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Rudawska A. Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Compounds Based on Unmodified Epoxy Resin Modified with Boric Acid as an Antiseptic. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:259. [PMID: 38204111 PMCID: PMC10780207 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the selected mechanical properties of epoxy compounds based on an unmodified epoxy resin with those containing an antiseptic as a modifying agent. Experiments were carried out on twelve epoxy compounds made of an epoxy resin based on bisphenol A (BPA) with a basic epoxide amount of 0.48-0.51 mol/100 g. Three curing agents were used: one polyamide (a polyaminoamide curing agent) and two amines (one was an adduct of aliphatic amine and aromatic glycidyl ether, and the other was an adduct of cycloaliphatic amine). The epoxy compounds were modified by adding an antiseptic in the form of powdered boric acid (H3BO3) in three amounts: 0.5 g, 1.0 g, and 1.5 g. The cured modified and unmodified epoxy compounds were subjected to compressive strength testing and microscopic examination. The experimental results showed that the epoxy compounds containing adduct of aliphatic amine (triethylenetetramine) and aromatic glycidyl ether as the amine curing agent, i.e., E5/ET/100:18, had the highest compressive strength out of all the tested epoxy compounds, with the highest value of 119 MPa obtained for the epoxy compound modified by the addition of 1.0 g boric acid. The epoxy compounds modified with boric acid acquired antiseptic properties and, for most cases, exhibited a higher compressive strength than the unmodified epoxy compounds (not lower than that specified by the manufacturer for unmodified epoxy compounds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rudawska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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2
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Carvalho BO, Gonçalves LPC, Mendonça PV, Pereira JP, Serra AC, Coelho JFJ. Replacing Harmful Flame Retardants with Biodegradable Starch-Based Materials in Polyethylene Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4078. [PMID: 37896321 PMCID: PMC10610673 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of toxic flame retardants to commercially available polymers is often required for safety reasons due to the high flammability of these materials. In this work, the preparation and incorporation of efficient biodegradable starch-based flame retardants into a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix was investigated. Thermoplastic starch was first obtained by plasticizing starch with glycerol/water or glycerol/water/choline phytate to obtain TPS-G and TPS-G-CPA, respectively. Various LDPE/TPS blends were prepared by means of melt blending using polyethylene graft maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer and by varying the content of TPS and a halogenated commercial flame retardant. By replacing 38% and 76% of the harmful commercial flame retardant with safe TPS-G-CPA and TPS-G, respectively, blends with promising fire behavior were obtained, while the limiting oxygen index (LOI ≈ 28%) remained the same. The presence of choline phytate improved both the charring ability and fire retardancy of starch and resulted in a 43% reduction in fire growth index compared to the blend with commercial flame retardant only, as confirmed by means of cone calorimetry. Standard UL 94 vertical tests showed that blends containing TPS exhibited dripping behavior (rated V2), while those with commercial flame retardant were rated V0. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of starch as a natural flame retardant that could reduce the cost and increase the safety of polymer-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara O. Carvalho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials, and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís P. C. Gonçalves
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials, and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia V. Mendonça
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials, and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P. Pereira
- Componit Lda, Estr. Real 3, 2070-621 Vila Chã de Ourique, Portugal
| | - Arménio C. Serra
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials, and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge F. J. Coelho
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials, and Processes, Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Xiang S, Feng J, Yang H, Feng X. Synthesis and Applications of Supramolecular Flame Retardants: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5518. [PMID: 37513390 PMCID: PMC10383342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of different efficient flame retardants (FRs) to improve the fire safety of polymers has been a hot research topic. As the concept of green sustainability has gradually been raised to the attention of the whole world, it has even dominated the research direction of all walks of life. Therefore, there is an urgent calling to explore the green and simple preparation methods of FRs. The development of supramolecular chemistry in the field of flame retardancy is expanding gradually. It is worth noting that the synthesis of supramolecular flame retardants (SFRs) based on non-covalent bonds is in line with the current concepts of environmental protection and multi-functionality. This paper introduces the types of SFRs with different dimensions. SFRs were applied to typical polymers to improve their flame retardancy. The influence on mechanical properties and other material properties under the premise of flame retardancy was also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
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4
