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Waszczuk W, Czajkowska J, Dutkiewicz A, Klasa B, Carolak E, Aleksandrowicz A, Grzymajlo K. It takes two to attach - endo-1,3-β-d-glucanase as a potential receptor of mannose-independent, FimH-dependent Salmonella Typhimurium binding to spinach leaves. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104519. [PMID: 38637081 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Currently, fresh, unprocessed food has become a relevant element of the chain of transmission of enteropathogenic infections. To survive on a plant surface and further spread the infections, pathogens like Salmonella have to attach stably to the leaf surface. Adhesion, driven by various virulence factors, including the most abundant fim operon encoding type 1 fimbriae, is usually an initial step of infection, preventing physical removal of the pathogen. Adhesion properties of Salmonella's type 1 fimbriae and its FimH adhesin were investigated intensively in the past. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding its role in interaction with plant cells. Understanding the mechanisms and structures involved in such interaction may facilitate efforts to decrease the risk of contamination and increase fresh food safety. Here, we applied Salmonella genome site-directed mutagenesis, adhesion assays, protein-protein interactions, and biophysics methods based on surface plasmon resonance to unravel the role of FimH adhesin in interaction with spinach leaves. We show that FimH is at least partially responsible for Salmonella binding to spinach leaves, and this interaction occurs in a mannose-independent manner. Importantly, we identified a potential FimH receptor as endo-1,3-β-d-Glucanase and found that this interaction is strong and specific, with a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range. This research advances our comprehension of Salmonella's interactions with plant surfaces, offering insights that can aid in minimizing contamination risks and improving the safety of fresh, unprocessed foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Waszczuk
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Joanna Czajkowska
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Beata Klasa
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Ewa Carolak
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Aleksandrowicz
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Grzymajlo
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poland.
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Leszczuk A, Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Nowak A, Nosalewicz A, Zdunek A. Low oxygen environment effect on the tomato cell wall composition during the fruit ripening process. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:503. [PMID: 38840061 PMCID: PMC11155102 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen concentration is a key characteristic of the fruit storage environment determining shelf life and fruit quality. The aim of the work was to identify cell wall components that are related to the response to low oxygen conditions in fruit and to determine the effects of such conditions on the ripening process. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits at different stages of the ripening process were stored in an anoxic and hypoxic environment, at 0% and 5% oxygen concentrations, respectively. We used comprehensive and comparative methods: from microscopic immunolabelling and estimation of enzymatic activities to detailed molecular approaches. Changes in the composition of extensin, arabinogalactan proteins, rhamnogalacturonan-I, low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan, and high methyl-esterified homogalacturonan were analysed. RESULTS In-depth molecular analyses showed that low oxygen stress affected the cell wall composition, i.e. changes in protein content, a significantly modified in situ distribution of low methyl-esterified homogalacturonan, appearance of callose deposits, disturbed native activities of β-1,3-glucanase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and disruptions in molecular parameters of single cell wall components. Taken together, the data obtained indicate that less significant changes were observed in fruit in the breaker stage than in the case of the red ripe stage. The first symptoms of changes were noted after 24 h, but only after 72 h, more crucial deviations were visible. The 5% oxygen concentration slows down the ripening process and 0% oxygen accelerates the changes taking place during ripening. CONCLUSIONS The observed molecular reset occurring in tomato cell walls in hypoxic and anoxic conditions seems to be a result of regulatory and protective mechanisms modulating ripening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland.
| | | | - Artur Nowak
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie- Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Artur Nosalewicz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
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Arnau G, Desfontaines L, Ehounou AE, Marie-Magdeleine C, Kouakou AM, Leinster J, Nudol E, Maledon E, Chair H. Quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for physico-chemical traits related to tuber quality in greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4872-4879. [PMID: 37400964 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch, dry matter content (DMC), proteins, and sugars are among the major influences on yam tuber quality. Genetic improvement programs need simple, rapid, and low-cost tools to screen large populations. The objectives of this work were, using a quantitative trait loci mapping approach (QTL) on two diploid full-sib segregating populations, (i) to acquire knowledge about the genetic control of these traits; (ii) to identify markers linked to the genomic regions controlling each trait, which are useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS); (iii) to validate the QTLs on a diversity panel; and (iv) to identify candidate genes from the validated QTLs. RESULTS Heritability for all traits was moderately high to high. Significant correlations were observed between traits. A total of 25 QTLs were identified, including six for DMC, six for sugars, six for proteins, and seven for starch. The phenotypic variance explained by individual QTLs ranged from 14.3% to 28.6%. The majority of QTLs were validated on a diversity panel, showing that they are not specific to the genetic background of the progenitors. The approximate physical location of validated QTLs allowed the identification of candidate genes for all studied traits. Those detected for starch content were mainly enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, whereas those detected for sugars were mainly involved in respiration and glycolysis. CONCLUSION The validated QTLs will be useful for breeding programs using MAS to improve the quality of yam tubers. The putative genes should be useful in providing a better understanding of the physiological and molecular basis of these important tuber quality traits. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Arnau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucienne Desfontaines
- INRAE, UR 1321 ASTRO Agrosystèmes tropicaux. Centre de recherche Antilles-Guyane, Petit-Bourg, France
| | | | | | - Amani Michel Kouakou
- CNRA, Station de Recherche sur les Cultures Vivrières (SRCV), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jocelyne Leinster
- INRAE, UR 1321 ASTRO Agrosystèmes tropicaux. Centre de recherche Antilles-Guyane, Petit-Bourg, France
| | - Elie Nudol
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Petit Bourg, France
| | - Erick Maledon
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Petit Bourg, France
