regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in plants. Herein, we focused on several WOX genes from the intermediate clade and checked their impact on somatic embryogenesis using the model legume object Medicago truncatula. As a result, we show that MtWOX9-1 overexpression not only stimulates somatic embryogenesis in the embryogenic M. truncatula line, as it was shown previously, but can also induce somatic embryogenesis in the non-embryogenic line. Other intermediate clade WOX, including the close paralog of MtWOX9-1, as well as WOX11 homologs, did not have any significant impact on somatic embryogenesis in our in vitro cultivation system. Together, our results give new information about the diversity of the WOX family proteins and their specific functions. These data can be used for the search of new regeneration stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V. Yakovleva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (E.P.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Elena P. Efremova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (E.P.E.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Kirill V. Smirnov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chausse 3, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia;
| | - Veronika Y. Simonova
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (Z.S.K.)
| | - Zakhar S. Konstantinov
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (Z.S.K.)
| | - Varvara E. Tvorogova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (E.P.E.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (Z.S.K.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, Saint Petersburg 190000, Russia
| | - Ludmila A. Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (E.P.E.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, Sochi 354340, Russia; (V.Y.S.); (Z.S.K.)
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6
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Yuan HY, Kagale S, Ferrie AMR. Multifaceted roles of transcription factors during plant embryogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1322728. [PMID: 38235196 PMCID: PMC10791896 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are diverse groups of regulatory proteins. Through their specific binding domains, TFs bind to their target genes and regulate their expression, therefore TFs play important roles in various growth and developmental processes. Plant embryogenesis is a highly regulated and intricate process during which embryos arise from various sources and undergo development; it can be further divided into zygotic embryogenesis (ZE) and somatic embryogenesis (SE). TFs play a crucial role in the process of plant embryogenesis with a number of them acting as master regulators in both ZE and SE. In this review, we focus on the master TFs involved in embryogenesis such as BABY BOOM (BBM) from the APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family, WUSCHEL and WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) from the homeobox family, LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 (LEC2) from the B3 family, AGAMOUS-Like 15 (AGL15) from the MADS family and LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 (LEC1) from the Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) family. We aim to present the recent progress pertaining to the diverse roles these master TFs play in both ZE and SE in Arabidopsis, as well as other plant species including crops. We also discuss future perspectives in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison M. R. Ferrie
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Krasnoperova EY, Tvorogova VE, Smirnov KV, Efremova EP, Potsenkovskaia EA, Artemiuk AM, Konstantinov ZS, Simonova VY, Brynchikova AV, Yakovleva DV, Pavlova DB, Lutova LA. MtWOX2 and MtWOX9-1 Effects on the Embryogenic Callus Transcriptome in Medicago truncatula. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:102. [PMID: 38202410 PMCID: PMC10780917 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
WOX family transcription factors are well-known regulators of plant development, controlling cell proliferation and differentiation in diverse organs and tissues. Several WOX genes have been shown to participate in regeneration processes which take place in plant cell cultures in vitro, but the effects of most of them on tissue culture development have not been discovered yet. In this study, we evaluated the effects of MtWOX2 gene overexpression on the embryogenic callus development and transcriptomic state in Medicago truncatula. According to our results, overexpression of MtWOX2 leads to an increase in callus weight. Furthermore, transcriptomic changes in MtWOX2 overexpressing calli are, to a large extent, opposite to the changes caused by overexpression of MtWOX9-1, a somatic embryogenesis stimulator. These results add new information about the mechanisms of interaction between different WOX genes and can be useful for the search of new regeneration regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Y. Krasnoperova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Varvara E. Tvorogova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Smirnov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky Chausse 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena P. Efremova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Elina A. Potsenkovskaia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia M. Artemiuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Zakhar S. Konstantinov
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Veronika Y. Simonova
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Anna V. Brynchikova
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Daria V. Yakovleva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Daria B. Pavlova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Ludmila A. Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.Y.K.); (E.P.E.); (E.A.P.); (A.M.A.); (D.V.Y.); (D.B.P.); (L.A.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (Z.S.K.); (V.Y.S.); (A.V.B.)