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Mutlu A, Erdem A, Dogan M. Potential Use of Melamine Phytate as a Flame-Retardant Additive in Chicken Feather-Containing Thermoplastic Polyurethane Biocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25081-25089. [PMID: 37483238 PMCID: PMC10357521 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Using waste materials such as chicken feathers (CF) and biobased flame-retardant additives including melamine phytate (MPht) has become an effective approach for environmentally friendly and sustainable production in recent years. This study explores the flame retardant effectiveness of MPht in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based biocomposites containing CF. The characterizations of the composites are performed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 (UL-94 V), and mass loss calorimetry (MLC) tests. According to the test results, the highest UL-94 V rating of V0, a LOI value of 29.4%, and the lowest peak heat release rate (pHRR) (110 Kw/m2) and total heat evolved (THE) (39 MJ/m2) values are obtained with the use of 20 wt % MPht. It is demonstrated that MPht acts as an effective flame-retardant filler through the formation of intumescent char in the condensed phase and flame dilution in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysenur Mutlu
- Department
of Textile, Apparel and Leather Van Vocational School of Higher Education, Yuzuncu Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Erdem
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dogan
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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Wang Y, Ma L, Yuan J, Zhu Z, Liu X, Li D, He L, Xiao F. Furfural-based P/N/S flame retardant towards high-performance epoxy resins with flame retardancy, toughness, low dielectric properties and UV resistance. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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6
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Ghonjizade-Samani F, Haurie L, Malet R, Realinho V. The Components' Roles in Thermal Stability and Flammability of Cork Powder. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103829. [PMID: 37241456 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analysis of the influence of extractives, suberin and lignocellulosic components on the pyrolysis decomposition and fire reaction mechanisms of a cork oak powder from Quercus suber L. is presented. The summative chemical composition of cork powder was determined. Suberin was the main component at 40% of the total weight, followed by 24% of lignin, 19% of polysaccharides and 14% of extractives. The absorbance peaks of cork and its individual components were further analyzed by means of ATR-FTIR spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the removal of extractives from cork slightly increased the thermal stability between 200 °C and 300 °C and led to the formation of a more thermally stable residue at the end of the cork decomposition. Moreover, by removing suberin, a shift of the onset decomposition temperature to a lower temperature was noticed, indicating that suberin plays a major role in enhancing the thermal stability of cork. Furthermore, non-polar extractives showed the highest flammability with a peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of 365 W/g analyzed by means of micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC). Above 300 °C, the heat release rate (HRR) of suberin was lower than that of polysaccharides or lignin. However, below that temperature it released more flammable gases with a pHRR of 180 W/g, without significant charring ability, contrary to the mentioned components that showed lower HRR due to their prominent condensed mode of action that slowed down the mass and heat transfer processes during the combustion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ghonjizade-Samani
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingenierías Industrial, Aeroespacial y Audiovisual (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), C/de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca-La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laia Haurie
- GICITED Group, Department of Architectural Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Edificación de Barcelona (EPSEB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), Av. Dr. Marañon 44-50, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Malet
- Elix Polymers, Polígono Industrial, Ctra. de Vilaseca-La Pineda s/n, 43110 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Vera Realinho
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingenierías Industrial, Aeroespacial y Audiovisual (ESEIAAT), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BarcelonaTech), C/de Colom, 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
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7
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Myalenko D, Fedotova O. Physical, Mechanical, and Structural Properties of the Polylactide and Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT)-Based Biodegradable Polymer during Compost Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071619. [PMID: 37050232 PMCID: PMC10097148 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, packaging is an integral part of any food product, preserving its quality and safety. The use of biodegradable packaging as an alternative to conventional polymers reduces the consumption of synthetic polymers and their negative impacts on the environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the properties of a biodegradable compound based on polylactide (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT). Test samples were made by blown extrusion. The structural, physical, and mechanical properties of the PLA/PBAT material were studied. The property variations during compost storage in the lab were monitored for 365 days. The physical and mechanical properties were measured in accordance with the GOST 14236-2017 (ISO 527-2:2012) standard. We measured the tensile strength and elongation at rupture. We used attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared microscopy (ATR-FTIR) to analyze the changes in the material structure. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the strengths of a biodegradable material and grade H polyethylene film (manufactured to GOST 10354-82). PLA/PBAT's longitudinal and transverse tensile strengths are 14.08% and 32.59% lower than those of LDPE, respectively. Nevertheless, the results indicate that, given its physical and mechanical properties, the PLA/PBAT material can be an alternative to conventional PE film food packaging. The structural study results are in good agreement with the physical and mechanical tests. Micrographs clearly show the surface deformations of the biodegradable material. They increase with the compost storage duration. The scanning microscopy (SEM) surface analysis of the original PLA/PBAT films indicated that the PLA structure is similar to that of a multilayer shell or sponge, which is visible at medium and especially high magnification. We conclude that PLA/PBAT-based biodegradable materials are potential substitutes for conventional PE polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Myalenko