| | - Hana Chair
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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4
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Kaur N, Lozada DN, Bhatta M, Barchenger DW, Khokhar ES, Nourbakhsh SS, Sanogo S. Insights into the genetic architecture of Phytophthora capsici root rot resistance in chile pepper (Capsicum spp.) from multi-locus genome-wide association study. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:416. [PMID: 38760676 PMCID: PMC11100198 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora root rot, a major constraint in chile pepper production worldwide, is caused by the soil-borne oomycete, Phytophthora capsici. This study aimed to detect significant regions in the Capsicum genome linked to Phytophthora root rot resistance using a panel consisting of 157 Capsicum spp. genotypes. Multi-locus genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Individual plants were separately inoculated with P. capsici isolates, 'PWB-185', 'PWB-186', and '6347', at the 4-8 leaf stage and were scored for disease symptoms up to 14-days post-inoculation. Disease scores were used to calculate disease parameters including disease severity index percentage, percent of resistant plants, area under disease progress curve, and estimated marginal means for each genotype. RESULTS Most of the genotypes displayed root rot symptoms, whereas five accessions were completely resistant to all the isolates and displayed no symptoms of infection. A total of 55,117 SNP markers derived from GBS were used to perform multi-locus GWAS which identified 330 significant SNP markers associated with disease resistance. Of these, 56 SNP markers distributed across all the 12 chromosomes were common across the isolates, indicating association with more durable resistance. Candidate genes including nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR), systemic acquired resistance (SAR8.2), and receptor-like kinase (RLKs), were identified within 0.5 Mb of the associated markers. CONCLUSIONS Results will be used to improve resistance to Phytophthora root rot in chile pepper by the development of Kompetitive allele-specific markers (KASP®) for marker validation, genomewide selection, and marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
- Current address: Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Dennis N Lozada
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
- Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
| | | | | | - Ehtisham S Khokhar
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Seyed Shahabeddin Nourbakhsh
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
- Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Soum Sanogo
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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Edema H, Bawin T, Olsen S, Krause K, Karppinen K. Parasitic dodder expresses an arsenal of secreted cellulases with multi-substrate specificity during host invasion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108633. [PMID: 38663263 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Cuscuta campestris is a common and problematic parasitic plant which relies on haustoria to connect to and siphon nutrients from host plants. Glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) cellulases (EC 3.2.1.4) play critical roles in plant cell wall biosynthesis and disassembly, but their roles during Cuscuta host invasion remains underexplored. In this study, we identified 22 full-length GH9 cellulase genes in C. campestris genome, which encoded fifteen secreted and seven membrane-anchored cellulases that showed distinct phylogenetic relationships. Expression profiles suggested that some of the genes are involved in biosynthesis and remodeling of the parasite's cell wall during haustoriogenesis, while other genes encoding secreted B- and C-type cellulases are tentatively associated with degrading host cell walls during invasion. Transcriptomic data in a host-free system and in the presence of susceptible or partially resistant tomato hosts, showed for especially GH9B7, GH9B11 and GH9B12 a shift in expression profiles in the presence of hosts, being more highly expressed during host attachment, indicating that Cuscuta can tune cellulase expression in response to a host. Functional analyses of recombinant B- and C-type cellulases showed endoglucanase activities over wide pH and temperature conditions, and activities towards multiple cellulose and hemicellulose substrates. These findings improve our understanding of host cell wall disassembly by Cuscuta, and cellulase activity towards broad substrate range potentially explain its wide host range. This is the first study to provide a broad biochemical insight into Cuscuta GH9 cellulases, which based on our study may have potential applications in industrial bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Edema
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway; The Arctic Centre for Sustainable Energy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
| | - Thomas Bawin
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
| | - Stian Olsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway; The Arctic Centre for Sustainable Energy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
| | - Katja Karppinen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway; The Arctic Centre for Sustainable Energy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
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6
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Kumari N, Kaur S, Sharma V. Dissecting the role of salicylic acid in mediating stress response in mungbean cultivars concurrently exposed to Macrophomina phaseolina infection and drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108660. [PMID: 38678945 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The combined stress studies provide fundamental knowledge that could assist in producing multiple stress resilient crops. The fungal phytopathogen, Macrophomina phaseolina is a major limiting factor in the productivity of the crop, Vigna radiata (mungbean). This fungal species tends to flourish under hot and dry conditions. Therefore, in this study the salicylic acid (SA) mediated stress responses in contrasting mungbean cultivars (Shikha and RMG-975) exposed to combined M. phaseolina infection (F) and drought stress (D) have been elucidated. The combined stress was applied to ten days seedlings in three orders i.e. drought followed by fungal infection (DF), drought followed by fungal infection with extended water deficit (DFD) and fungal infection followed by drought stress (FD). The severity of infection was analyzed using ImageJ analysis. Besides, the concentration of SA has been correlated with the phenylpropanoid pathway products, expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase) and the specific activity of certain related enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, lipoxygenase and glutathione-S-transferase). The data revealed that the cultivar RMG-975 was relatively more tolerant than Shikha under individual stresses. However, the former became more susceptible to the infection under DFD treatment while the latter showed tolerance. Otherwise, the crown rot severity was reduced in both the cultivars under other combined treatments. The stress response analysis suggested that enhanced chitinase expression is vital for tolerance against both, the pathogen and drought stress. Also, it was noted that plants treat each stress combination differently and the role of SA was more prominently visible under individual stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilima Kumari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304022, India.