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Kuznetsova K, Efremova E, Dodueva I, Lebedeva M, Lutova L. Functional Modules in the Meristems: "Tinkering" in Action. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3661. [PMID: 37896124 PMCID: PMC10610496 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A feature of higher plants is the modular principle of body organisation. One of these conservative morphological modules that regulate plant growth, histogenesis and organogenesis is meristems-structures that contain pools of stem cells and are generally organised according to a common principle. Basic content: The development of meristems is under the regulation of molecular modules that contain conservative interacting components and modulate the expression of target genes depending on the developmental context. In this review, we focus on two molecular modules that act in different types of meristems. The WOX-CLAVATA module, which includes the peptide ligand, its receptor and the target transcription factor, is responsible for the formation and control of the activity of all meristem types studied, but it has its own peculiarities in different meristems. Another regulatory module is the so-called florigen-activated complex, which is responsible for the phase transition in the shoot vegetative meristem (e.g., from the vegetative shoot apical meristem to the inflorescence meristem). CONCLUSIONS The review considers the composition and functions of these two functional modules in different developmental programmes, as well as their appearance, evolution and use in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Dodueva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (K.K.); (E.E.); (M.L.); (L.L.)
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9
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Tang L, He Y, Liu B, Xu Y, Zhao G. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization Analysis of WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Family in Melon ( Cucumis melo L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12326. [PMID: 37569702 PMCID: PMC10419029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) proteins are very important in controlling plant development and stress responses. However, the WOX family members and their role in response to abiotic stresses are largely unknown in melon (Cucumis melo L.). In this study, 11 WOX (CmWOX) transcript factors with conserved WUS and homeobox motif were identified and characterized, and subdivided into modern clade, ancient clade and intermediate clade based on bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the CmWOX family showed protein variations in Arabidopsis, tomato, cucumber, melon and rice. Alignment of protein sequences uncovered that all CmWOXs had the typical homeodomain, which consisted of conserved amino acids. Cis-element analysis showed that CmWOX genes may response to abiotic stress. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results further revealed that the expression of partially CmWOX genes are associated with cold and drought. CmWOX13a and CmWOX13b were constitutively expressed under abiotic stresses, CmWOX4 may play a role in abiotic processes during plant development. Taken together, this study offers new perspectives on the CmWOX family's interaction and provides the framework for research on the molecular functions of CmWOX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Tang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (L.T.); (Y.H.)
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yuhua He
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (L.T.); (Y.H.)
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Hami-melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China;
| | - Yongyang Xu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (L.T.); (Y.H.)
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Guangwei Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (L.T.); (Y.H.)
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
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10
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Adero M, Tripathi JN, Tripathi L. Advances in Somatic Embryogenesis of Banana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10999. [PMID: 37446177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) holds significant global economic importance, but faces numerous challenges, which may include diverse abiotic and biotic factors such as drought and various diseases caused by fungi, viruses, and bacteria. The genetic and asexual nature of cultivated banana cultivars makes them unattractive for improvement via traditional breeding. To overcome these constraints, modern biotechnological approaches like genetic modification and genome editing have become essential for banana improvement. However, these techniques rely on somatic embryogenesis, which has only been successfully achieved in a limited number of banana cultivars. Therefore, developing new strategies for improving somatic embryogenesis in banana is crucial. This review article focuses on advancements in banana somatic embryogenesis, highlighting the progress, the various stages of regeneration, cryopreservation techniques, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the process. Furthermore, this article discusses the factors that could influence somatic embryogenesis and explores the prospects for improving the process, especially in recalcitrant banana cultivars. By addressing these challenges and exploring potential solutions, researchers aim to unlock the full potential of somatic embryogenesis as a tool for banana improvement, ultimately benefiting the global banana industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Adero
