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Muthan B, Wang J, Welti R, Kosma DK, Yu L, Deo B, Khatiwada S, Vulavala VKR, Childs KL, Xu C, Durrett TP, Sanjaya SA. Mechanisms of Spirodela polyrhiza tolerance to FGD wastewater-induced heavy-metal stress: Lipidomics, transcriptomics, and functional validation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133951. [PMID: 38492385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Unlike terrestrial angiosperm plants, the freshwater aquatic angiosperm duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) grows directly in water and has distinct responses to heavy-metal stress. Plantlets accumulate metabolites, including lipids and carbohydrates, under heavy-metal stress, but how they balance metabolite levels is unclear, and the gene networks that mediate heavy-metal stress responses remain unknown. Here, we show that heavy-metal stress induced by flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater reduces chlorophyll contents, inhibits growth, reduces membrane lipid biosynthesis, and stimulates membrane lipid degradation in S. polyrhiza, leading to triacylglycerol and carbohydrate accumulation. In FGD wastewater-treated plantlets, the degraded products of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, primarily polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:3), were incorporated into triacylglycerols. Genes involved in early fatty acid biosynthesis, β-oxidation, and lipid degradation were upregulated while genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis were downregulated by treatment. The transcription factor gene WRINKLED3 (SpWRI3) was upregulated in FGD wastewater-treated plantlets, and its ectopic expression increased tolerance to FGD wastewater in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed enhanced glutathione and lower malondialdehyde contents under stress, suggesting that SpWRI3 functions in S. polyrhiza tolerance of FGD wastewater-induced heavy-metal stress. These results provide a basis for improving heavy metal-stress tolerance in plants for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagyalakshmi Muthan
- Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Linhui Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bikash Deo
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Subhiksha Khatiwada
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Vijaya K R Vulavala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Timothy P Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sanju A Sanjaya
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA.
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Parera V, Pérez-Chaca MV, Gallardo LV, Gatica-Aguilar CV, Parera CA, Feresin GE. Adesmia pinifolia, a Native High-Andean Species, as a Potential Candidate for Phytoremediation of Cd and Hg. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:464. [PMID: 38498429 PMCID: PMC10891624 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study highlights Adesmia pinifolia, a native high-Andean species, as a potential candidate for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with Cd and Hg. In this work, a semi-hydronic assay with different doses of Cd (3, 4.5, and 6 mg L-1) and Hg (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 mg L-1) was analysed to evaluate the establishment of plants, antioxidant defence systems, oxidative stress, and the ability to accumulate heavy metals. The results indicate high survival rates (>80%); however, Cd significantly reduced shoot and root biomass, while Hg increased root biomass with the 1.6 mg L-1 treatment. Cd and Hg tend to accumulate more in roots (2534.24 µg/g and 596.4 µg g-1, respectively) compared to shoots (398.53 µg g-1 and 140.8 µg g-1, respectively). A significant decrease in the bioconcentration factor of Cd and Hg in roots was observed as metal levels increased, reaching the maximum value at 3 mg L-1 (805.59 ± 54.38) and 0.8 mg L-1 (804.54 ± 38.09). The translocation factor, <1 for both metals, suggests that translocation from roots to shoots is limited. An overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, causing lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to plant membranes. Tolerance strategies against subsequent toxicity indicate that enhanced glutathione reductase (GR) activity and glutathione (GSH) accumulation modulate Cd and Hg accumulation, toxicity, and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Parera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martin 1109 Oeste, San Juan 5400, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - M. Verónica Pérez-Chaca
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina; (M.V.P.-C.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Laura V. Gallardo
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina; (M.V.P.-C.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Camila V. Gatica-Aguilar
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) C1425FQB, Argentina;
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Ejército de los Andes 950, San Luis 5700, Argentina; (M.V.P.-C.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Carlos A. Parera
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Avenida Rivadavia 1439, Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) C1033AAE, Argentina;
| | - Gabriela E. Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martin 1109 Oeste, San Juan 5400, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) C1425FQB, Argentina;