| | - Sahib Kaur
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
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Li N, Han J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Xu X, He B, Liu M, Wang J, Wang Q. A rumen-derived bifunctional glucanase/mannanase uncanonically releases oligosaccharides with a high degree of polymerization preferentially from branched substrates. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121828. [PMID: 38368107 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are known to depolymerize polysaccharides into oligo-/mono-saccharides, they are extensively used as additives for both animals feed and our food. Here we reported the characterization of IDSGH5-14(CD), a weakly-acidic mesophilic bifunctional mannanase/glucanase of GH5, originally isolated from sheep rumen microbes. Biochemical characterization studies revealed that IDSGH5-14(CD) exhibited preferential hydrolysis of mannan-like and glucan-like substrates. Interestingly, the enzyme exhibited significantly robust catalytic activity towards branched-substrates compared to linear polysaccharides (P < 0.05). Substrate hydrolysis pattern indicated that IDSGH5-14(CD) predominantly liberated oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3-7 as the end products, dramatically distinct from canonical endo-acting enzymes. Comparative modeling revealed that IDSGH5-14(CD) was mainly comprised of a (β/α)8-barrel-like structure with a spacious catalytic cleft on surface, facilitating the enzyme to target high-DP or branched oligosaccharides. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further suggested that the branched-ligand, 64-α-D-galactosyl-mannohexose, was steadily accommodated within the catalytic pocket via a two-sided clamp formed by the aromatic residues. This study first reports a bifunctional GH5 enzyme that predominantly generates high-DP oligosaccharides, preferentially from branched-substrates. This provides novel insights into the catalytic mechanism and molecular underpinnings of polysaccharide depolymerization, with potential implications for feed additive development and high-DP oligosaccharides preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Li
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junyan Han
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yebo Zhou
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Huien Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Bo He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiakun Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Salami M, Heidari B, Alizadeh B, Batley J, Wang J, Tan XL, Dadkhodaie A, Richards C. Dissection of quantitative trait nucleotides and candidate genes associated with agronomic and yield-related traits under drought stress in rapeseed varieties: integration of genome-wide association study and transcriptomic analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342359. [PMID: 38567131 PMCID: PMC10985355 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction An important strategy to combat yield loss challenge is the development of varieties with increased tolerance to drought to maintain production. Improvement of crop yield under drought stress is critical to global food security. Methods In this study, we performed multiomics analysis in a collection of 119 diverse rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties to dissect the genetic control of agronomic traits in two watering regimes [well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS)] for 3 years. In the DS treatment, irrigation continued till the 50% pod development stage, whereas in the WW condition, it was performed throughout the whole growing season. Results The results of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 52,157 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed 1,281 SNPs associated with traits. Six stable SNPs showed sequence variation for flowering time between the two irrigation conditions across years. Three novel SNPs on chromosome C04 for plant weight were located within drought tolerance-related gene ABCG16, and their pleiotropically effects on seed weight per plant and seed yield were characterized. We identified the C02 peak as a novel signal for flowering time, harboring 52.77% of the associated SNPs. The 288-kbps LD decay distance analysis revealed 2,232 candidate genes (CGs) associated with traits. The CGs BIG1-D, CAND1, DRG3, PUP10, and PUP21 were involved in phytohormone signaling and pollen development with significant effects on seed number, seed weight, and grain yield in drought conditions. By integrating GWAS and RNA-seq, 215 promising CGs were associated with developmental process, reproductive processes, cell wall organization, and response to stress. GWAS and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of leaf and seed in the yield contrasting accessions identified BIG1-D, CAND1, and DRG3 genes for yield variation. Discussion The results of our study provide insights into the genetic control of drought tolerance and the improvement of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for breeding high-yield and drought-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Salami
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahram Heidari
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahram Alizadeh
- Oil Crops Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension, Organization, (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ali Dadkhodaie
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Christopher Richards
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Su G, Lin Y, Wang C, Lu J, Liu Z, He Z, Shu X, Chen W, Wu R, Li B, Zhu C, Rose JKC, Grierson D, Giovannoni JJ, Shi Y, Chen K. Expansin SlExp1 and endoglucanase SlCel2 synergistically promote fruit softening and cell wall disassembly in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:709-726. [PMID: 38000892 PMCID: PMC10896287 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening, an irreversible process that occurs during fruit ripening, can lead to losses and waste during postharvest transportation and storage. Cell wall disassembly is the main factor leading to loss of fruit firmness, and several ripening-associated cell wall genes have been targeted for genetic modification, particularly pectin modifiers. However, individual knockdown of most cell wall-related genes has had minimal influence on cell wall integrity and fruit firmness, with the notable exception of pectate lyase. Compared to pectin disassembly, studies of the cell wall matrix, the xyloglucan-cellulose framework, and underlying mechanisms during fruit softening are limited. Here, a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening-associated α-expansin (SlExpansin1/SlExp1) and an endoglucanase (SlCellulase2/SlCel2), which function in the cell wall matrix, were knocked out individually and together using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9-mediated genome editing. Simultaneous knockout of SlExp1 and SlCel2 enhanced fruit firmness, reduced depolymerization of homogalacturonan-type pectin and xyloglucan, and increased cell adhesion. In contrast, single knockouts of either SlExp1 or SlCel2 did not substantially change fruit firmness, while simultaneous overexpression of SlExp1 and SlCel2 promoted early fruit softening. Collectively, our results demonstrate that SlExp1 and SlCel2 synergistically regulate cell wall disassembly and fruit softening in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqing Su
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zimeng Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiren He
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiu Shu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenbo Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baijun Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Donald Grierson
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
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10
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Gupta R, Min CW, Cho JH, Jung JY, Jeon JS, Kim YJ, Kim JK, Kim ST. Integrated "-omics" analysis highlights the role of brassinosteroid signaling and antioxidant machinery underlying improved rice seed longevity during artificial aging treatment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108308. [PMID: 38169224 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Seed longevity is a critical characteristic in agriculture, yet the specific genes/proteins responsible for this trait and the molecular mechanisms underlying reduced longevity during seed aging remain largely elusive. Here we report the comparative proteome and metabolome profiling of three rice cultivars exhibiting varying degrees of aging tolerance: Dharial, an aging-tolerant cultivar; Ilmi, an aging-sensitive cultivar; and A2, a moderately aging-tolerant cultivar developed from the crossbreeding of Dharial and Ilmi. Artificial aging treatment (AAT) markedly reduced the germination percentage and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in all the cultivars. Further, proteomics results showed a key role of the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway in the degradation of damaged proteins during AAT while other proteases were majorly reduced. In addition, proteins associated with energy production and protein synthesis were strongly reduced in Ilmi while these were majorly increased in A2 and Dharial. These, along with metabolomics results, suggest that Ub-proteasome mediated protein degradation during AAT results in the accumulation of free amino acids in Ilmi while tolerant cultivars potentially utilize those for energy production and synthesis of stress-related proteins, especially hsp20/alpha-crystallin family protein. Additionally, both Dharial and A2 seem to activate brassinosteroid signaling and suppress jasmonate signaling which initiates a signaling cascade that allows accumulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants for efficient detoxification of aging-induced ROS. Taken together, these results provide an in-depth understanding of the aging-induced changes in rice seeds and highlight key pathways responsible for maintaining seed longevity during AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Min
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeon Cho
- Sangju Substation, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Sangju, 37139, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Mladenov P, Wang X, Yang Z, Djilianov D, Deng X. Dynamics of chromatin accessibility and genome wide control of desiccation tolerance in the resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:654. [PMID: 38110858 PMCID: PMC10729425 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is one of the main consequences of global climate change and this problem is expected to intensify in the future. Resurrection plants evolved the ability to withstand the negative impact of long periods of almost complete desiccation and to recover at rewatering. In this respect, many physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic and genomic investigations have been performed in recent years, however, few epigenetic control studies have been performed on these valuable desiccation-tolerant plants so far. RESULTS In the present study, for the first time for resurrection plants we provide evidences about the differential chromatin accessibility of Haberlea rhodopensis during desiccation stress by ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing). Based on gene similarity between species, we used the available genome of the closely related resurrection plant Dorcoceras hygrometricum to identify approximately nine hundred transposase hypersensitive sites (THSs) in H. rhodopensis. The majority of them corresponds to proximal and distal regulatory elements of different genes involved in photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, synthesis of secondary metabolites, cell signalling and transcriptional regulation, cell growth, cell wall, stomata conditioning, chaperons, oxidative stress, autophagy and others. Various types of binding motifs recognized by several families of transcription factors have been enriched from the THSs found in different stages of drought. Further, we used the previously published RNA-seq data from H. rhodopensis to evaluate the expression of transcription factors putatively interacting with the enriched motifs, and the potential correlation between the identified THS and the expression of their corresponding genes. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a blueprint for investigating the epigenetic regulation of desiccation tolerance in resurrection plant H. rhodopensis and comparative genomics between resurrection and non-resurrection species with available genome information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petko Mladenov
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd, Sofia, 1164, Bulgaria.