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi 30709-00100, Kenya
| | | | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi 30709-00100, Kenya
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11
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Lu L, Holt A, Chen X, Liu Y, Knauer S, Tucker EJ, Sarkar AK, Hao Z, Roodbarkelari F, Shi J, Chen J, Laux T. miR394 enhances WUSCHEL-induced somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1059-1072. [PMID: 36751948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species can give rise to embryos from somatic cells after a simple hormone treatment, illustrating the remarkable developmental plasticity of differentiated plant cells. However, many species are recalcitrant to somatic embryo formation for unknown reasons, which poses a significant challenge to agriculture, where somatic embryogenesis is an important tool to propagate desired genotypes. The micro-RNA394 (miR394) promotes shoot meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. We analyzed whether miR394 affects indirect somatic embryogenesis and determined the transcriptome of embryogenic callus upon miR394-enhanced somatic embryogenesis. We show that ectopic miR394 expression enhances somatic embryogenesis in the recalcitrant Ler accession when co-expressed with the transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS) and that miR394 acts in this process through silencing the target LEAF CURLING RESPONSIVENESS (LCR). Furthermore, we show that higher endogenous miR394 levels are required for the elevated embryogenic potential of the Columbia accession compared with Ler, providing a mechanistic explanation for this natural variation. Our transcriptional analysis provides a framework for miR394 function in regulating pluripotency by expanding WUS-mediated direct transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Holt
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xinying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Steffen Knauer
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elise J Tucker
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ananda Kumar Sarkar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Farshad Roodbarkelari
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Thomas Laux
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Sino-German Joint Research Center on Agricultural Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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12
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Bravo-Vázquez LA, Angulo-Bejarano PI, Bandyopadhyay A, Sharma A, Paul S. Regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs in callus induction and plant cell dedifferentiation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:689-705. [PMID: 36753041 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-02992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key modulators of gene expression during callus induction. Their further study may promote the design of innovative plant tissue culture protocols. The use of plants by humans has recently taken on a new and expanding insight due to the advent of genetic engineering technologies. In this context, callus cultures have shown remarkable potential for synthesizing valuable biomolecules, crop improvement, plant micropropagation, and biodiversity preservation. A crucial stage in callus production is the conversion of somatic cells into totipotent cells; compelling evidence indicates that stress factors, transcriptional regulators, and plant hormones can trigger this biological event. Besides, posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression might be essential participants in callus induction. However, research related to the analysis of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that modulate callogenesis and plant cell dedifferentiation in vitro is still at an early stage. During the last decade, some relevant studies have enlightened the fact that different classes of ncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in plant cell dedifferentiation through regulating the expression levels of diverse gene targets. Hence, understanding the molecular relevance of these ncRNAs in the aforesaid biological processes might represent a promising source of new biotechnological approaches for callus culture and plant improvement. In this current work, we review the experimental evidence regarding the prospective roles of ncRNAs in callus induction and plant cell dedifferentiation to promote this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Bravo-Vázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Paola Isabel Angulo-Bejarano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Anindya Bandyopadhyay
- International Rice Research Institute, 4031, Manila, Philippines
- Reliance Industries Ltd., Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico.
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Queretaro, Mexico.
