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Łętocha A, Michalczyk A, Miastkowska M, Sikora E. Effect of Encapsulation of Lactobacillus casei in Alginate-Tapioca Flour Microspheres Coated with Different Biopolymers on the Viability of Probiotic Bacteria. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:52878-52893. [PMID: 39301782 PMCID: PMC11450766 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
To realize the health benefits of probiotic bacteria, they must withstand processing and storage conditions and remain viable after use. The encapsulation of these probiotics in the form of microspheres containing tapioca flour as a prebiotic and vehicle component in their structure or shell affords symbiotic effects that improve the survival of probiotics under unfavorable conditions. Microencapsulation is one such method that has proven to be effective in protecting probiotics from adverse conditions while maintaining their viability and functionality. The aim of the work was to obtain high-quality microspheres that can act as carriers of Lactobacillus casei bacteria and to assess the impact of encapsulation on the viability of probiotic microorganisms in alginate microspheres enriched with a prebiotic (tapioca flour) and additionally coated with hyaluronic acid, chitosan, or gelatin. The influence of the composition of microparticles on the physicochemical properties and the viability of probiotic bacteria during storage was examined. The optimal composition of microspheres was selected using the design of experiments using statistical methods. Subsequently, the size, morphology, and cross-section of the obtained microspheres, as well as the effectiveness of the microsphere coating with biopolymers, were analyzed. The chemical structure of the microspheres was identified by using Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the success of coating the microspheres with the selected biopolymers. The obtained results showed that the addition of tapioca flour had a positive effect on the surface modification of the microspheres, causing the porous structure of the alginate microparticles to become smaller and more sealed. Moreover, the addition of prebiotic and biopolymer coatings of the microspheres, particularly using hyaluronic acid and chitosan, significantly improved the survival and viability of the probiotic strain during long-term storage. The highest survival rate of the probiotic strain was recorded for alginate-tapioca flour microspheres coated with hyaluronic acid, at 5.48 log CFU g-1. The survival rate of L. casei in that vehicle system was 89% after storage for 30 days of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Łętocha
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Alicja Michalczyk
- Lukasiewicz
Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, 03-236 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Miastkowska
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Sikora
- Faculty
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Ekrem Parlak M, Irmak Sahin O, Neslihan Dundar A, Türker Saricaoglu F, Smaoui S, Goksen G, Koirala P, Al-Asmari F, Prakash Nirmal N. Natural colorant incorporated biopolymers-based pH-sensing films for indicating the food product quality and safety. Food Chem 2024; 439:138160. [PMID: 38086233 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The current synthetic plastic-based packaging creates environmental hazards that impact climate change. Hence, the topic of the current research in food packaging is biodegradable packaging and its development. In addition, new smart packaging solutions are being developed to monitor the quality of packaged foods, with dual functions as food preservation and quality indicators. In the creation of intelligent and active food packaging, many natural colorants have been employed effectively as pH indicators and active substances, respectively. This review provides an overview of biodegradable polymers and natural colorants that are being extensively studied for pH-indicating packaging. A comprehensive discussion has been provided on the current status of the development of intelligent packaging systems for food, different incorporation techniques, and technical challenges in the development of such green packaging. Finally, the food industry and environmental protection might be revolutionized by pH-sensing biodegradable packaging enabling real-time detection of food product quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Ekrem Parlak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Yıldırım/BURSA, Turkey
| | - Oya Irmak Sahin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, 76200 Yalova, Turkey
| | - Ayse Neslihan Dundar
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Yıldırım/BURSA, Turkey
| | - Furkan Türker Saricaoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Yıldırım/BURSA, Turkey
| | - Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Gulden Goksen
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences at Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Pankaj Koirala