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhaolin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Xin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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12
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Wanke A, van Boerdonk S, Mahdi LK, Wawra S, Neidert M, Chandrasekar B, Saake P, Saur IML, Derbyshire P, Holton N, Menke FLH, Brands M, Pauly M, Acosta IF, Zipfel C, Zuccaro A. A GH81-type β-glucan-binding protein enhances colonization by mutualistic fungi in barley. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5071-5084.e7. [PMID: 37977140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are important interfaces of plant-fungal interactions, acting as robust physical and chemical barriers against invaders. Upon fungal colonization, plants deposit phenolics and callose at the sites of fungal penetration to prevent further fungal progression. Alterations in the composition of plant cell walls significantly impact host susceptibility. Furthermore, plants and fungi secrete glycan hydrolases acting on each other's cell walls. These enzymes release various sugar oligomers into the apoplast, some of which activate host immunity via surface receptors. Recent characterization of cell walls from plant-colonizing fungi has emphasized the abundance of β-glucans in different cell wall layers, which makes them suitable targets for recognition. To characterize host components involved in immunity against fungi, we performed a protein pull-down with the biotinylated β-glucan laminarin. Thereby, we identified a plant glycoside hydrolase family 81-type glucan-binding protein (GBP) as a β-glucan interactor. Mutation of GBP1 and its only paralog, GBP2, in barley led to decreased colonization by the beneficial root endophytes Serendipita indica and S. vermifera, as well as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The reduction of colonization was accompanied by enhanced responses at the host cell wall, including an extension of callose-containing cell wall appositions. Moreover, GBP mutation in barley also reduced fungal biomass in roots by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana and inhibited the penetration success of the obligate biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria hordei. These results indicate that GBP1 is involved in the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial fungi-a role that has potentially been appropriated by barley-adapted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah van Boerdonk
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Mahdi
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidert
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivan F Acosta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany.
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13
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Marcotrigiano AR, Carluccio AV, Unachukwu N, Adeoti SR, Abdulsalam T, Gedil M, Menkir A, Gisel A, Stavolone L. Hydroxamic acids: New players in the multifactorial mechanisms of maize resistance to Striga hermonthica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108134. [PMID: 37883916 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Striga hermonthica is the most widespread and destructive plant parasite infesting maize and other major crops in sub-Saharan Africa where it causes severe yield losses and threatens food security. Several tolerant maize lines supporting reduced S. hermonthica emergence have been deployed. However, the molecular bases of such resistance are yet poorly understood. Based on a time course comparative gene expression analysis between susceptible and resistant maize lines we have confirmed resistance mechanisms known to be activated upon plant parasite infestation and identified potential novel players worth further investigation e.g. iron homeostasis and mitochondrial respiration-related genes. Most intriguingly, we show a previously unknown strategy of maize post-attachment resistance based on DIMBOA accumulation in S. hermonthica-infested maize roots. S. hermonthica infestation triggers positive regulation of gene expression in the hydroxamic acid (HA) pathway culminating with an accumulation of benzoxazinoids (BX), known for their antifeedant, insecticidal, antimicrobial, and allelopathic activities. We demonstrate that HA root content is positively correlated with S. hermonthica resistance in the resistant parent and its progenies and in unrelated maize lines. Downregulation of HA genes causes increased susceptibility to S. hermonthica infestation in loss-of-function maize mutants. While the mechanism of BX action in parasitic plant resistance is yet to be uncovered, the potential of this discovery for developing effective control and breeding strategies is enormous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Raffaele Marcotrigiano
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Carluccio
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Nnanna Unachukwu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Toyin Abdulsalam
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Melaku Gedil
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Andreas Gisel
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute for Biomedical Technologies, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Livia Stavolone
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy.