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Rahman SU, Han JC, Ahmad M, Gao S, Khan KA, Li B, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Huang Y. Toxic effects of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and tetracycline (TC) on the growth and development of Triticum aestivum: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166677. [PMID: 37659524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The environmental issue of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and tetracycline (TC) contamination in cereal crops has become a growing concern worldwide. An in-depth understanding of this issue would be of importance to promote effective management strategies for heavy metals and antibiotics worldwide. The present study was conducted to assess the toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Pb) and antibiotics (TC) on Triticum aestivum (T. aestivum, common wheat) based on studies conducted in the past 22 years. Data pertaining to the growth and development of T. aestivum were extracted and analyzed from 89 publications spanning from 2000 to 2022. Our results showed that Pb, Cd and TC significantly reduced growth and development by 11 %, 9 %, and 5 %, respectively. Additionally, significant accumulation of Cd (42 %) and Pb (17 %) was observed in T. aestivum samples, although there was little change in TC accumulation, which showed limited absorption, accumulation, and translocation of TC in wheat plants. Pb had the greatest impact on the yield of T. aestivum, followed by Cd, while TC had no apparent effect. Furthermore, exposure to Cd, Pb and TC reduced the photosynthetic rate due to chlorophyll reduction, with Cd having the most pronounced effect (58 %), followed by Pb (37 %) and TC (8 %). Cd exposure also significantly enhanced gaseous exchange (37 %) compared to TC and Pb, which reduced gaseous exchange by 4 % and 10 %, respectively. However, the treatments with TC (>50-100 mgL-1), Pb (>1000-2000 mg L-1) and Cd (>500-1000 mg L-1) increased the defense system of T. aestivum samples by 38 %, 15 %, and 11 %, respectively. The obtained findings have significant implications for risk assessment, pollution prevention, and remediation strategies to address soil contamination from Pb, Cd and TC in farmland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafeeq Ur Rahman
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Han
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Water Resources and Harbor Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Applied College, King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bing Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xu Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yuefei Huang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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Wiszniewska A, Labudda M, Muszyńska E. Response to Cadmium in Silene vulgaris Ecotypes Is Distinctly Affected by Priming-Induced Changes in Oxidation Status of Macromolecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16075. [PMID: 38003264 PMCID: PMC10671773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of several priming agents on metal-tolerant and sensitive Silene vulgaris ecotypes exposed to environmentally relevant cadmium dose. We analyzed how priming-induced changes in the level of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation contribute to calamine (Cal) and non-calamine (N-Cal) ecotype response to Cd toxicity, and whether the oxidative modifications interrelate with Cd tolerance. In non-primed ecotypes, the levels of DNA and protein oxidation were similar whereas Cal Cd tolerance was manifested in reduced lipid peroxidation. In both ecotypes protective action of salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) priming was observed. SA stimulated growth and reduced lipid and DNA oxidation at most, while NO protected DNA from fragmentation. Priming with hydrogen peroxide reduced biomass and induced DNA oxidation. In N-Cal, priming diminished Cd accumulation and oxidative activity, whereas in Cal, it merely affected Cd uptake and induced protein carbonylation. The study showed that priming did not stimulate extra stress resistance in the tolerant ecotype but induced metabolic remodeling. In turn, the lack of adaptive tolerance made the sensitive ecotype more responsive to the benefits of the primed state. These findings could facilitate priming exploitation with a view of enhancing metallophyte and non-metallophyte suitability for phytoremediation and land revegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Wiszniewska
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 31-120 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Krasavtseva E, Maksimova V, Slukovskaya M, Ivanova T, Mosendz I, Elizarova I. Accumulation and Translocation of Rare Trace Elements in Plants near the Rare Metal Enterprise in the Subarctic. TOXICS 2023; 11:898. [PMID: 37999550 PMCID: PMC10674527 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Mining activities create disturbed and polluted areas in which revegetation is complicated, especially in northern areas. For the first time, the state of the ecosystems in the impact zone of tailings formed during the processing of rare earth element deposits in the Subarctic have been studied. This work aimed to reveal aspects of accumulation and translocation of trace and biogenic elements in plants (Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer, Salix sp., and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) that are predominantly found in primary ecosystems on the tailings of loparite ores processing. The chemical composition of soil, initial and washed plant samples was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Factor analysis revealed that anthropogenic and biogenic factors affected the plants' chemical composition. A deficiency of nutrients (Ca, Mg, Mn) in plants growing on tailings was found. The absorption of REE (Ce, La, Sm, Nd) by A. flexuosa roots correlated with the soil content of these elements and was maximal in the hydromorphic, which had a high content of organic matter. The content of these elements in leaves in the same site was minimal; the coefficient of REE bioaccumulation was two orders of magnitude less than in the other two sites. The high efficiency of dust capturing and the low translocation coefficient of trace elements allow us to advise A. flexuosa for remediation of REE-contained tailings and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Krasavtseva
- Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic Region, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 14, 184209 Apatity, Russia; (V.M.); (M.S.); (T.I.); (I.M.)
- Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 14a, 184209 Apatity, Russia;
| | - Victoria Maksimova
- Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic Region, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 14, 184209 Apatity, Russia; (V.M.); (M.S.); (T.I.); (I.M.)
- Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 14a, 184209 Apatity, Russia;
| | - Marina Slukovskaya
- Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic Region, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 14, 184209 Apatity, Russia; (V.M.); (M.S.); (T.I.); (I.M.)
- I.V. Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 26a, 184209 Apatity, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ivanova
- Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic Region, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 14, 184209 Apatity, Russia; (V.M.); (M.S.); (T.I.); (I.M.)
- I.V. Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 26a, 184209 Apatity, Russia
| | - Irina Mosendz
- Laboratory of Nature-Inspired Technologies and Environmental Safety of the Arctic Region, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 14, 184209 Apatity, Russia; (V.M.); (M.S.); (T.I.); (I.M.)
- I.V. Tananaev Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 26a, 184209 Apatity, Russia
| | - Irina Elizarova
- Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana St., 14a, 184209 Apatity, Russia;
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Muszyńska E, Dziurka K, Labudda M. What Makes the Life of Stressed Plants a Little Easier? Defense Mechanisms against Adverse Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1040. [PMID: 36903901 PMCID: PMC10005685 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience a wide array of external factors, some of which negatively affect their metabolism, growth, and development [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Dziurka
- Department of Biotechnology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Nykiel M, Gietler M, Fidler J, Graska J, Rybarczyk-Płońska A, Prabucka B, Muszyńska E, Bocianowski J, Labudda M. Differential Water Deficit in Leaves Is a Principal Factor Modifying Barley Response to Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315240. [PMID: 36499563 PMCID: PMC9739961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to environmental stress, plants activate complex signalling, including being dependent on reactive oxygen-nitrogen-sulphur species. One of the key abiotic stresses is drought. As a result of drought, changes in the level of hydration of the plant occur, which obviously entails various metabolic alternations. The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the response of barley to drought and the intensity of stress, therefore investigations were performed under various levels of water saturation deficit (WSD) in leaves at 15%, 30%, and 50%. In barley subjected to drought, most significant changes occurred under a slight dehydration level at 15%. It was observed that the gene expression of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases, enzymes involved in ABA biosynthesis, increased significantly, and led to a higher concentration of ABA. This was most likely the result of an increase in the gene expression and enzyme activity of L-cysteine desulfhydrase, which is responsible for H2S synthesis. Our results suggest that the differential water deficit in leaves underlies the activation of an appropriate defence, with ABA metabolism at the centre of these processes. Furthermore, at 15% WSD, a dominant contribution of H2O2-dependent signalling was noted, but at 30% and 50% WSD, significant NO-dependent signalling occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nykiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-59-32575
| | - Marta Gietler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Fidler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Graska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Rybarczyk-Płońska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Prabucka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Bocianowski
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Labudda M, Dai S, Deng Z, Li L. Editorial: Regulation of proteolysis and proteome composition in plant response to environmental stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1080083. [PMID: 36457521 PMCID: PMC9708044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shaojun Dai
- China Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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