- All-Russian Dairy Research Institute, Lyusinovskaya Street, 35, 7, 115093 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Fedotova
- All-Russian Dairy Research Institute, Lyusinovskaya Street, 35, 7, 115093 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Effect of Hemp Hurd Biochar and Humic Acid on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061411. [PMID: 36987192 PMCID: PMC10053798 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the combination of biochar produced through a pyrolytic process of hemp hurd with commercial humic acid as a potential biomass-based flame-retardant system for ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is thoroughly investigated. To this aim, ethylene vinyl acetate composites containing hemp-derived biochar at two different concentrations (i.e., 20 and 40 wt.%) and 10 wt.% of humic acid were prepared. The presence of increasing biochar loadings in ethylene vinyl acetate accounted for an increasing thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of the copolymer; conversely, the acidic character of humic acid anticipated the degradation of the copolymer matrix, even in the presence of the biochar. Further, as assessed by forced-combustion tests, the incorporation of humic acid only in ethylene vinyl acetate slightly decreased both peaks of heat release rate (pkHRR) and total heat release (THR, by 16% and 5%, respectively), with no effect on the burning time. At variance, for the composites containing biochar, a strong decrease in pkHRR and THR values was observed, approaching −69 and −29%, respectively, in the presence of the highest filler loading, notwithstanding, for this latter, a significant increase in the burning time (by about 50 s). Finally, the presence of humic acid significantly lowered the Young’s modulus, unlike biochar, for which the stiffness remarkably increased from 57 MPa (unfilled ethylene vinyl acetate) to 155 Mpa (for the composite containing 40 wt.% of the filler).
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9
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Liang Y, Jian H, Deng C, Xu J, Liu Y, Park H, Wen M, Sun Y. Research and Application of Biomass-Based Wood Flame Retardants: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040950. [PMID: 36850233 PMCID: PMC9966695 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood is widely used as a construction material due to its many advantages, such as good mechanical properties, low production costs, and renewability. However, its flammability limits its use in construction. To solve the problem of wood flammability, the most common method to improve the fire safety of wood is to modify the wood by deep impregnation or surface coating with flame retardants. Therefore, many researchers have found that environmentally friendly and low-cost biomass materials can be used as a source of green flame retardants. Two aspects of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants are summarized in this paper. On the one hand, biomass is used as one of the three sources or as a flame-retardant synergist in combination with other flame retardants, which are called composite biomass intumescent flame retardants. On the other hand, biomass is used alone as a feedstock to produce all-biomass intumescent flame retardants. In addition, the potential of biomass-based materials as an environmentally friendly and low-cost FR source to produce high-performance biomass-based flame retardants with improved technology was also discussed in detail. The development of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants represents a viable and promising approach for the efficient and environmentally friendly production of biomass-based flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liang
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Hao Jian
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Junxian Xu
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Heejun Park
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Wen
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yaoxing Sun
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.S.)
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10
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Green flame-retardant coatings based on iron alginate for polyester fabrics: thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Preparation and Characterization of Cyclodextrin Coated Red Phosphorus Double-Shell Microcapsules and Its Application in Flame Retardant Polyamide6. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194101. [PMID: 36236048 PMCID: PMC9571977 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the melamine borate and crosslinked β-cyclodextrin as shell materials, the double-shell microcapsules (Mic-DP) of red phosphorus (RP) was prepared, and its flame-retardant effect on polyamide 6 (PA6) was investigated. Compared with RP, Mic-DP showed lower hygroscopic and better inoxidizability. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PA6/13%Mic-DP was 27.8%, and PA6/13%Mic-DP reached V-0 rating. After the addition of 13% Mic-DP, the total exothermic (THR), peak exothermic (PK-HRR), and average effective thermal combustion (AV-EHC) rates of PA6 decreased. In addition, in order to investigate its flame-retardant mechanism, the pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) methods were used, and the results showed that mic DP acted as a flame retardant in the gas and condensed phases. The Mic-DP exhibited good compatibility and dispersibility in PA6.