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Fahad Al-Asmari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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Jozinović A, Kovač M, Ocelić Bulatović V, Kučić Grgić D, Miloloža M, Šubarić D, Ačkar Đ. Biopolymeric Blends of Thermoplastic Starch and Polylactide as Sustainable Packaging Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1268. [PMID: 38732736 PMCID: PMC11085416 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The improper disposal of plastics is a growing concern due to increasing global environmental problems such as the rise of CO2 emissions, diminishing petroleum sources, and pollution, which necessitates the research and development of biodegradable materials as an alternative to conventional packaging materials. The purpose of this research was to analyse the properties of biodegradable polymer blends of thermoplastic potato starch (TPS) and polylactide, (PLA) without and with the addition of citric acid (CA) as a potential compatibilizer and plasticizer. The prepared blends were subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical characterization, which included: FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), determination of thermal and mechanical properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), water vapour permeability (WVP), as well as biodegradation testing in soil. The obtained results indicate an improvement in adhesion between the TPS and PLA phases due to the addition of citric acid, better homogeneity of the structure, and greater compatibility of the polymer blends, leading to better thermal, mechanical and barrier properties of the studied biodegradable TPS/PLA polymer blends. After conducting the comprehensive research outlined in this paper, it has been determined that the addition of 5 wt.% of citric acid serves as an effective compatibilizer and plasticizer. This supplementation achieves an optimal equilibrium across thermal, mechanical, morphological, and barrier properties, while also promoting material sustainability through biodegradation. In conclusion, it can be stated that the use of thermoplastic starch in TPS/PLA blends accelerates the biodegradation of PLA as a slowly biodegradable polymer. While the addition of citric acid offers significant advantages for TPS/PLA blends, further research is needed to optimize the formulation and processing parameters to achieve the desired balance between mechanical strength, thermal and barrier properties and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antun Jozinović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.J.); (D.Š.)
| | - Mario Kovač
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Mostar, Biskupa Čule bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Vesna Ocelić Bulatović
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Dajana Kučić Grgić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Martina Miloloža
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Drago Šubarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.J.); (D.Š.)
| | - Đurđica Ačkar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.J.); (D.Š.)
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Tavares L, Sousa LR, da Silva SM, Lima PS, Oliveira JM. Effect of Incorporation of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Physicochemical, Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Properties of Biobased and Biodegradable Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3622. [PMID: 37688248 PMCID: PMC10489778 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to study the effect of the incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets (GRA 0.5% and 1% (w/w)) on the matrices of biobased polymers composed of starch-based materials (B20) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) using pine rosin (RES) as a compatibilizer. Three formulations were produced (B20/RES/PBS, B20/RES/PBS/GRA0.5%, and B20/RES/PBS/GRA1%), and their mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, hardness, and impact), rheological behavior, thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), chemical analysis (Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy), and contact angle were evaluated. Hardness (Shore D), tensile, and flexural moduli increased, whereas elongation at break and toughness decreased as GRA content increased. FTIR studies strongly supported the existence of interactions between polymeric matrices and the large surface area of GRA. The viscosity flow curves were well fitted to the Cross-Williams-Landel-Ferry (Cross-WLF) model, and the three formulations exhibited non-Newtonian (shear-thinning) behavior. The analysis of water contact angles indicated that the formulation surfaces have hydrophilic behavior. All the samples are thermally stable, and the results of this study can be used to optimize the application of biobased graphene-based composites for applications in injection molding industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loleny Tavares
- School of Design, Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Cercal, 449, 3810-193 Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal; (L.R.S.); (S.M.d.S.); (P.S.L.)
- EMaRT Group—Emerging Materials, Research, Technology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO Aveiro—Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Liliana R. Sousa
- School of Design, Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Cercal, 449, 3810-193 Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal; (L.R.S.); (S.M.d.S.); (P.S.L.)
- EMaRT Group—Emerging Materials, Research, Technology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO Aveiro—Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Magalhães da Silva
- School of Design, Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Cercal, 449, 3810-193 Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal; (L.R.S.); (S.M.d.S.); (P.S.L.)
- EMaRT Group—Emerging Materials, Research, Technology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO Aveiro—Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo S. Lima
- School of Design, Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Cercal, 449, 3810-193 Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal; (L.R.S.); (S.M.d.S.); (P.S.L.)
- EMaRT Group—Emerging Materials, Research, Technology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- TEMA, Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J. M. Oliveira
- School of Design, Management and Production Technologies Northern Aveiro, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Cercal, 449, 3810-193 Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal; (L.R.S.); (S.M.d.S.); (P.S.L.)
