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Gong M, Kong M, Huo Q, He J, He J, Yan Z, Lu C, Jiang Y, Song J, Han W, Lv G. Ultrasonic treatment can improve maize seed germination and abiotic stress resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:758. [PMID: 39112960 PMCID: PMC11308701 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Constant-frequency ultrasonic treatment helped to improve seed germination. However, variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment on maize seed germination were rarely reported. In this study, maize seeds were exposed to 20-40 kHz ultrasonic for 40 s. The germination percentage and radicle length of maize seeds increased by 10.4% and 230.5%. Ultrasonic treatment also significantly increased the acid protease, α-amylase, and β-amylase contents by 96.4%, 73.8%, and 49.1%, respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed that 11,475 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the ultrasonic treatment and control groups, including 5,695 upregulated and 5,780 downregulated. Metabolic pathways and transcription factors (TFs) were significantly enriched among DEGs after ultrasonic treatment. This included metabolism and genetic information processing, that is, ribosome, proteasome, and pyruvate metabolism, sesquiterpenoid, triterpenoid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as transcription factors in the NAC, MYB, bHLH, WRKY, AP2, bZIP, and ARF families. Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment increased auxin, gibberellin, and salicylic acid by 5.5%, 37.3%, and 28.9%, respectively. Abscisic acid significantly decreased by 33.2%. The related DEGs were upregulated and downregulated to varying degrees. Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms through ultrasonic to promote maize seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meng Kong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiuyan Huo
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiuxing He
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan He
- National Agro-tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Zhuosheng Yan
- Guangzhou Jindao Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510940, China
| | - Chun Lu
- Guangzhou Jindao Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510940, China
| | - Yawen Jiang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiqing Song
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Han
- Shandong Agri-tech Extension Center, Jiefang Road No. 15, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, China.
| | - Guohua Lv
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Institute of Dongying Shengli Salt Alkali Agriculture Industrialization and Technology Research, Dongying, 257000, China.
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Qi X, Zhuang Z, Ji X, Bian J, Peng Y. The Mechanism of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and 6-Benzylaminopurine Regulating the Elongation of Maize Mesocotyl. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6150. [PMID: 38892338 PMCID: PMC11172663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The elongation of the mesocotyl plays an important role in the emergence of maize deep-sowing seeds. This study was designed to explore the function of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) in the growth of the maize mesocotyl and to examine its regulatory network. The results showed that the addition of 0.25 mmol/L exogenous SA promoted the elongation of maize mesocotyls under both 3 cm and 15 cm deep-sowing conditions. Conversely, the addition of 10 mg/L exogenous 6-BA inhibited the elongation of maize mesocotyls. Interestingly, the combined treatment of exogenous SA-6-BA also inhibited the elongation of maize mesocotyls. The longitudinal elongation of mesocotyl cells was the main reason affecting the elongation of maize mesocotyls. Transcriptome analysis showed that exogenous SA and 6-BA may interact in the hormone signaling regulatory network of mesocotyl elongation. The differential expression of genes related to auxin (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroid (BR), cytokinin (CTK) and SA signaling pathways may be related to the regulation of exogenous SA and 6-BA on the growth of mesocotyls. In addition, five candidate genes that may regulate the length of mesocotyls were screened by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). These genes may be involved in the growth of maize mesocotyls through auxin-activated signaling pathways, transmembrane transport, methylation and redox processes. The results enhance our understanding of the plant hormone regulation of mesocotyl growth, which will help to further explore and identify the key genes affecting mesocotyl growth in plant hormone signaling regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qi
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zelong Zhuang
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiangzhuo Ji
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jianwen Bian
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yunling Peng