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Denis M, Le Borgne D, Sonnier R, Caillol S, Totee C, Negrell C. Phosphorus Modified Cardanol: A Greener Route to Reduce VolaTile Organic Compounds and Impart Flame Retardant Properties to Alkyd Resin Coatings. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154880. [PMID: 35956832 PMCID: PMC9369946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel phosphorylated cardanol molecules based on phosphonate (PO3CR) and phosphate (PO4CR) functions were synthetized. Those molecules have two main actions which are described in this article: the reduction in volatile organic compounds (VOC) and the development of flame retardant (FR) properties conferred on alkyd resins used as coatings for wood specimen. Phosphorylated cardanol compounds have been successfully grafted by covalent bonds to alkyd resins thanks to an auto-oxidative reaction. The impact of the introduction of PO3CR and PO4CR on the film properties such as drying time and flexibility has been studied and the thermal and flame retardant properties through differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimeter. These studies underscored an increase in the thermal stability and FR properties of the alkyd resins. In the cone calorimeter test, the lowest pHRR was obtained with 3 wt% P of phosphate-cardanol and exhibited a value of 170 KW.m−2, which represented a decrease of almost 46% compared to the POxCR-free alkyd resins. Moreover, a difference in the mode of action between phosphonate and phosphate compounds has been highlighted. The most effective coating which combined excellent FR properties and good coating properties has been obtained with 2 wt% P of phosphate-cardanol. Indeed, the film properties were closed to the POxCR-free alkyd resin and the pHRR decreased by 41% compared to the reference alkyd resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxinne Denis
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
- Lixol, Groupe Berkem, 20 Rue Jean Duvert, 33290 Blanquefort, France;
| | - Damien Le Borgne
- Lixol, Groupe Berkem, 20 Rue Jean Duvert, 33290 Blanquefort, France;
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France;
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Cédric Totee
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Claire Negrell
- Institute Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), 34000 Montpellier, France; (M.D.); (S.C.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Mohd Sabee MMS, Itam Z, Beddu S, Zahari NM, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Zulkepli NA, Shafiq MD, Abdul Hamid ZA. Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142911. [PMID: 35890685 PMCID: PMC9324192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Meer Saddiq Mohd Sabee
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nazirul Mubin Zahari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mohamad Danial Shafiq
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
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14
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Wu H, Zhang W, Zhang H, Gao P, Jin L, Pan Y, Pan Z. Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides with Phosphate Tailings and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132516. [PMID: 35808563 PMCID: PMC9268921 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, phosphate tailings (PTs) were used as raw materials for the preparation of Ca-Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs-1) and Ca-Mg-Al-Fe layered double hydroxides (LDHs-2) by co-precipitation method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and XPS and applied as a flame retardant to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP). The results showed that both LDHs-1 and LDHs-2 exhibited layered structure and high crystallinity. Compared with neat EP, the value of limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 25.8 to 29.3 and 29.9 with 8 wt% content of LDHs-1 and LDHs-2, respectively. The flame retardant properties of the composite material were characterized by cone calorimeter (CC), and the results showed that the peak value of the smoke production rate (SPR) decreased more than 45% and 74%, total smoke production (TSP) reduced nearly 64% and 85% with the addition of LDHs-1 and LDHs-2. Meanwhile, the value of the total heat release (THR) reduced more than 28% and 63%. The conversion from LDHs to layered double oxide (LDO) might be conducive to the fire safety of EP. Moreover, the transformation of Fe-OH to Fe-O could promote the early cross-linking of polymer. In summary, LDHs-2 could significantly improve the carbonization process of EP and suppress the smoke released during the combustion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.P.); (Z.P.)
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.P.); (Z.P.)
| | - Huali Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.P.); (Z.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pengjie Gao
- Hubei Chuxing Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Yichang 443311, China;
| | - Lingzi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.P.); (Z.P.)
| | - Yi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.P.); (Z.P.)
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430074, China; (H.W.); (W.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.P.); (Z.P.)
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15
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Pöhler T, Widsten P, Hakkarainen T. Improved Fire Retardancy of Cellulose Fibres via Deposition of Nitrogen-Modified Biopolyphenols. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123741. [PMID: 35744867 PMCID: PMC9231188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by concerns over the health and environmental impacts of currently used fire retardants (FRs), recent years have seen strong demand for alternative safer and sustainable bio-based FRs. In this paper, we evaluated the potential of nitrogen-modified biopolyphenols as FRs for cellulosic natural fibres that could be used in low-density cellulose insulations. We describe the preparation and characterisation of nitrogen-modified lignin and tannin containing over 10% nitrogen as well as the treatment of cellulose pulp fibres with combinations of lignin or tannin and adsorption-enhancing retention aids. Combining lignin or tannin with a mixture of commercial bio-based flocculant (cationised tannin) and anionic retention chemical allowed for a nearly fourfold increase in lignin adsorption onto cellulosic pulp. The nitrogen-modified biopolyphenols showed significant improvement in heat release parameters in micro-scale combustion calorimetry (MCC) testing compared with their unmodified counterparts. Moreover, the adsorption of nitrogen-modified lignin or tannin onto cellulose fibres decreased the maximum heat release rate and total heat release compared with cellulose reference by 15-23%. A further positive finding was that the temperature at the peak heat release rate did not change. These results show the potential of nitrogen-modified biopolyphenols to improve fire-retarding properties of cellulosic products.
