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Shevchenko V, Balabanov S, Sychov M, Karimova L. Prediction of Cellular Structure Mechanical Properties with the Geometry of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26895-26905. [PMID: 37546618 PMCID: PMC10398688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The paper investigates the physical and mechanical properties of structures with the geometry of triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). Test samples were made from polyamide using SLS (selective laser sintering) 3D printing technology, from polylactide using FDM (Fused deposition modeling) 3D printing technology, and from a photopolymer based on acrylates using LCD (liquid crystal display) technology; samples were made in the form of a cube with edge size 30 mm. The strength and energy-absorbing properties of TPMS-based cellular samples have been determined. To analyze the features of the geometry of the samples, the skeletal graph method was used. It is shown that this approach makes it possible to predict the physical and mechanical characteristics of products with TPMS geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shevchenko
- Institute
of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Sergey Balabanov
- Institute
of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Maxim Sychov
- Institute
of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Lignin as a High-Value Bioaditive in 3D-DLP Printable Acrylic Resins and Polyaniline Conductive Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194164. [PMID: 36236112 PMCID: PMC9572831 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing environmental awareness, lignin will play a key role in the transition from the traditional materials industry towards sustainability and Industry 4.0, boosting the development of functional eco-friendly composites for future electronic devices. In this work, a detailed study of the effect of unmodified lignin on 3D printed light-curable acrylic composites was performed up to 4 wt.%. Lignin ratios below 3 wt.% could be easily and reproducibly printed on a digital light processing (DLP) printer, maintaining the flexibility and thermal stability of the pristine resin. These low lignin contents lead to 3D printed composites with smoother surfaces, improved hardness (Shore A increase ~5%), and higher wettability (contact angles decrease ~19.5%). Finally, 1 wt.% lignin was added into 3D printed acrylic resins containing 5 wt.% p-toluensulfonic doped polyaniline (pTSA-PANI). The lignin/pTSA-PANI/acrylic composite showed a clear improvement in the dispersion of the conductive filler, reducing the average surface roughness (Ra) by 61% and increasing the electrical conductivity by an order of magnitude (up to 10-6 S cm-1) compared to lignin free PANI composites. Thus, incorporating organosolv lignin from wood industry wastes as raw material into 3D printed photocurable resins represents a simple, low-cost potential application for the design of novel high-valued, bio-based products.
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Menzel VC, Tudela I. Additive manufacturing of polyaniline-based materials: an opportunity for new designs and applications in energy and biotechnology. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jiang B, White A, Ou W, Van Belleghem S, Stewart S, Shamul JG, Rahaman SO, Fisher JP, He X. Noncovalent reversible binding-enabled facile fabrication of leak-free PDMS microfluidic devices without plasma treatment for convenient cell loading and retrieval. Bioact Mater 2022; 16:346-358. [PMID: 35386332 PMCID: PMC8965690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional approach for fabricating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices is a lengthy and inconvenient procedure and may require a clean-room microfabrication facility often not readily available. Furthermore, living cells can't survive the oxygen-plasma and high-temperature-baking treatments required for covalent bonding to assemble multiple PDMS parts into a leak-free device, and it is difficult to disassemble the devices because of the irreversible covalent bonding. As a result, seeding/loading cells into and retrieving cells from the devices are challenging. Here, we discovered that decreasing the curing agent for crosslinking the PDMS prepolymer increases the noncovalent binding energy of the resultant PDMS surfaces without plasma or any other treatment. This enables convenient fabrication of leak-free microfluidic devices by noncovalent binding for various biomedical applications that require high pressure/flow rates and/or long-term cell culture, by simply hand-pressing the PDMS parts without plasma or any other treatment to bind/assemble. With this method, multiple types of cells can be conveniently loaded into specific areas of the PDMS parts before assembly and due to the reversible nature of the noncovalent bonding, the assembled device can be easily disassembled by hand peeling for retrieving cells. Combining with 3D printers that are widely available for making masters to eliminate the need of photolithography, this facile yet rigorous fabrication approach is much faster and more convenient for making PDMS microfluidic devices than the conventional oxygen plasma-baking-based irreversible covalent bonding method. The stability of noncovalent PDMS-PDMS binding is dependent on the binding energy instead of the binding strength. The noncovalent binding of a special formulation of PDMS is sufficient for reversible assembly of leak-free microfluidic devices. The noncovalent binding method enables loading multiple types of cells into PDMS parts before assembling into the final device. The PDMS device can be easily dissembled due to the reversible nature of the noncovalent binding for retrieving cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Alisa White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Wenquan Ou
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sarah Van Belleghem
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Samantha Stewart
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - James G. Shamul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shaik O. Rahaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - John P. Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Corresponding author. Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Abstract
In recent years, 2D materials have been implemented in several applications due to their unique and unprecedented properties. Several examples can be named, from the very first, graphene, to transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs, e.g., MoS2), two-dimensional inorganic compounds (MXenes), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), or black phosphorus (BP). On the other hand, the accessible and low-cost 3D printers and design software converted the 3D printing methods into affordable fabrication tools worldwide. The implementation of this technique for the preparation of new composites based on 2D materials provides an excellent platform for next-generation technologies. This review focuses on the recent advances of 3D printing of the 2D materials family and its applications; the newly created printed materials demonstrated significant advances in sensors, biomedical, and electrical applications.