- EMaRT Group—Emerging Materials, Research, Technology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CICECO Aveiro—Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Thajai N, Rachtanapun P, Thanakkasaranee S, Punyodom W, Worajittiphon P, Phimolsiripol Y, Leksawasdi N, Ross S, Jantrawut P, Jantanasakulwong K. Reactive Blending of Modified Thermoplastic Starch Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Poly(butylene succinate) Blending with Epoxy Compatibilizer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3487. [PMID: 37631544 PMCID: PMC10458758 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable starch-based polymers were developed by melt-blending modified thermoplastic starch (MTPS) with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blended with epoxy resin (Er). A modified thermoplastic starch blend with chlorhexidine gluconate (MTPSCh) was prepared by melt-blending cassava starch with glycerol and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) 1.0% wt. The Er was melt-blended with PBS (PBSE) at concentrations of 0.50%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (wt%/wt%). The mechanical properties, water resistance, and morphology of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends were investigated. The MTPSCh/PBSE2.5% blend showed an improvement in tensile strength (8.1 MPa) and elongation at break (86%) compared to the TPSCh/PBS blend (2.6 MPa and 53%, respectively). In addition, water contact angle measurements indicated an increase in the hydrophobicity of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an improvement in thermal stability when PBS was added to the MTPSCh blends. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data confirmed a new reaction between the amino groups of CHG in MTPSCh and the epoxy groups of Er in PBSE, which improved the interfacial adhesion of the MTPSCh/PBSE blends. This reaction improved the mechanical properties, water resistance, morphology, and thermal stability of the TPSCh/PBSE blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanthicha Thajai
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (International Program/Interdisciplinary), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Winita Punyodom
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Noppol Leksawasdi
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Sukunya Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Mae-Hea, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.R.); (S.T.); (Y.P.); (N.L.)
- Center of Excellent in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.P.); (P.W.)
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Beluci NDCL, Santos JD, de Carvalho FA, Yamashita F. Reactive biodegradable extruded blends of thermoplastic starch and polyesters. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lopes HSM, de Oliveira GHM, Maia THS, Renda CG, de Almeida Lucas A. Transesterification of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blends: variations in some processing parameters. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01133-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties and Characterization of Natural Fiber Composites Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid): Miswak (Salvadora Persica L.) Fibers. INT J POLYM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7253136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
7000 years ago, miswak fiber (MF) was used as a toothbrush for oral care. However, since the emergence of plastic materials, it monopolized the oral care industry. The increment of plastic products also promotes accumulation of plastic wastes after its disposal. Thus, many researchers have turn to biodegradable products to reduce this problem. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of MF as reinforcement in composites that are suitable to replace the toothbrush materials. The MF was reinforced in PLA composite with different weight percentage (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and undergoes several types of testing. The chemical results show that there were high presence of cellulose in the fiber which could act as medium to transfer stress load equally from fiber to matrix. However, the results show low cellulosic contents in MF that affects the poor interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix. Physical properties shows a positive indication to be used as a toothbrush handle. As the fiber content increases, the density also increased. SEM micrographic illustrated the presence of voids as the cause for reduction in mechanical properties of composites. The mechanical results show the proposed material is comparable to the materials used in commercial applications. As for the thermal result, the TGA test melting point of the proposed composite material was comparable to the pure PLA, which means the proposed material can use similar processing temperature as PLA. DSC shows that Tg of PLA/MF composite is found to be similar to Tg in loss modulus of composites. DMA finding found that PLA/MF30 have the highest storage modulus 2062 MPa and the lowest tan δ 0.6 among PLA/MF composites. This concludes that there is a possibility of using these materials as an alternative in composites and increase the fiber strength by using pretreatments and/or compatibilizer.
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A Review of Nonbiodegradable and Biodegradable Composites for Food Packaging Application. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7670819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dependency on nonbiodegradable-based food packaging, increase in population growth, and persistent environmental problems are some of the driving forces in considering the development of biodegradable food packaging. This effort of green packaging has the potential to solve issues on plastic wastes through the combination of biodegradable composite-based food packaging with plant extracts, nanomaterials, or other types of polymer. Modified biodegradable materials have provided numerous alternatives for producing green packaging with mechanical strength, thermal stability, and barrier performance that are comparable to the conventional food packaging. To the best of our knowledge, the performance of nonbiodegradable and biodegradable composites as food packaging in terms of the above properties has not yet been reviewed. In this context, the capability of biodegradable polymers to substitute the nonbiodegradable polymers was emphasized to enhance the packaging biodegradation while retaining the mechanical strength, thermal stability, barrier properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial or antibacterial activity. These are the ultimate goal in the food industry. This review will impart useful information on the properties of food packaging developed from different polymers and future outlook toward the development of green food packaging.