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14
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Li M, Li W, Zhao M, Li Z, Wang GL, Liu W, Liang C. Transcriptome analysis reveals a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in OsRpp30-mediated disease resistance in rice. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:643. [PMID: 37884868 PMCID: PMC10604448 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in various biological processes in plants. Extensive studies utilizing high-throughput RNA sequencing have revealed that many lncRNAs are involved in plant disease resistance. Oryza sativa RNase P protein 30 (OsRpp30) has been identified as a positive regulator of rice immunity against fungal and bacterial pathogens. Nevertheless, the specific functions of lncRNAs in relation to OsRpp30-mediated disease resistance in rice remain elusive. RESULTS We conducted a comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs expression patterns in wild type (WT), OsRpp30 overexpression (OsRpp30-OE), and OsRpp30 knockout (OsRpp30-KO) rice plants. In total, we identified 91 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), 1671 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), and 41 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) across the different rice lines. To gain further insights, we investigated the interaction between DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs, leading to the discovery of 10 trans- and 27 cis-targeting pairs specific to the OsRpp30-OE and OsRpp30-KO samples. In addition, we constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network comprising differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs to elucidate their intricate interplay in rice disease resistance. The ceRNA network analysis uncovered a set of gene targets regulated by lncRNAs and miRNAs, which were found to be involved in pathogen recognition, hormone pathways, transcription factor activation, and other biological processes related to plant immunity. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a comprehensive expression profiling of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in a collection of defense mutants in rice. To decipher the putative functional significance of lncRNAs, we constructed trans- and cis-targeting networks involving differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, as well as a ceRNA network incorporating differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. Together, the findings from this study provide compelling evidence supporting the pivotal roles of lncRNAs in OsRpp30-mediated disease resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Li
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Meixia Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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15
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Sallam NMA, AbdElfatah HAS, Khalil Bagy HMM, Elfarash A, Abo-Elyousr KAM, Sikora EJ, Sallam A. Exploring the mechanisms of endophytic bacteria for suppressing early blight disease in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1184343. [PMID: 37808317 PMCID: PMC10551630 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1184343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling early blight of tomatoes using endophytic bacteria is an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to manage this common fungal disease caused by Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia lunata. Endophytic bacteria are microorganisms that live inside plant tissues without causing harm and can help protect the host plant from pathogens. In this work, twenty endophytic bacterial isolates from tomato healthy plants were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates that caused early blight disease in vitro. Out of the 20 tested isolates, three (B4, B7, and B17) were considered effective isolates against the growth of fungal pathogens. The three isolates were recognized as Enterobacter cloacae HS-6 (B4), Pseudomonas gessardii HS-5 (B 7), and Pseudomonas mediterranea HS-4 (B17) using 16s-rDNA sequencing. Different concentrations of bacterial cultural diltrates at 20, 40, and 60% were tested for their antagonistic effects on the development of pathogenic fungi in vitro. The lowest dry weights of pathogenic isolates in all bacterial culture filtrates were discovered at 60%. In all culture filtrates, phenolic compounds showed the largest peak area. Under greenhouse conditions, the least disease severity of tomato early blight was found for E. cloacae and its culture filtrate compared to other treatments. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression pattern of the defense response gene β-1.3 glucanase gene in infected tomato plants with pathogenic fungi (control) as well as its relations with efficient biocontrol agent (E. cloacae). The expression of the gene increased substantially and significantly after three days from the inoculation-infected plants with C. lunata and E. cloacae while it reached the maximum after five days from the inoculation with A. alternata, A. solani and E. cloacae. Our study concluded that the endophytic bacterial isolate E. cloacae can be considered a promising biocontrol agent for preventing tomato early blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa M. A. Sallam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ameer Elfarash
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Kamal A. M. Abo-Elyousr
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward J. Sikora
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ahmed Sallam
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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16
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Ušák D, Haluška S, Pleskot R. Callose synthesis at the center point of plant development-An evolutionary insight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:54-69. [PMID: 37165709 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar callose deposition into the extracellular matrix is tightly controlled in time and space. Its presence in the cell wall modifies the properties of the surrounding area, which is fundamental for the correct execution of numerous processes such as cell division, male gametophyte development, intercellular transport, or responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Previous studies have been invaluable in characterizing specific callose synthases (CalSs) during individual cellular processes. However, the complex view of the relationships between a particular CalS and a specific process is still lacking. Here we review the recent proceedings on the role of callose and individual CalSs in cell wall remodelling from an evolutionary perspective and with a particular focus on cytokinesis. We provide a robust phylogenetic analysis of CalS across the plant kingdom, which implies a 3-subfamily distribution of CalS. We also discuss the possible linkage between the evolution of CalSs and their function in specific cell types and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ušák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
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17
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Han J, Liu Y, Shen Y, Zhang D, Li W. Transcriptome Dynamics during Spike Differentiation of Wheat Reveal Amazing Changes in Cell Wall Metabolic Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11666. [PMID: 37511426 PMCID: PMC10380499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated cell proliferation and differentiation result in the complex structure of the inflorescence in wheat. It exhibits unique differentiation patterns and structural changes at different stages, which have attracted the attention of botanists studying the dynamic regulation of its genes. Our research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of spike development genes at different growth stages. We conducted RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR evaluations on spikes at three stages. Our findings revealed that genes associated with the cell wall and carbohydrate metabolism showed high expression levels between any two stages throughout the entire process, suggesting their regulatory role in early spike development. Furthermore, through transgenic experiments, we elucidated the role of the cell wall regulator gene in spike development regulation. These research results contribute to identifying essential genes associated with the morphology and development of wheat spike tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Han
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yiting Shen
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Donghai Zhang
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Weihua Li
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
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18