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3D-Printed vs. Heat-Polymerizing and Autopolymerizing Denture Base Acrylic Resins. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195781. [PMID: 34640178 PMCID: PMC8510326 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of two post-curing methods on the mechanical properties of a 3D-printed denture base material. Additionally, to compare the mechanical properties of that 3D-printed material with those of conventional autopolymerizing and a heat-cured denture base material. A resin for 3D-printing denture base (Imprimo®), a heat-polymerizing acrylic resin (Paladon® 65), and an autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Palapress®) were investigated. Flexural strength, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, work of fracture, water sorption, and water solubility were evaluated. The 3D-printed test specimens were post-cured using two different units (Imprimo Cure® and Form Cure®). The tests were carried out after both dry and 30 days water storage. Data were collected and statistically analyzed. Resin type had a significant effect on the flexural strength, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and work of fracture (p < 0.001). The flexural strength and elastic modulus for the heat-cured polymer were significantly the highest among all investigated groups regardless of the storage condition (p < 0.001). The fracture toughness and work of fracture of the 3D-printed material were significantly the lowest (p < 0.001). The heat-cured polymer had the lowest significant water solubility (p < 0.001). The post-curing method had an impact on the flexural strength of the investigated 3D-printed denture base material. The flexural strength, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, work of fracture of the 3D-printed material were inferior to those of the heat-cured one. Increased post-curing temperature may enhance the flexural properties of resin monomers used for 3D-printing dental appliances.
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Arias-Ferreiro G, Ares-Pernas A, Lasagabáster-Latorre A, Aranburu N, Guerrica-Echevarria G, Dopico-García MS, Abad MJ. Printability Study of a Conductive Polyaniline/Acrylic Formulation for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132068. [PMID: 34201892 PMCID: PMC8272001 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is need for developing novel conductive polymers for Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing. In this work, photorheology, in combination with Jacobs working curves, efficaciously predict the printability of polyaniline (PANI)/acrylate formulations with different contents of PANI and photoinitiator. The adjustment of the layer thickness according to cure depth values (Cd) allows printing of most formulations, except those with the highest gel point times determined by photorheology. In the working conditions, the maximum amount of PANI embedded within the resin was ≃3 wt% with a conductivity of 10-5 S cm-1, three orders of magnitude higher than the pure resin. Higher PANI loadings hinder printing quality without improving electrical conductivity. The optimal photoinitiator concentration was found between 6 and 7 wt%. The mechanical properties of the acrylic matrix are maintained in the composites, confirming the viability of these simple, low-cost, conductive composites for applications in flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goretti Arias-Ferreiro
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Ferrol, 15471 Ferrol, Spain; (G.A.-F.); (A.A.-P.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - Ana Ares-Pernas
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Ferrol, 15471 Ferrol, Spain; (G.A.-F.); (A.A.-P.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - Aurora Lasagabáster-Latorre
- Departemento Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nora Aranburu
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials, Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (N.A.); (G.G.-E.)
| | - Gonzalo Guerrica-Echevarria
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials, Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (N.A.); (G.G.-E.)