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The combined effect of thermal-acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, and iodine species removal on the properties of native tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 196:107-119. [PMID: 34910925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through a four-step top-down approach, native tapioca starch (NTS) was thermally acid-hydrolyzed, periodate-oxidized with subsequent removal of iodine species (i.e., IO4(-), IO3(-), I(-), and I2), and dialdehyde tapioca starch (DTS) alcohol-precipitation. The percent yield was ∼91%. Analyses confirmed the presence of aldehydic functionalities (∼71%), effectual iodine species removal (∼98%), and enhanced water-solubility (∼96.57%). Besides, the combined treatment significantly reduced the Mw (∼57.81 kDa) and ameliorated homogeneity as well as thermal stability (Tmax ∼ 667.15 °C). Structural-spectral characterization also confirmed the presence of aldehydic functionality, polymorphic transition (C- to A-type), and a higher degree of crystallinity (∼91.77%), the latter further corroborated by thermal analysis. The morphological study revealed that the combined treatment reduced size (∼393.55-nm-diameter and ∼5.22-μm-length) and changed shape into rod-like crystals. DTS showed considerably and significantly low cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells in vitro at the concentrations assayed over the test period (24 h). DTS's conformation was most stable at -289 kcal/mol and -151.7 au heat formation and minimum potential energies, respectively. Overall, these results demonstrated that the combined treatment had no deleterious effects on NTS's properties, thus yielded DTS with ideal properties for multifarious uses.
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12
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Compatibilization of Starch/Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Blends for Packaging Applications: A Review. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The health and environmental concerns of the usage of non-biodegradable plastics have driven efforts to explore replacing them with renewable polymers. Although starch is a vital renewable polymer, poor water resistivity and thermo-mechanical properties have limited its applications. Recently, starch/synthetic biodegradable polymer blends have captured greater attention to replace inert plastic materials; the question of ‘immiscibility’ arises during the blend preparation due to the mixing of hydrophilic starch with hydrophobic polymers. The immiscibility issue between starch and synthetic polymers impacts the water absorption, thermo-mechanical properties, and chemical stability demanded by various engineering applications. Numerous studies have been carried out to eliminate the immiscibility issues of the different components in the polymer blends while enhancing the thermo-mechanical properties. Incorporating compatibilizers into the blend mixtures has significantly reduced the particle sizes of the dispersed phase while improving the interfacial adhesion between the starch and synthetic biodegradable polymer, leading to fine and homogeneous structures. Thus, Significant improvements in thermo-mechanical and barrier properties and water resistance can be observed in the compatibilized blends. This review provides an extensive discussion on the compatibilization processes of starch and petroleum-based polymer blends.