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Dorjee L, Gogoi R, Kamil D, Kumar R, Mondal TK, Pattanayak S, Gurung B. Essential oil-grafted copper nanoparticles as a potential next-generation fungicide for holistic disease management in maize. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1204512. [PMID: 37485521 PMCID: PMC10361667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1204512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable food production is necessary to meet the demand of the incessantly growing human population. Phytopathogens pose a major constraint in food production, and the use of conventional fungicides to manage them is under the purview of criticism due to their numerous setbacks. In the present study, essential oil-grafted copper nanoparticles (EGC) were generated, characterized, and evaluated against the maize fungal pathogens, viz., Bipolaris maydis, Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium verticillioides, and Sclerotium rolfsii. The ED50 for the fungi under study ranged from 43 to 56 μg ml-1, and a significant inhibition was observed at a low dose of 20 μg ml-1 under in vitro conditions. Under net house conditions, seed treatment + foliar spray at 250 and 500 mg L-1 of EGC performed remarkably against maydis leaf blight (MLB), with reduced percent disease index (PDI) by 27.116 and 25.292%, respectively, in two Kharif seasons (May-Sep, 2021, 2022). The activity of enzymatic antioxidants, viz., β-1, 3-glucanase, PAL, POX, and PPO, and a non-enzymatic antioxidant (total phenolics) was increased in treated maize plants, indicating host defense was triggered. The optimum concentrations of EGC (250 mg L-1 and 500 mg L-1) exhibited improved physiological characteristics such as photosynthetic activity, shoot biomass, plant height, germination percentage, vigor index, and root system traits. However, higher concentrations of 1,000 mg L-1 rendered phytotoxicity, reducing growth, biomass, and copper bioaccumulation to high toxic levels, mainly in the foliar-sprayed maize leaves. In addition, EGC and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) at 1,000 mg L-1 reduced the absorption and concentration of manganese and zinc indicating a negative correlation between Cu and Mn/Zn. Our study proposes that the CuNPs combined with EO (Clove oil) exhibit astounding synergistic efficacy against maize fungal pathogens and optimized concentrations can be used as an alternative to commercial fungicides without any serious impact on environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lham Dorjee
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Robin Gogoi
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Deeba Kamil
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mondal
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudeepta Pattanayak
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bishal Gurung
- Division of Forecasting and Agricultural Systems Modelling, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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19
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Zhai X, Feng Y, Zhang X, Guo X. Comparative Analysis Based on Physiological and Transcriptomic Data between Juvenile and Adult Tree Peony ( Paeonia delavayi). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10906. [PMID: 37446082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A long juvenile period limits the breeding process of many woody plants including tree peony. To investigate the physiological and transcriptomic differences between juvenile and adult plants of tree peony and to explore the key SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes, which are vital in age-dependent pathways, 1-year-old and 3-year-old Paeonia delavayi plants were used to compare the relevant physiological parameters and transcriptomic profiles of the leaves in two phases of plants. The results of the physiological parameters showed that the starch content in the leaves of adult plants remained unchanged and that the soluble sugar content significantly increased compared with those in the juvenile plants. In terms of plant hormones, the contents of cytokinin-like hormone (N6-isopentenyladenine (iP)) and jasmonic acid (JA) significantly decreased, whereas the contents of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin-like hormone (N6-isopentenyladenenosine (iPR)), and ethylene precursor (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACC) showed no statistic difference. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that there were 194 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between juvenile and adult plants, including 171 up-regulated DEGs and 23 down-regulated DEGs. Circadian rhythm, plant hormone signal transduction, and sugar metabolism were closely related to the juvenile-to-adult transition in P. delavayi, involving a total of 12 DEGs. In addition, a total of 13 SPL genes were identified in the transcriptome data, but only PdSPL10 (c71307.graph_c0) was differentially expressed. It was further validated via qRT-PCR analysis, indicating that PdSPL10 might be a key gene regulating the process of juvenile-to-adult in P. delavayi. Based on the above results, a hypothetical transcriptional network regulating juvenile-to-adult transition and flowering in P. delavayi was proposed. These findings provide a reference for understanding the mechanism of juvenile-to-adult transition in tree peony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhai
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xiuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xianfeng Guo
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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20
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Ahn E, Botkin J, Ellur V, Lee Y, Poudel K, Prom LK, Magill C. Genome-Wide Association Study of Seed Morphology Traits in Senegalese Sorghum Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2344. [PMID: 37375969 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is considered the fifth most important crop in the world. Despite the potential value of Senegalese germplasm for various traits, such as resistance to fungal diseases, there is limited information on the study of sorghum seed morphology. In this study, 162 Senegalese germplasms were evaluated for seed area size, length, width, length-to-width ratio, perimeter, circularity, the distance between the intersection of length & width (IS) and center of gravity (CG), and seed darkness and brightness by scanning and analyzing morphology-related traits with SmartGrain software at the USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit. Correlations between seed morphology-related traits and traits associated with anthracnose and head smut resistance were analyzed. Lastly, genome-wide association studies were performed on phenotypic data collected from over 16,000 seeds and 193,727 publicly available single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Several significant SNPs were found and mapped to the reference sorghum genome to uncover multiple candidate genes potentially associated with seed morphology. The results indicate clear correlations among seed morphology-related traits and potential associations between seed morphology and the defense response of sorghum. GWAS analysis listed candidate genes associated with seed morphologies that can be used for sorghum breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel Ahn
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jacob Botkin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Vishnutej Ellur
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Yoonjung Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kabita Poudel
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Louis K Prom
- USDA-ARS Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Clint Magill
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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21
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Dos Santos C, Franco OL. Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) with Enzyme Activity Activating Plant Defense Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112226. [PMID: 37299204 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and induced factors combined as defense mechanisms. These mechanisms involve a complex signaling network linking structural and biochemical defense. Antimicrobial and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are examples of this mechanism, which can accumulate extra- and intracellular space after infection. However, despite their name, some PR proteins are present at low levels even in healthy plant tissues. When they face a pathogen, these PRs can increase in abundance, acting as the first line of plant defense. Thus, PRs play a key role in early defense events, which can reduce the damage and mortality caused by pathogens. In this context, the present review will discuss defense response proteins, which have been identified as PRs, with enzymatic action, including constitutive enzymes, β-1,3 glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and ribonucleases. From the technological perspective, we discuss the advances of the last decade applied to the study of these enzymes, which are important in the early events of higher plant defense against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Dos Santos
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil
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22
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Francin-Allami M, Bouder A, Geairon A, Alvarado C, Le-Bot L, Daniel S, Shao M, Laudencia-Chingcuanco D, Vogel JP, Guillon F, Bonnin E, Saulnier L, Sibout R. Mixed-Linkage Glucan Is the Main Carbohydrate Source and Starch Is an Alternative Source during Brachypodium Grain Germination. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076821. [PMID: 37047802 PMCID: PMC10095428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeds of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon are unusual because they contain very little starch and high levels of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) accumulated in thick cell walls. It was suggested that MLG might supplement starch as a storage carbohydrate and may be mobilised during germination. In this work, we observed massive degradation of MLG during germination in both endosperm and nucellar epidermis. The enzymes responsible for the MLG degradation were identified in germinated grains and characterized using heterologous expression. By using mutants targeting MLG biosynthesis genes, we showed that the expression level of genes coding for MLG and starch-degrading enzymes was modified in the germinated grains of knocked-out cslf6 mutants depleted in MLG but with higher starch content. Our results suggest a substrate-dependent regulation of the storage sugars during germination. These overall results demonstrated the function of MLG as the main carbohydrate source during germination of Brachypodium grain. More astonishingly, cslf6 Brachypodium mutants are able to adapt their metabolism to the lack of MLG by modifying the energy source for germination and the expression of genes dedicated for its use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingqin Shao