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16
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Arun M, Bigger S, Guerrieri M, Joseph P, Tretsiakova-McNally S. Thermal and Calorimetric Investigations of Some Phosphorus-Modified Chain Growth Polymers 2: Polystyrene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081520. [PMID: 35458268 PMCID: PMC9029487 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the thermal degradation behaviours and combustion attributes of some polymers based on polystyrene (PSt). Here, both additive and reactive strategies were employed, through the bulk polymerization route, where the modifying groups incorporated P-atom in various chemical environments. These included oxidation states of III or V, and the loading of phosphorus was kept at ca. 2 wt.% in all cases. The characterization techniques that were employed for the recovered products included spectroscopic, thermal, and calorimetric. It was found that the presence of different modifying groups influenced the degradation characteristics of the base polymer, and also exerted varying degrees of combustion inhibition. In all cases, the modification of the base matrix resulted in a noticeable degree of fire retardance as compared to that of the virgin material. Therefore, some of the modifications presented have the potential to be explored on a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Arun
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (S.B.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (P.J.); Tel.: +61-410-279-828 (M.A.)
| | - Stephen Bigger
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (S.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurice Guerrieri
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (S.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Paul Joseph
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (S.B.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (P.J.); Tel.: +61-410-279-828 (M.A.)
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17
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Preparation of a Novel Organic Phosphonic Acid Intercalated Phosphate Tailings Based Hydrotalcite and Its Application in Enhancing Fire Safety for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040725. [PMID: 35215638 PMCID: PMC8875001 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate tailings (PTs) are solid waste, which is produced by phosphate flotation. In this work, PTs were used as raw materials for the preparation of diethylenetriamine pentamethronic acid (DTPMP) intercalated trimetal (Ca-Mg-Al) layered double hydroxides (TM-DTPMP LDHs) by co-precipitation method. TM-DTPMP LDHs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and applied as a flame retardant to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP). The results showed that the composite materials exhibited obvious layered structure. After intercalation, layer spacing increased from 0.783 to 1.78 Å. When the amount of TM-DTPMP LDH in EP was 8%, the limitted oxygen index of the composite material increased from the original 19.2% to 30.2%. In addition, Cone calorimeter (CC) and Raman spectrum results indicated that with the addition of TM-DTPMP LDHs, the value of heat release rate peak (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by more than 43% and 60%, while the value of smoke formation rate (pSPR) and the total smoke production (TSP) decreased nearly 64% and 83%, respectively. The significant reduction in the release of combustion heat and harmful smoke during EP combustion may be attributed to the synergistic flame-retardant effect between hydrotalcite and DTPMP. This work exhibited great potential for the green recycling of PTs and the enhancement of the fire safety of EP.