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Gigante V, Panariello L, Coltelli MB, Danti S, Obisesan KA, Hadrich A, Staebler A, Chierici S, Canesi I, Lazzeri A, Cinelli P. Liquid and Solid Functional Bio-Based Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3640. [PMID: 34771197 PMCID: PMC8586997 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new bio-based coating materials to be applied on cellulosic and plastic based substrates, with improved performances compared to currently available products and at the same time with improved sustainable end of life options, is a challenge of our times. Enabling cellulose or bioplastics with proper functional coatings, based on biopolymer and functional materials deriving from agro-food waste streams, will improve their performance, allowing them to effectively replace fossil products in the personal care, tableware and food packaging sectors. To achieve these challenging objectives some molecules can be used in wet or solid coating formulations, e.g., cutin as a hydrophobic water- and grease-repellent coating, polysaccharides such as chitosan-chitin as an antimicrobial coating, and proteins as a gas barrier. This review collects the available knowledge on functional coatings with a focus on the raw materials used and methods of dispersion/application. It considers, in addition, the correlation with the desired final properties of the applied coatings, thus discussing their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ahdi Hadrich
- Biomass Valorization Platform-Materials, CELABOR s.c.r.l., 4650 Chaineux, Belgium;
| | - Andreas Staebler
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Serena Chierici
- Stazione Sperimentale per l’Industria delle Conserve Alimentari (SSICA), 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | | | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., 56017 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (L.P.); (S.D.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics s.r.l., 56017 Pisa, Italy;
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14
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Mtibe A, Motloung MP, Bandyopadhyay J, Ray SS. Synthetic Biopolymers and Their Composites: Advantages and Limitations-An Overview. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100130. [PMID: 34216411 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, polymer science and engineering research has shifted toward the development of environmentally benign polymers to reduce the impact of plastic leakage on the ecosystems. Stringent regulations and concerns regarding conventional polymers are the main driving forces for the development of renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally benign materials. Although biopolymers can alleviate plastic-related pollution, several factors dictate the utilization of biopolymers. Herein, an overview of the potential and limitations of synthetic biopolymers and their composites in the context of environmentally benign materials for a sustainable future are presented. The synthetic biopolymer market, technical advancements for different applications, lifecycle analysis, and biodegradability are covered. The current trends, challenges, and opportunities for bioplastic recycling are also discussed. In summary, this review is expected to provide guidelines for future development related to synthetic biopolymer-based sustainable polymeric materials suitable for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanda Mtibe
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Mpho Phillip Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jayita Bandyopadhyay
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
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15
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A Review on Properties and Application of Bio-Based Poly(Butylene Succinate). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091436. [PMID: 33946989 PMCID: PMC8125033 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers and companies have increasingly been drawn to biodegradable polymers and composites because of their environmental resilience, eco-friendliness, and suitability for a range of applications. For various uses, biodegradable fabrics use biodegradable polymers or natural fibers as reinforcement. Many approaches have been taken to achieve better compatibility for tailored and improved material properties. In this article, PBS (polybutylene succinate) was chosen as the main topic due to its excellent properties and intensive interest among industrial and researchers. PBS is an environmentally safe biopolymer that has some special properties, such as good clarity and processability, a shiny look, and flexibility, but it also has some drawbacks, such as brittleness. PBS-based natural fiber composites are completely biodegradable and have strong physical properties. Several research studies on PBS-based composites have been published, including physical, mechanical, and thermal assessments of the properties and its ability to replace petroleum-based materials, but no systematic analysis of up-to-date research evidence is currently available in the literature. The aim of this analysis is to highlight recent developments in PBS research and production, as well as its natural fiber composites. The current research efforts focus on the synthesis, copolymers and biodegradability for its properties, trends, challenges and prospects in the field of PBS and its composites also reviewed in this paper.
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16
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Saliu OD, Mamo MA, Ndungu PG, Ramontja J. Micellization of a starch-poly(1,4-butylene succinate) nano-hybrid for enhanced energy storage. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11745-11759. [PMID: 35423662 PMCID: PMC8695992 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00635e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report on a reverse micellization approach to prepare uncarbonized starch and poly(1,4-butylene succinate) hybrids with exceptional charge storage performance. Uncarbonized starch was activated through protonation, hybridized with poly (1,4-butylene succinate), configured into conductive reverse micelles, and incorporated with magnetite nanoparticles. Before magnetite incorporation, the maximum specific capacitance (C sp), energy density (E d), power density (P d) and retention capacity (%) of the reverse micelles were estimated to be 584 F g-1, 143 W h kg-1, 2356 W kg and 97.5%. After magnetite incorporation, we achieved a maximum supercapacitive performance of 631 F g-1, 204 W h kg-1, 4371 W kg-1 and 98%. We demonstrate that the use of magnetite incorporated St-PBS reverse micelles minimizes the contact resistance between the two supercapacitor electrodes, resulting in high charge storage capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Saliu
- Energy, Sensors and Multifunctional Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 17011 Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - M A Mamo
- Energy, Sensors and Multifunctional Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 17011 Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - P G Ndungu
- Energy, Sensors and Multifunctional Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 17011 Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - J Ramontja
- Energy, Sensors and Multifunctional Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg P. O. Box 17011 Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
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17
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Aziman N, Kian LK, Jawaid M, Sanny M, Alamery S. Morphological, Structural, Thermal, Permeability, and Antimicrobial Activity of PBS and PBS/TPS Films Incorporated with Biomaster-Silver for Food Packaging Application. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030391. [PMID: 33513665 PMCID: PMC7869014 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial film for food packaging application had become the focus for researchers and scientists. This research aims to study the characteristics and antimicrobial activity of novel biofilms made of poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) and tapioca starch (TPS) added with 1.5% or 3% of Biomaster-silver (BM) particle. In morphological examination, the incorporation of 3% BM particle was considerably good in forming well-structured PBS film. Meanwhile, the functional groups analysis revealed the 3% BM particle was effectively interacted with PBS molecular chains. The flame retard behavior of BM metal particle also helped in enhancing the thermal stability for pure PBS and PBS/TPS films. The nucleating effect of BM particles had improved the films crystallinity. Small pore size features with high barrier property for gas permeability was obtained for BM filled PBS/TPS films. From antimicrobial analysis, the BM particles possessed antimicrobial activity against three bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium in which PBS/TPS 3% BM film exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria, however, PBS/TPS 1.5% BM film exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli only. Hence, the incorporation of BM into PBS/TPS film could be a sustainable way for developing packaging films to preserve food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurain Aziman
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.); (M.S.)