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - John P Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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23
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Behar H, Mottiar Y, Chandrasekhar R, Grappadelli AC, Pauly M, Samuels AL, Mansfield SD, Brumer H. Populus endo-glucanase 16 localizes to the cell walls of developing tissues. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e482. [PMID: 36733272 PMCID: PMC9887094 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The hemicelluloses comprise a group of matrix glycans that interact with cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls and play important roles in establishing wall architecture. The structures of hemicelluloses are determined by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that synthesize, integrate, and break down these polymers. Specifically, endo-glucanase 16 (EG16) enzymes, which are related to the well-known xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) gene products in Glycoside Hydrolase Family 16 (GH16), have been implicated in the degradation of the β(1,4)-linked backbone of mixed-linkage β(1,3);β(1,4)-glucans (MLG) and xyloglucans. EG16 members are single-copy genes found in most plant clades but are absent from many eudicots, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Until recently, EG16 members had only been characterized in vitro, establishing their substrate specificity, protein structure, and phylogenetic history, but their biological function was unknown. Here we used a hybrid polar, Populus alba × Populus grandidentata (P39), as a model to examine EG16 expression, subcellular localization, and pheno- and chemotypes of EG16-downregulated P39 plants. Populus EG16 expression is strong in young tissues, but RNAi-mediated downregulation did not impact plant growth nor the fine structure of the hemicellulose xyloglucan, suggesting a restricted or currently unknown role in angiosperm physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Behar
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Yaseen Mottiar
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Rohan Chandrasekhar
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - A. Lacey Samuels
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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24
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Basavarajappa DS, Kumar RS, Nayaka S. Formulation-based antagonistic endophyte Amycolatopsis sp. SND-1 triggers defense response in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek. (Mung bean) against Cercospora leaf spot disease. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:77. [PMID: 36720740 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, Amycolatopsis sp. SND-1 (SND-1) was isolated from Cleome chellidonii Linn. (C. chellidonii) was performed as biocontrol and resistance elicitor in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (mung bean) plants against Cercospora leaf spot causing pathogen Cercospora canescens (C. canescens). The SND-1 isolate showed 74% of inhibition against C. canescens in dual culture and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of antifungal compounds. Molecular characterization through 16S rRNA showed that the isolated SND-1 belongs to Amycolatopsis sp. The in vitro plant growth trials exhibited production of indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, cytokinin, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophore and phosphate solubilization. In vivo study with talcum formulation of SND-1 revealed a significant increase in plant root length, shoots length, root and shoot fresh weight, and reduced the disease severity in treated mung bean plants. Triggering of resistance by SND-1 formulation was studied by histochemical depositions and biochemical defense enzymes that resulted in the acceleration in defense response in comparison with control plants. The bioactive endophytic Amycolatopsis sp. SND-1 enhanced the defense against C. canescens infection; hence, it can be used as a biological control agent in mung bean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sreenivasa Nayaka
- PG Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India.
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25
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Ghouili E, Sassi K, Hidri Y, M’Hamed HC, Somenahally A, Xue Q, Jebara M, Nefissi Ouertani R, Riahi J, de Oliveira AC, Abid G, Muhovski Y. Effects of Date Palm Waste Compost Application on Root Proteome Changes of Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:526. [PMID: 36771612 PMCID: PMC9921465 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in barley roots during the tillering stage. Bioinformatic tools were used to interpret the biological function, the pathway analysis and the visualisation of the network amongst the identified proteins. A total of 72 DAPs (33 upregulated and 39 downregulated) among a total of 2580 proteins were identified in response to compost treatment, suggesting multiple pathways of primary and secondary metabolism, such as carbohydrates and energy metabolism, phenylpropanoid pathway, glycolysis pathway, protein synthesis and degradation, redox homeostasis, RNA processing, stress response, cytoskeleton organisation, and phytohormone metabolic pathways. The expression of DAPs was further validated by qRT-PCR. The effects on barley plant development, such as the promotion of root growth and biomass increase, were associated with a change in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. The activation of enzymes involved in redox homeostasis and the regulation of stress response proteins suggest a protective effect of compost, consequently improving barley growth and stress acclimation through the reduction of the environmental impact of productive agriculture. Overall, these results may facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of compost-promoted plant growth and provide valuable information for the identification of critical genes/proteins in barley as potential targets of compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Ghouili
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, (L2AD, CBBC), P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Sassi
- Laboratory of Agronomy, National Agronomy Institute of Tunisia (INAT), University of Carthage, Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis-Mahrajène, P.O. Box 43, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Hidri
- Laboratory of Integrated Olive Production in the Humid, Sub-humid and Semi-arid Region (LR16IO3), Olive Tree Institute, Cité Mahragène, P.O. Box 208, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Cheikh M’Hamed
- Agronomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunis (INRAT), Carthage University, Hedi Karray Street, Ariana 2049, Tunisia
| | - Anil Somenahally
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX 77843-2474, USA
| | - Qingwu Xue
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo, TX 79403-6603, USA
| | - Moez Jebara
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, (L2AD, CBBC), P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Rim Nefissi Ouertani
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Jouhaina Riahi
- Laboratory of Agronomy, National Agronomy Institute of Tunisia (INAT), University of Carthage, Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis-Mahrajène, P.O. Box 43, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Ana Caroline de Oliveira
- Biological Engineering Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Chaussée de Charleroi, P.O. Box 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ghassen Abid
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agrosystems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, (L2AD, CBBC), P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Yordan Muhovski
- Biological Engineering Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Chaussée de Charleroi, P.O. Box 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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26
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Tundo S, Mandalà G, Sella L, Favaron F, Bedre R, Kalunke RM. Xylanase Inhibitors: Defense Players in Plant Immunity with Implications in Agro-Industrial Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314994. [PMID: 36499321 PMCID: PMC9739030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase inhibitors (XIs) are plant cell wall proteins largely distributed in monocots that inhibit the hemicellulose degrading activity of microbial xylanases. XIs have been classified into three classes with different structures and inhibition specificities, namely Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitors (TAXI), xylanase inhibitor proteins (XIP), and thaumatin-like xylanase inhibitors (TLXI). Their involvement in plant defense has been established by several reports. Additionally, these inhibitors have considerable economic relevance because they interfere with the activity of xylanases applied in several agro-industrial processes. Previous reviews highlighted the structural and biochemical properties of XIs and hypothesized their role in plant defense. Here, we aimed to update the information on the genomic organization of XI encoding genes, the inhibition properties of XIs against microbial xylanases, and the structural properties of xylanase-XI interaction. We also deepened the knowledge of XI regulation mechanisms in planta and their involvement in plant defense. Finally, we reported the recently studied strategies to reduce the negative impact of XIs in agro-industrial processes and mentioned their allergenicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Mandalà
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Sella
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Renesh Bedre
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University System, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA
| | - Raviraj M. Kalunke
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, 7 Olivette, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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27