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18
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Öktem MF, Aydaş B. Development of Flame Retardant Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) Flax Fiber Composite by Using Organic Polydopamine (PDA) Coating and Nanoparticles. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-06466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Yang Y, Li Z, Wu G, Chen W, Huang G. A novel biobased intumescent flame retardant through combining simultaneously char-promoter and radical-scavenger for the application in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Shen J, Liang J, Lin X, Lin H, Yu J, Wang S. The Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Preparation of Polymer Composites and Their Potential Application in Construction Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:82. [PMID: 35012105 PMCID: PMC8747271 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Against the background of people's increasing awareness of personal safety and property safety, the flame retardancy (FR) of materials has increasingly become the focus of attention in the field of construction engineering. A variety of materials have been developed in research and production in this field. Polymers have many advantages, such as their light weight, low water absorption, high flexibility, good chemical corrosion resistance, high specific strength, high specific modulus and low thermal conductivity, and are often applied to the field of construction engineering. However, the FR of unmodified polymer is not ideal, and new methods to make it more flame retardant are needed to enhance the FR. This article primarily introduces the flame-retardant mechanism of fire retardancy. It summarizes the preparation of polymer flame-retardant materials by adding different flame-retardant agents, and the application and research progress related to polymer flame-retardant materials in construction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jianwei Liang
- Building Office, Taizhou Urban and Rural Planning & Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Xinfeng Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongjian Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Shifang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
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21
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A new generation of cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) containing heavy metal free modifier. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany additives are used to improve the performance of cables in terms of increasing their flame retardancy, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and other characteristics. Unfortunately, most of these additives contain heavy metals. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to introduce a material representing a new generation of environmentally friendly heavy metal-free stabilizers for cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) that can compete with traditional materials in terms of performance and distinctive properties. This unique additive is Oxydtron, a synthetic silicate or simply nanocement. The tests performed are rheological properties represented by a capillary rheometry analysis, limiting oxygen index, and volume resistivity. The most significant improvement in Bagley correction measurements was 14.61%; 18.13%; and 27.20% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation when using 5wt.% Oxydtron at 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C, respectively. Also, the mean increases in relaxation time were 3.200 times, 8.825 times, and 12.458 times more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation with 1wt.%, 3wt.%, and 5wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively. Furthermore, the Oxydtron lowered the value of the accompanying thermal gradient of the L.O.I test, reducing the heat-affected zone. The best result was with the extrusion processing method due to the uniformity of the processing conditions. However, the thermal gradient analysis showed residual heat stress in the test samples after cutting the burning layer and re-testing the samples again; this causes them to burn faster. This situation requires caution for designs that are exposed to high temperatures without burning. The optimum improvement in volume resistivity value was 14.71% and 38.24% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation after adding 5wt.% and 7wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively.
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22
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Yao Z, Qiu Y, Qian L, Xu B. A novel high phosphorus‐efficiency phosphaphenanthrene curing agent for fabricating flame retardant and toughened epoxy thermoset. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Yao
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Building Materials Academy Beijing China
| | - Yong Qiu
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Bo Xu
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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23
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Machado I, Shaer C, Hurdle K, Calado V, Ishida H. Towards the Development of Green Flame Retardancy by Polybenzoxazines. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Al-tarawneh SS, Ababneh T, Aljaafreh I. Amination of ether-linked polymers via the application of Ullmann-coupling reaction: synthesis, characterization, porosity, and thermal stability evaluation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2021.1947662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suha S. Al-tarawneh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan
| | - Taher Ababneh
- Chemistry Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ibtesam Aljaafreh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Tafila Technical University, Tafila, Jordan
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25
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Basak S, Raja A, Saxena S, Patil P. Tannin based polyphenolic bio-macromolecules: Creating a new era towards sustainable flame retardancy of polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Fang Y, Sun W, Li J, Liu H, Liu X. Eco-friendly flame retardant and dripping-resistant of polyester/cotton blend fabrics through layer-by-layer assembly fully bio-based chitosan/phytic acid coating. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:140-146. [PMID: 33556399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyester/cotton blend fabrics are widely used in clothing and household textiles which combine the comfort of cotton and excellent mechanical strength of polyester. However, their high flammability due to the special "wick effect" resulting from the different thermal decomposition process of cotton and polyester causes greatly potential fire hazards. In this study, fully bio-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating of chitosan/phytic acid (CS/PA) was layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly constructed on polyester/cotton blend fabrics. The LOI value of polyester/cotton blend fabric which was LBL assembly coated by 20 bilayers CS/PA reached 29.2%. And the dripping of coated fabric was eliminated. The results of cone calorimetry test confirmed CS/PA coating greatly improved the flame retardancy of polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed CS/PA coating changed the thermal decomposition process to promote the char formation of polyester/cotton blend fabrics. CS/PA coating on fabric could form the IFR system which acts through both condensed phase action by the catalysis dehydration reaction to forming stable char and gas phase action by the blowing effect. This research provides a new strategy to eco-friendly flame retardant and dripping-resistant for polyester/cotton blend fabrics by bio-based IFR system through facile LBL assembly method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchun Fang
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; Technology Public Service Platform for Textile Industry of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Weihao Sun
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Junwei Li