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13
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Kudriashov AA, Zlydneva NS, Efremova EP, Tvorogova VE, Lutova LA. MtCLE08, MtCLE16, and MtCLE18 Transcription Patterns and Their Possible Functions in the Embryogenic Calli of Medicago truncatula. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:435. [PMID: 36771520 PMCID: PMC9921462 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
CLE peptides are well-known hormonal regulators of plant development, but their role in somatic embryogenesis remains undetermined. CLE genes are often regulated by WOX transcription factors and, in their turn, regulate the expression level of WOX genes. In this study, we used in vitro cultivation, as well as qPCR and transcriptomic analysis, to find CLE peptides which could regulate the MtWOX9-1 gene, stimulating somatic embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula. Three CLE peptides were found which could probably be such regulators, but none of them was found to influence MtWOX9-1 expression in the embryogenic calli. Nevertheless, overexpression of one of CLE genes under study, MtCLE16, decreased somatic embryogenesis intensity. Additionally, overexpression of MtCLE08 was found to suppress expression of MtWOX13a, a supposed antagonist of somatic embryo development. Our findings can be helpful for the search for new regeneration regulators which could be used for plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A. Kudriashov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia S. Zlydneva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena P. Efremova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Varvara E. Tvorogova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center for Genetic Technologies, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 42 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Ludmila A. Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Induction of Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: Different Players and Focus on WUSCHEL and WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) Transcription Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415950. [PMID: 36555594 PMCID: PMC9781121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, other cells can express totipotency in addition to the zygote, thus resulting in embryo differentiation; this appears evident in apomictic and epiphyllous plants. According to Haberlandt's theory, all plant cells can regenerate a complete plant if the nucleus and the membrane system are intact. In fact, under in vitro conditions, ectopic embryos and adventitious shoots can develop from many organs of the mature plant body. We are beginning to understand how determination processes are regulated and how cell specialization occurs. However, we still need to unravel the mechanisms whereby a cell interprets its position, decides its fate, and communicates it to others. The induction of somatic embryogenesis might be based on a plant growth regulator signal (auxin) to determine an appropriate cellular environment and other factors, including stress and ectopic expression of embryo or meristem identity transcription factors (TFs). Still, we are far from having a complete view of the regulatory genes, their target genes, and their action hierarchy. As in animals, epigenetic reprogramming also plays an essential role in re-establishing the competence of differentiated cells to undergo somatic embryogenesis. Herein, we describe the functions of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) transcription factors in regulating the differentiation-dedifferentiation cell process and in the developmental phase of in vitro regenerated adventitious structures.
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15
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Kumar J, Kumar A, Sen Gupta D, Kumar S, DePauw RM. Reverse genetic approaches for breeding nutrient-rich and climate-resilient cereal and food legume crops. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 128:473-496. [PMID: 35249099 PMCID: PMC9178024 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, advancements in genomics tools and techniques have led to the discovery of many genes. Most of these genes still need to be characterized for their associated function and therefore, such genes remain underutilized for breeding the next generation of improved crop varieties. The recent developments in different reverse genetic approaches have made it possible to identify the function of genes controlling nutritional, biochemical, and metabolic traits imparting drought, heat, cold, salinity tolerance as well as diseases and insect-pests. This article focuses on reviewing the current status and prospects of using reverse genetic approaches to breed nutrient-rich and climate resilient cereal and food legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Debjyoti Sen Gupta
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250 004, India
| | - Ron M DePauw
- Advancing Wheat Technologies, 118 Strathcona Rd SW, Calgary, AB, T3H 1P3, Canada
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16
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Wehbi H, Soulhat C, Morin H, Bendahmane A, Hilson P, Bouchabké-Coussa O. One-Week Scutellar Somatic Embryogenesis in the Monocot Brachypodium distachyon. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081068. [PMID: 35448796 PMCID: PMC9025947 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a natural process of vegetative propagation. It can be induced in tissue cultures to investigate developmental transitions, to create transgenic or edited lines, or to multiply valuable crops. We studied the induction of SE in the scutellum of monocots with Brachypodium distachyon as a model system. Towards the in-depth analysis of SE initiation, we determined the earliest stages at which somatic scutellar cells acquired an embryogenic fate, then switched to a morphogenetic mode in a regeneration sequence involving treatments with exogenous hormones: first an auxin (2,4-D) then a cytokinin (kinetin). Our observations indicated that secondary somatic embryos could already develop in the proliferative calli derived from immature zygotic embryo tissues within one week from the start of in vitro culture. Cell states and tissue identity were deduced from detailed histological examination, and in situ hybridization was performed to map the expression of key developmental genes. The fast SE induction method we describe here facilitates the mechanistic study of the processes involved and may significantly shorten the production of transgenic or gene-edited plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssein Wehbi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (H.W.); (C.S.); (O.B.-C.)
| | - Camille Soulhat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (H.W.); (C.S.); (O.B.-C.)
| | - Halima Morin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Pierre Hilson
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (H.W.); (C.S.); (O.B.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Oumaya Bouchabké-Coussa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (H.W.); (C.S.); (O.B.-C.)