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Jiang S, Zheng W, Li Z, Tan J, Wu M, Li X, Hong SB, Deng J, Zhu Z, Zang Y. Enhanced Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica rapa by Activating Host Immunity through Exogenous Verticillium dahliae Aspf2-like Protein (VDAL) Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213958. [PMID: 36430439 PMCID: PMC9694685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most destructive diseases in Brassica rapa. Verticillium dahliae Aspf2-like protein (VDAL) is a secretory protein of V. dahliae which has been shown to enhance the resistance against fungal infections in several plants. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms of VDAL-primed disease resistance are still poorly understood. In this study, we performed physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses of Brassica rapa in order to understand how VDAL confers resistance to S. sclerotiorumn infections in plants. The results showed that foliar application of VDAL significantly reduced the plaque area on leaves inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. It also enhanced antioxidant capacity by increasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), and defense-related enzymes β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase during the infection periods. This occurred in parallel with significantly reduced relative conductivity at different periods and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content as compared to sole S. sclerotiorum inoculation. Transcriptomic analysis showed a total of 146 (81 up-regulated and 65 down-regulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in VDAL-treated leaves compared to the control. The most enriched three Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction, all of which were associated with plant immunity. DEGs associated with MAPK and hormone signal transduction pathways were ethylene response sensor ERS2, EIN3 (Ethylene Insensitive3)-binding F-box protein 2 (EBF2), ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF94, MAPK 9 (MKK9), protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C37), auxin-responsive proteins (AUX/IAA1 and 19), serine/threonine-protein kinase CTR1, and abscisic acid receptors (PLY 4 and 5). Among the DEGs linked with the plant-pathogen interaction pathway were calmodulin-like proteins (CML5, 24, 27), PTI1-like tyrosine protein kinase 3 (Pti13) and transcription factor MYB30, all of which are known to play key roles in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) for hypersensitive response (HR), cell wall reinforcement, and stomatal closure in plants. Overall, VDLA treatment triggered repression of the auxin and ABA signaling pathways and de-repression of the ethylene signaling pathways in young B. rapa seedlings to increase plant innate immunity. Our results showed that VDAL holds great potential to enhance fungal disease resistance in B. rapa crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jingru Tan
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Meifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058-1098, USA
| | - Jianyu Deng
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yunxiang Zang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-63702335
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28
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García-Angulo P, Largo-Gosens A. Plant Cell Wall Plasticity under Stress Situations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2752. [PMID: 36297776 PMCID: PMC9609169 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This Special Issue, entitled "Plant Cell Wall Plasticity under Stress Situations", is a compilation of five articles, whose authors deepen our understanding of the roles of different cell wall components under biotic and abiotic stress [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Penélope García-Angulo
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de León, 24007 Leon, Spain
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
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Protective and Curative Activities of Paenibacillus polymyxa against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Infestation in Squash Plants. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081150. [PMID: 36009777 PMCID: PMC9405448 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of microbial products as natural biocontrol agents to increase a plant's systemic resistance to viral infections is a promising way to make agriculture more sustainable and less harmful to the environment. The rhizobacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa has been shown to have strong biocontrol action against plant diseases, but its antiviral activity has been little investigated. Here, the efficiency of the culture filtrate of the P. polymyxa strain SZYM (Acc# ON149452) to protect squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants against a Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, Acc# ON159933) infection was evaluated. Under greenhouse conditions, the foliar application of the culture filtrate of SZYM either in protective or curative treatment conditions enhanced squash growth, reduced disease severity, and decreased ZYMV accumulation levels in the treated plants when compared to the non-treated plants. The protective treatment group exhibited the highest inhibitory effect (80%), with significant increases in their total soluble carbohydrates, total soluble protein content, ascorbic acid content, and free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, a considerable increase in the activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes (superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase) were also found. In addition, the induction of systemic resistance with a significant elevation in the transcriptional levels of polyphenolic pathway genes (CHS, PAL, and C3H) and pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1 and PR-3) was observed. Out of the 14 detected compounds in the GC-MS analysis, propanoic acid, benzenedicarboxylic acid, tetradecanoic acid, and their derivatives, as well as pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl) were the primary ingredient compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of the SZYM-culture filtrate. Such compounds may act as elicitor molecules that induce systemic resistance against viral infection. Consequently, P. polymyxa can be considered a powerful plant growth-promoting bacterium (PGPB) in agricultural applications as well as a source of bioactive compounds for sustainable disease management. As far as we know, this is the first time that P. polymyxa has been shown to fight viruses in plants.
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Fischerová L, Gemperlová L, Cvikrová M, Matušíková I, Moravčíková J, Gerši Z, Malbeck J, Kuderna J, Pavlíčková J, Motyka V, Eliášová K, Vondráková Z. The humidity level matters during the desiccation of Norway spruce somatic embryos. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968982. [PMID: 35968100 PMCID: PMC9372446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Norway spruce, as in many other conifers, the germination capacity of somatic embryos is strongly influenced by the desiccation phase inserted after maturation. The intensity of drying during desiccation eminently affected the formation of emblings (i.e., seedlings developed from somatic embryos). Compared to non-desiccated embryos, the germination capacity of embryos desiccated at 100% relative humidity was about three times higher, but the reduction of relative humidity to 95 and 90% had a negative effect on the subsequent embryo development. The water loss observed in these embryos did not lead to an increase in lipid peroxidation, as shown by malondialdehyde levels. Another metabolic pathway in plants that mediates a response to abiotic stresses is directed toward the biosynthesis of polyamines (PAs). The activities of PA biosynthetic enzymes increased steadily in embryos during desiccation at 100% relative humidity, whereas they decreased at lower humidity. The total content of free PAs in the embryos gradually decreased throughout desiccation. The increase in free putrescine (Put) and perchloric acid-insoluble Put conjugates was observed in embryos desiccated at lower humidity. These changes were accompanied to some extent by the transcription of the genes for the PA biosynthesis enzymes. Desiccation at 100% relative humidity increased the activity of the cell wall-modifying enzymes β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases; the activities of these enzymes were also significantly suppressed at reduced humidity. The same pattern was observed in the transcription of some β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase genes. Desiccation treatments triggered metabolic processes that responded to water availability, suggesting an active response of the embryo to the reduction in humidity. A positive effect was demonstrated only for desiccation at high relative humidity. Some of the physiological characteristics described can be used as markers of inappropriate relative humidity during somatic embryo desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Fischerová
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Gemperlová
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milena Cvikrová
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ildiko Matušíková
- Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Moravčíková
- Department of Biotechnologies, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Gerši
- Department of Biology, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Jiří Malbeck
- Laboratory of Mass Spectroscopy, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kuderna
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Pavlíčková
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Eliášová
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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