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Kuala Pilah 72000, Malaysia
| | - Lau Kia Kian
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Security, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Salman Alamery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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18
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Xu J, Chen Y, Tian Y, Yang Z, Zhao Z, Du W, Zhang X. Effect of ionic liquid 1-buyl-3-methylimidazolium halide on the structure and tensile property of PBS/corn starch blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:170-177. [PMID: 33450339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As a promising biodegradable resin, poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) is often blended with starch to reduce the cost. In this paper, 1-buyl-3-methylimidazolium halide pre-plasticized corn starch (CS) was blended with PBS to prepare PBS/corn starch blend material modified by ionic liquid (PBS/CS-IL). Ionic liquid (IL) acted as plasticizer and compatibilizer, and the effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium halide with different halogen anion on PBS/Starch blends were explored. The effects of IL on the structure and tensile property of PBS/Starch blends were evaluated by FTIR, SEM, DSC, TGA and XRD, respectively. Test results showed that the addition of IL significantly reduced the crystallinity of PBS/Starch blends, and the size of starch particles in the PBS matrix was also effectively reduced. IL also acted as a compatibilizer of starch and PBS, and induced the morphology of the blends to change from "sea-island" structure to homogeneous phase. The results of the tensile test showed that compared with the PBS/Starch blend without IL, the elongation at break of PBS/CS-IL increased from 22% to 93%. This study provided a simple and feasible method for the preparation of low-cost PBS bio-composite materials, and provided theoretical support for future industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuanfang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhaojie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenhao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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19
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20
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Yan Y, Dou Q. Effect of Peroxide on Compatibility, Microstructure, Rheology, Crystallization, and Mechanical Properties of PBS/Waxy Starch Composites. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Qiang Dou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
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21
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Marzuki MNA, Tawakkal ISMA, Basri MSM, Othman SH, Kamarudin SH, Lee CH, Khalina A. The Effect of Jackfruit Skin Powder and Fiber Bleaching Treatment in PLA Composites with Incorporation of Thymol. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112622. [PMID: 33171703 PMCID: PMC7695000 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Food packaging has seen a growth in the use of materials derived from renewable resources such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). However, the initial costs to produce bioplastics are typically high. Tropical fruit waste as naturally sourced fibres, such as jackfruit skin, can be used as a cost-reducing filler for PLA. The main objective in this study is to fabricate a low-cost natural fibre-reinforced polymer that potentially applies in packaging with the aid of bleaching treatment. The treatment shows a rougher surface fibre in Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs and it is expected to have better mechanical locking with the matrix, and this is found similar with a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Unfortunately, fibre insertion does find low tensile performances, yet bleached-fibre composites improved its performance significantly. A similar situation was found in the thermal characterization where a low-thermal stability natural fibre composite has lower thermal behaviour and this increased with bleaching treatment. Besides, bleached-fibre composites have a longer service period. Besides, a 15 wt% thymol insertion inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria in the composites and the non-treated fibre composite has better thymol effects. The 30 wt% of the bleached-fibre insertion composite has a high potential to reduce the cost of bioplastic products with minimum alterations of overall performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Najib Ahmad Marzuki
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.M.); (M.S.M.B.); (S.H.O.)
| | - Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.M.); (M.S.M.B.); (S.H.O.)