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Synthetic Strigolactone GR24 Improves Arabidopsis Somatic Embryogenesis through Changes in Auxin Responses. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122720. [PMID: 34961192 PMCID: PMC8704308 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis encompasses an induction phase requiring auxin as the inductive signal to promote cellular dedifferentiation and formation of the embryogenic tissue, and a developmental phase favoring the maturation of the embryos. Strigolactones (SLs) have been categorized as a novel group of plant hormones based on their ability to affect physiological phenomena in plants. The study analyzed the effects of synthetic strigolactone GR24, applied during the induction phase, on auxin response and formation of somatic embryos. The expression level of two SL biosynthetic genes, MOREAXILLARY GROWTH 3 and 4 (MAX3 and MAX4), which are responsible for the conversion of carotene to carotenal, increased during the induction phase of embryogenesis. Arabidopsis mutant studies indicated that the somatic embryo number was inhibited in max3 and max4 mutants, and this effect was reversed by applications of GR24, a synthetic strigolactone, and exacerbated by TIS108, a SL biosynthetic inhibitor. The transcriptional studies revealed that the regulation of GR24 and TIS108 on somatic embryogenesis correlated with changes in expression of AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTORs 5, 8, 10, and 16, known to be required for the production of the embryogenic tissue, as well as the expression of WUSCHEL (WUS) and Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor-like Kinase 1 (SERK1), which are markers of cell dedifferentiation and embryogenic tissue formation. Collectively, this work demonstrated the novel role of SL in enhancing the embryogenic process in Arabidopsis and its requirement for inducing the expression of genes related to auxin signaling and production of embryogenic tissue.
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18
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Kumar S, Ruggles A, Logan S, Mazarakis A, Tyson T, Bates M, Grosse C, Reed D, Li Z, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Saski C. Comparative Transcriptomics of Non-Embryogenic and Embryogenic Callus in Semi-Recalcitrant and Non-Recalcitrant Upland Cotton Lines. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091775. [PMID: 34579308 PMCID: PMC8472754 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis-mediated plant regeneration is essential for the genetic manipulation of agronomically important traits in upland cotton. Genotype specific recalcitrance to regeneration is a primary challenge in deploying genome editing and incorporating useful transgenes into elite cotton germplasm. In this study, transcriptomes of a semi-recalcitrant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotype ‘Coker312’ were analyzed at two critical stages of somatic embryogenesis that include non-embryogenic callus (NEC) and embryogenic callus (EC) cells, and the results were compared to a non-recalcitrant genotype ‘Jin668’. We discovered 305 differentially expressed genes in Coker312, whereas, in Jin668, about 6-fold more genes (2155) were differentially expressed. A total of 154 differentially expressed genes were common between the two genotypes. Gene enrichment analysis of the upregulated genes identified functional categories, such as lipid transport, embryo development, regulation of transcription, sugar transport, and vitamin biosynthesis, among others. In Coker312 EC cells, five major transcription factors were highly upregulated: LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 (LEC1), WUS-related homeobox 5 (WOX5), ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and WRKY2. In Jin668, LEC1, BABY BOOM (BBM), FUS3, and AGAMOUS-LIKE15 (AGL15) were highly expressed in EC cells. We also found that gene expression of these embryogenesis genes was typically higher in Jin668 when compared to Coker312. We conclude that significant differences in the expression of the above genes between Coker312 and Jin668 may be a critical factor affecting the regenerative ability of these genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Kumar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (S.K.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ashleigh Ruggles
- Techshot Inc., Greenville, IN 47124, USA; (A.R.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Sam Logan
- Techshot Inc., Greenville, IN 47124, USA; (A.R.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Alora Mazarakis
- Techshot Inc., Greenville, IN 47124, USA; (A.R.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Thomas Tyson
- Techshot Inc., Greenville, IN 47124, USA; (A.R.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Matthew Bates
- Techshot Inc., Greenville, IN 47124, USA; (A.R.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Clayton Grosse
- Techshot Inc., Greenville, IN 47124, USA; (A.R.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (D.R.)
| | - David Reed
- Techshot Inc., Greenville, IN 47124, USA; (A.R.); (S.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (M.B.); (C.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (S.K.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA; (J.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA; (J.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Christopher Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (S.K.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-864-656-6929
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