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; Technology Public Service Platform for Textile Industry of Anhui Province, Wuhu 241000, China
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27
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Vahabi H, Brosse N, Latif NA, Fatriasari W, Solihat N, Hashim R, Hazwan Hussin M, Laoutid F, Saeb M. Nanolignin in materials science and technology— does flame retardancy matter? BIOPOLYMERIC NANOMATERIALS 2021:515-559. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824364-0.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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28
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Abstract
This review critically addresses the most relevant and innovative techniques for obtaining polymers from tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myleidi Vera
- Department of Polymer
- Faculty of Chemistry Science
- University of Concepción
- Concepción
- Chile
| | - Bruno F. Urbano
- Department of Polymer
- Faculty of Chemistry Science
- University of Concepción
- Concepción
- Chile
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29
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Vásquez‐Rendón M, Romero‐Sáez M, Mena J, Fuenzalida V, Berlanga I, Álvarez‐Láinez ML. Synergistic contribution on flame retardancy by charring production in high‐performance
PEI
/
PBT
/
PTFE
ternary blends: The role of
PTFE. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Vásquez‐Rendón
- Grupo Calidad, Metrología y Producción Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano Medellín Colombia
| | - Manuel Romero‐Sáez
- Grupo Calidad, Metrología y Producción Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano Medellín Colombia
| | - Jhorman Mena
- Grupo Calidad, Metrología y Producción Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano Medellín Colombia
| | - Victor Fuenzalida
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Isadora Berlanga
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Biotecnología y Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
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30
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Podkościelna B, Wnuczek K, Goliszek M, Klepka T, Dziuba K. Flammability Tests and Investigations of Properties of Lignin-Containing Polymer Composites Based on Acrylates. Molecules 2020; 25:E5947. [PMID: 33334041 PMCID: PMC7765523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper flammability tests and detailed investigations of lignin-containing polymer composites' properties are presented. Composites were obtained using bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and kraft lignin (lignin alkali, L) during UV curing. In order to evaluate the influence of lignin modification and the addition of flame retardant compounds on the thermal resistance of the obtained biocomposites, flammability tests have been conducted. After the modification with phosphoric acid (V) lignin, as well as diethyl vinylphosphonate, were used as flame retardant additives. The changes in the chemical structures (ATR-FTIR), as well as the influence of the different additives on the hardness, thermal (TG) and mechanical properties were discussed in detail. The samples after the flammability test were also studied to assess their thermal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Krystyna Wnuczek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Goliszek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kamil Dziuba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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31
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Xue Q, Wu Q, Yao Y, Li X, Sun J, Gu X, Song W, Yan F, Zhang S. A bio‐safe cyclophosphazene derivative flame retardant for
polylactic acid
composites: Flammability and cytotoxicity. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Xue
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Marine Rehabilitation Drugs and Special New Materials, School of Pharmacy Weifang Medical University Weifang China
| | - Quan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Marine Rehabilitation Drugs and Special New Materials, School of Pharmacy Weifang Medical University Weifang China
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Marine Rehabilitation Drugs and Special New Materials, School of Pharmacy Weifang Medical University Weifang China
- Doye Pharma Co., Ltd. Dongying China
| | - Fang Yan
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Marine Rehabilitation Drugs and Special New Materials, School of Pharmacy Weifang Medical University Weifang China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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Kirsh I, Frolova Y, Beznaeva O, Bannikova O, Gubanova M, Tveritnikova I, Romanova V, Filinskaya Y. Influence of the Ultrasonic Treatment on the Properties of Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate, Modified by Antimicrobial Additive. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2412. [PMID: 33086696 PMCID: PMC7589592 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Particular attention is paid to biodegradable materials from the environmental point of view and antimicrobial materials that ensure the microbiological safety of packaged products. The aim of the work was to study the properties of the composition, based on biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and the antimicrobial additive-birch bark extract (BBE). Test samples of materials were obtained on the laboratory extruder by extrusion with ultrasonic treatment of the melt. The concentration of the antimicrobial additive in the polymer matrix was 1 wt %. A complex research was carried out to study the structural, physico-mechanical characteristics, antimicrobial properties and biodegradability of the modified PBAT. Comparative assessment of the physico-mechanical characteristics of samples based on PBAT showed that the strength and elongation at break indices slightly decrease when the ultrasonic treatment of the melt is introduced. It was found out, that the antimicrobial additive in the composition of the polymer matrix at the concentration of 1 wt % has a static effect on the development of microorganisms on the surface of the studied modified films. Studies of the biodegradability of modified PBAT by composting for 4 months have shown that the decomposition period of modified materials increased, compared to pure PBAT. The developed modified polymer material can be recommended as an alternative replacement for materials based on polyethylene for food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kirsh
- Scientific and Educational Center Advanced Packaging Materials and Recycling Technologies, Center of the Collective Use, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (M.G.); (I.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Yuliya Frolova
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology and Specialized Products, Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Olga Beznaeva
- Scientific and Educational Center Advanced Packaging Materials and Recycling Technologies, Center of the Collective Use, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (M.G.); (I.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Olga Bannikova
- Scientific and Educational Center Advanced Packaging Materials and Recycling Technologies, Center of the Collective Use, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (M.G.); (I.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Marina Gubanova
- Scientific and Educational Center Advanced Packaging Materials and Recycling Technologies, Center of the Collective Use, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (M.G.); (I.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Isabella Tveritnikova
- Scientific and Educational Center Advanced Packaging Materials and Recycling Technologies, Center of the Collective Use, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (M.G.); (I.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romanova
- Scientific and Educational Center Advanced Packaging Materials and Recycling Technologies, Center of the Collective Use, Moscow State University of Food Production, 125080 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (M.G.); (I.T.); (V.R.)