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (I.S.M.A.T.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.M.); (M.S.M.B.); (S.H.O.)
- Laboratory of Halal Services, Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hajar Othman
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.N.A.M.); (M.S.M.B.); (S.H.O.)
| | - Siti Hasnah Kamarudin
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Mara), Uitm Shah Alam, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ching Hao Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (I.S.M.A.T.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Abdan Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Tropical Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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22
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Soccio M, Dominici F, Quattrosoldi S, Luzi F, Munari A, Torre L, Lotti N, Puglia D. PBS-Based Green Copolymer as an Efficient Compatibilizer in Thermoplastic Inedible Wheat Flour/Poly(butylene succinate) Blends. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3254-3269. [PMID: 32602702 PMCID: PMC8009480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Considering
the current context of research aiming at proposing
new bioplastics with low costs and properties similar to fossil-based
commodities currently on the market, in the present work, a hybrid
blend containing a prevalent amount of cheap inedible cereal flour
(70 wt %) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) (30 wt %) has been prepared
by a simple, eco-friendly, and low-cost processing methodology. In
order to improve the interfacial tension and enhance the adhesion
between the different phases at the solid state, with consequent improvement
in microstructure uniformity and in material mechanical and adhesive
performance, the PBS fraction in the blend was replaced with variable
amounts (0–25 wt %) of PBS-based green copolymer, which exerted
the function of a compatibilizer. The copolymer is characterized by
an ad hoc chemical structure, containing six-carbon aliphatic rings,
also present in the flour starch structure. The two synthetic polyesters
obtained through two-stage melt polycondensation have been deeply
characterized from the molecular, thermal, and mechanical points of
view. Copolymerization deeply impacts the polymer final properties,
the crystallizing ability, and stiffness of the PBS homopolymer being
reduced. Also, the prepared ternary blends were deeply investigated
in terms of microstructure, thermal, and mechanical properties. Lastly,
both pure blend components and ternary blends were subjected to disintegration
experiments under composting conditions. The results obtained proved
how effective was the compatibilizer action of the copolymer, as evidenced
by the investigation conducted on morphology and mechanical properties.
Specifically, the mixtures with 15 and 20 wt % Co appeared to be characterized
by the best mechanical performance, showing a progressive increase
of deformation while preserving good values of elastic modulus and
stress. The disintegration rate in compost was found to be higher
for the lower amount of copolymer in the ternary blend. However, after
90 days of incubation, the blend richest in copolymer content lost
62% of weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelina Soccio
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Dominici
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Silvia Quattrosoldi
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Andrea Munari
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
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23
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Characterization Study of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Fibers Reinforcement in Poly(Butylene) Succinate (PBS)/Starch/Glycerol Composite Sheet. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071571. [PMID: 32679865 PMCID: PMC7408612 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a mixture of thermoplastic polybutylene succinate (PBS), tapioca starch, glycerol and empty fruit bunch fiber was prepared by a melt compounding method using an industrial extruder. Generally, insertion of starch/glycerol has provided better strength performance, but worse thermal and water uptake to all specimens. The effect of fiber loading on mechanical, morphological, thermal and physical properties was studied in focus. Low interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix revealed a poor mechanical performance. However, higher fiber loadings have improved the strength values. This is because fibers regulate good load transfer mechanisms, as confirmed from SEM micrographs. Tensile and flexural strengths have increased 6.0% and 12.2%, respectively, for 20 wt% empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber reinforcements. There was a slightly higher mass loss for early stage thermal decomposition, whereas regardless of EFB contents, insignificant changes on decomposition temperature were recorded. A higher lignin constituent in the composite (for high natural fiber volume) resulted in a higher mass residue, which would turn into char at high temperature. This observation indirectly proves the dimensional integrity of the composite. However, as expected, with higher EFB fiber contents in the composite, higher values in both the moisture uptake and moisture loss analyses were found. The hydroxyl groups in the EFB absorbed water moisture through formation of hydrogen bonding.