| | - M. Sonia Dopico-García
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Ferrol, 15471 Ferrol, Spain; (G.A.-F.); (A.A.-P.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María-José Abad
- Grupo de Polímeros, Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Ferrol, 15471 Ferrol, Spain; (G.A.-F.); (A.A.-P.); (M.S.D.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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Criado-Gonzalez M, Dominguez-Alfaro A, Lopez-Larrea N, Alegret N, Mecerreyes D. Additive Manufacturing of Conducting Polymers: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:2865-2883. [PMID: 35673585 PMCID: PMC9164193 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) have been attracting great attention in the development of (bio)electronic devices. Most of the current devices are rigid two-dimensional systems and possess uncontrollable geometries and architectures that lead to poor mechanical properties presenting ion/electronic diffusion limitations. The goal of the article is to provide an overview about the additive manufacturing (AM) of conducting polymers, which is of paramount importance for the design of future wearable three-dimensional (3D) (bio)electronic devices. Among different 3D printing AM techniques, inkjet, extrusion, electrohydrodynamic, and light-based printing have been mainly used. This review article collects examples of 3D printing of conducting polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene), polypyrrole, and polyaniline. It also shows examples of AM of these polymers combined with other polymers and/or conducting fillers such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and silver nanowires. Afterward, the foremost applications of CPs processed by 3D printing techniques in the biomedical and energy fields, that is, wearable electronics, sensors, soft robotics for human motion, or health monitoring devices, among others, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nuria Alegret
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- David Mecerreyes,
E-mail: , phone: +34
943 018018
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9
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Tzeng JJ, Yang TS, Lee WF, Chen H, Chang HM. Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of Urethane Acrylate-Based 3D-Printed Denture Base Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050822. [PMID: 33800210 PMCID: PMC7962539 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, five urethane acrylates (UAs), namely aliphatic urethane hexa-acrylate (87A), aromatic urethane hexa-acrylate (88A), aliphatic UA (588), aliphatic urethane triacrylate diluted in 15% HDD (594), and high-functional aliphatic UA (5812), were selected to formulate five UA-based photopolymer resins for digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing. Each UA (40 wt%) was added and blended homogenously with ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (40 wt%), isobornyl acrylate (12 wt%), diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (3 wt%), and a pink acrylic (5 wt%). Each UA-based resin specimen was designed using CAD software and fabricated using a DLP 3D printer to specific dimensions. Characteristics, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity levels of these designed UA-based resins were investigated and compared with a commercial 3D printing denture base acrylic resin (BB base) control group at different UV exposure times. Shore hardness-measurement data and MTT assays were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni's post hoc test, whereas viscosity, maximum strength, and modulus were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). UA-based photopolymer resins with tunable mechanical properties were successfully prepared by replacing the UA materials and the UV exposure times. After 15 min of UV exposure, the 5812 and 594 groups exhibited higher viscosities, whereas the 88A and 87A groups exhibited lower viscosities compared with the BB base group. Maximum flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Shore hardness values also revealed significant differences among materials (p < 0.001). Based on MTT assay results, the UA-based photopolymer resins were nontoxic. In the present study, mechanical properties of the designed photopolymer resins could be adjusted by changing the UA or UV exposure time, suggesting that aliphatic urethane acrylate has good potential for use in the design of printable resins for DLP-type 3D printing in dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jy-Jiunn Tzeng
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Sen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Fang Lee
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
| | - Hsuan Chen
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Arias-Ferreiro G, Ares-Pernas A, Dopico-García MS, Lasagabáster-Latorre A, Abad MJ. Photocured conductive PANI/acrylate composites for digital light processing. Influence of HDODA crosslinker in rheological and physicochemical properties. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Liu M, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Shao Y, Zhang D. Design and Development of a Fully Printed Accelerometer with a Carbon Paste-Based Strain Gauge. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123395. [PMID: 32560177 PMCID: PMC7348881 DOI: 10.3390/s20123395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a fully printed accelerometer with a piezoresistive carbon paste-based strain gauge printed on its surface, which can be manufactured at low cost and with high efficiency. This accelerometer is composed of two parts: a sensor substrate made from high-temperature resin, which is printed by a 3D printer based on stereolithography apparatus (SLA), and a carbon paste-based strain gauge fabricated by screen-printing technology and by direct ink writing (DIW) technology for the purposes of comparison and optimization. First, the structural design, theoretical analysis, simulation analysis of the accelerometer, and analyses of the conductive mechanism and the piezoresistive mechanism of the carbon paste-based strain gauge were carried out. Then the proposed accelerometer was fabricated by a combination of different printing technologies and the curing conditions of the carbon paste were investigated. After that, the accelerometers with the screen-printed strain gauge and DIW strain gauge were characterized. The results show that the printing precision of the screen-printing process on the sensor substrate is higher than the DIW process, and both accelerometers can perform acceleration measurement. Also, this kind of accelerometer can be used in the field of measuring body motion. All these findings prove that 3D printing technology is a significant method for sensor fabrication and verification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-8339-5334
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Comparative Studies on Polyurethane Composites Filled with Polyaniline and Graphene for DLP-Type 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010067. [PMID: 31906536 PMCID: PMC7023528 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP)-type 3D printing ensures several advantages, such as an easy solution process, a short printing time, high-quality printing, and selective light curing. Furthermore, polyurethane (PU) is among the promising candidates for 3D printing because of its wide range of applications. This work reports comparative studies on the fabrication and optimization of PU composites using a polyaniline (PANI) nanomaterial and a graphene sheet (GS) for DLP-type 3D printing. The morphologies and dispersion of the printed PU composites were studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images. Bonding structures in the PU composites were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. As-prepared PU/PANI and PU/GS composites with different filler contents were successfully printed into sculptures with different sizes and shapes. The PU/PANI and PU/GS composites exhibit the improved sheet resistance, which is up to 8.57 × 104 times (1.19 × 106 ohm/sq) lower and 1.27 × 105 times (8.05 × 105 ohm/sq) lower, respectively, than the pristine PU (1.02 × 1011 ohm/sq). Moreover, the PU/PANI and PU/GS composites demonstrate 1.41 times (44.5 MPa) higher and 2.19 times (69.3 MPa) higher tensile strengths compared with the pristine PU (31.6 MPa). This work suggests the potential uses of highly conductive PU composites for DLP-type 3D printing.
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