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement & Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Yang J, Liu Z, Liu Y, Fan X, Gao L, Li Y, Hu Y, Hu K, Huang Y. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes Involved in Deep-Sowing Tolerance in Maize ( Zea mays L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1533. [PMID: 38891341 PMCID: PMC11175157 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Deep sowing is an efficient strategy for maize to ensure the seedling emergence rate under adverse conditions such as drought or low temperatures. However, the genetic basis of deep-sowing tolerance-related traits in maize remains largely unknown. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study on traits related to deep-sowing tolerance, including mesocotyl length (ML), coleoptile length (CL), plumule length (PL), shoot length (SL), and primary root length (PRL), using 255 maize inbred lines grown in three different environments. We identified 23, 6, 4, and 4 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with ML, CL, PL, and SL, respectively. By analyzing candidate genes within these QTLs, we found a γ-tubulin-containing complex protein, ZmGCP2, which was significantly associated with ML, PL, and SL. Loss of function of ZmGCP2 resulted in decreased PL, possibly by affecting the cell elongation, thus affecting SL. Additionally, we identified superior haplotypes and allelic variations of ZmGCP2 with a longer PL and SL, which may be useful for breeding varieties with deep-sowing tolerance to improve maize cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Zhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Xiujun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yangping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610091, China
| | - Yubi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (L.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
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Zhao R, Yu Y, Gao M, Xing Y, Xue J, Xu L, Kang T. The conversion of monolignans to sesquilignans and dilignans is closely correlated to the regulation of Arctium lappa seed germination. PLANTA 2024; 260:9. [PMID: 38795149 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The secondary metabolic conversion of monolignans to sesquilignans/dilignans was closely related to seed germination and seedling establishment in Arctium lappa. Arctium lappa plants are used as a kind of traditional Chinese medicines for nearly 1500 years, and so far, only a few studies have put focus on the key secondary metabolic changes during seed germination and seedling establishment. In the current study, a combined approach was used to investigate the correlation among secondary metabolites, plant hormone signaling, and transcriptional profiles at the early critical stages of A. lappa seed germination and seedling establishment. Of 50 metabolites in methonolic extracts of A. lappa samples, 35 metabolites were identified with LC-MS/MS and 15 metabolites were identified with GC-MS. Their qualitative properties were examined according to the predicted chemical structures. The quantitative analysis was performed for deciphering their metabolic profiles, discovering that the secondary metabolic conversion from monolignans to sesquilignans/dilignans was closely correlated to the initiation of A. lappa seed germination and seedling establishment. Furthermore, the critical transcriptional changes in primary metabolisms, translational regulation at different cellular compartments, and multiple plant hormone signaling pathways were revealed. In addition, the combined approach provides unprecedented insights into key regulatory mechanisms in both gene transcription and secondary metabolites besides many known primary metabolites during seed germination of an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant species. The results not only provide new insights to understand the regulation of key medicinal components of 'ARCTII FRUCTUS', arctiin and arctigenin at the stages of seed germination and seedling establishment, but also potentially spur the development of seed-based cultivation in A. lappa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingze Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingguo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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Byregowda R, Nagarajappa N, Rajendra Prasad S, Kumar MP. Comparative regulatory network of transcripts behind radicle emergence and seedling stage of maize ( Zea mays L.). Heliyon 2024; 10:e25683. [PMID: 38370253 PMCID: PMC10869873 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition from radicle emergence to seedling growth in maize is a crucial phase in the plant's life cycle, where rapid physiological and biochemical changes occur to facilitate successful development. In this study, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular processes driving this critical transition. The early divergence in gene expression patterns highlighted the upregulation of a substantial number of genes during radicle emergence. During radicle emergence, gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis unveiled active participation in biological processes such as chromatin assembly, cellular response to abiotic stress, and hormone signaling. This indicates that the initial stages of growth are marked by cellular expansion and adaptation to environmental stimuli. Conversely, in the seedling growth stage, GO analysis demonstrated a shift toward processes such as photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, reflecting a transition to energy production and enhanced growth. In contrast, seedling growth was characterized by pathways related to photosynthesis and the production of gibberellins, crucial for robust seedling development. Hormonal regulation and starch metabolism were also prominent during radicle emergence, with various hormones, including auxins, diterpenoids, and brassinosteroids, driving processes like cell enlargement and stem growth. Moreover, starch and sucrose metabolism genes were expressed to mobilize stored reserves for energy during this stage. These findings offer valuable insights into the dynamic regulation of genes and pathways during this critical phase of maize development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopashree Byregowda
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Nethra Nagarajappa
- Seed Technology Research Center, All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Seed (Crops), Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | - M.K. Prasanna Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
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