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24
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Coltelli MB, Panariello L, Morganti P, Danti S, Baroni A, Lazzeri A, Fusco A, Donnarumma G. Skin-Compatible Biobased Beauty Masks Prepared by Extrusion. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11020023. [PMID: 32268483 PMCID: PMC7353523 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the cosmetic sector, natural and sustainable products with a high compatibility with skin, thus conjugating wellness with a green-oriented consumerism, are required by the market. Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA)/starch blends represent a promising alternative to prepare flexible films as support for innovative beauty masks, wearable after wetting and releasing starch and other selected molecules. Nevertheless, preparing these films by extrusion is difficult due to the high viscosity of the polymer melt at the temperature suitable for processing starch. The preparation of blends including poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) or poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was investigated as a strategy to better modulate melt viscosity in view of a possible industrial production of beauty mask films. The release properties of films in water, connected to their morphology, was also investigated by extraction trials, infrared spectroscopy and stereo and electron microscopy. Then, the biocompatibility with cells was assessed by considering both mesenchymal stromal cells and keratinocytes. All the results were discussed considering the morphology of the films. This study evidenced the possibility of modulating thanks to the selection of composition and the materials processing of the properties necessary for producing films with tailored properties and processability for beauty masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (G.D.); Tel.: +39-050-2217856 (M.-B.C.)
| | - Luca Panariello
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Pierfrancesco Morganti
- Academy of History of Health Care Art, 00193 Rome, Italy;
- Dermatology Department, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Adone Baroni
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Fusco
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (A.F.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.-B.C.); (G.D.); Tel.: +39-050-2217856 (M.-B.C.)
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25
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Effect of Empty Fruit Brunch reinforcement in PolyButylene-Succinate/Modified Tapioca Starch blend for Agricultural Mulch Films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1166. [PMID: 31980742 PMCID: PMC6981160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, it focused on empty fruit brunch (EFB) fibres reinforcement in polybutylene succinate (PBS) with modified tapioca starch by using hot press technique for the use of agricultural mulch film. Mechanical, morphological and thermal properties were studied. Mechanical analysis showed decreased in values of modulus strength for both tensile and flexural testing for fibres insertion. Higher EFB fibre contents in films resulted lower mechanical properties due to poor fibre wetting from insufficient matrix. This has also found evident in SEM micrograph, showing poor interfacial bonding. Water vapour permeability (WVP) shows as higher hydrophilic EFB fibre reinforcement contents, the rate of WVP also increase. Besides this, little or no significant changes on thermal properties for composite films. This is because high thermal stability PBS polymer show its superior thermal properties dominantly. Even though EFB fibres insertion into PBS/tapioca starch biocomposite films have found lower mechanical properties. It successfully reduced the cost of mulch film production without significant changes of thermal performances.
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Ahmad Saffian H, Hyun-Joong K, Md Tahir P, Ibrahim NA, Lee SH, Lee CH. Effect of Lignin Modification on Properties of Kenaf Core Fiber Reinforced Poly(Butylene Succinate) Biocomposites. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244043. [PMID: 31817323 PMCID: PMC6947186 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of lignin modification on the properties of kenaf core fiber reinforced poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites were examined. A weight percent gain (WPG) value of 30.21% was recorded after the lignin were modified with maleic anhydride. Lower mechanical properties were observed for lignin composites because of incompatible bonding between the hydrophobic matrix and the hydrophilic lignin. Modified lignin (ML) was found to have a better interfacial bonding, since maleic anhydrides remove most of the hydrophilic hydrogen bonding (this was proven by a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer-a reduction of broadband near 3400 cm-1, corresponding to the -OH stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups for the ML samples). On the other hand, ML was found to have a slightly lower glass transition temperature, Tg, since reactions with maleic anhydride destroy most of the intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, resulting in a softer structure at elevated temperatures. The addition of kraft lignin was found to increase the thermal stability of the PBS polymer composites, while modified kraft lignin showed higher thermal stability than pure kraft lignin and possessed delayed onset thermal degradation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmaen Ahmad Saffian
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (H.A.S.); (P.M.T.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Kim Hyun-Joong
- Laboratory of Adhesion & Bio-Composites, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Paridah Md Tahir
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (H.A.S.); (P.M.T.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Nor Azowa Ibrahim
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Seng Hua Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (H.A.S.); (P.M.T.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Ching Hao Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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