| | - Yulia Filinskaya
- Department of Automated Control Systems, Moscow State University of Technologies and Management K.G. Razumovsky, 109004 Moscow, Russia;
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Baby A, Tretsiakova-McNally S, Arun M, Joseph P, Zhang J. Reactive and Additive Modifications of Styrenic Polymers with Phosphorus-Containing Compounds and Their Effects on Fire Retardance. Molecules 2020; 25:E3779. [PMID: 32825185 PMCID: PMC7504409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene, despite its high flammability, is widely used as a thermal insulation material for buildings, for food packaging, in electrical and automotive industries, etc. A number of modification routes have been explored to improve the fire retardance and boost the thermal stability of commercially important styrene-based polymeric products. The earlier strategies mostly involved the use of halogenated fire retardants. Nowadays, these compounds are considered to be persistent pollutants that are hazardous to public and environmental health. Many well-known halogen-based fire retardants, regardless of their chemical structures and modes of action, have been withdrawn from built environments in the European Union, USA, and Canada. This had triggered a growing research interest in, and an industrial demand for, halogen-free alternatives, which not only will reduce the flammability but also address toxicity and bioaccumulation issues. Among the possible options, phosphorus-containing compounds have received greater attention due to their excellent fire-retarding efficiencies and environmentally friendly attributes. Numerous reports were also published on reactive and additive modifications of polystyrene in different forms, particularly in the last decade; hence, the current article aims to provide a critical review of these publications. The authors mainly intend to focus on the chemistries of phosphorous compounds, with the P atom being in different chemical environments, used either as reactive, or additive, fire retardants in styrene-based materials. The chemical pathways and possible mechanisms behind the fire retardance are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloshy Baby
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
| | - Malavika Arun
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Paul Joseph
- Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Victoria, Australia; (M.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Belfast School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK; (A.B.); (J.Z.)
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Enhanced Resistance to Fire of the Bark-Based Panels Bonded with Clay. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the flammability of ecologically friendly, 100% natural larch and poplar bark-based panels bonded with clay. The clay acted as a fire retardant, and it improved the fire resistance of the boards by 12–15% for the surface and 27–39% for the edge of the testing specimens. The thermal conductivity was also analyzed. Although the panels had a density ranging from 600 to 900 kg/m3, thermal conductivity for the panel with a density of 600 kg/m3 was excellent, and it was comparable to lightweight insulation panels with much lower densities. Besides that, the advantage of the bark clay boards, as an insulation material, is mostly in an accumulative capacity similar to wood cement boards, and it can significantly improve the climatic stability of indoor spaces that have low ventilation rates. Bark boards with clay, similar to wood cement composites (wood wool cement composites and wood particle cement composites), have low mechanical properties and elasticity. Therefore, there their use is limited to non-structural paneling applications. These ecologically friendly, 100% natural and recyclable composites can be mostly used with respect to their thermal insulation, acoustics and fire resistance properties.
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Liu G, Shi H, Kundu CK, Li Z, Li X, Zhang Z. Preparation of novel biomass humate flame retardants and their flame retardancy in epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangya Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Huili Shi
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Chanchal Kumar Kundu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
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Zilke O, Plohl D, Opwis K, Mayer-Gall T, Gutmann JS. A Flame-Retardant Phytic-Acid-Based LbL-Coating for Cotton Using Polyvinylamine. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1202. [PMID: 32466250 PMCID: PMC7284457 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA), as a natural source of phosphorus, was immobilized on cotton (CO) in a layer-by-layer (LbL) approach with polyvinylamine (PVAm) as the oppositely charged electrolyte to create a partly bio-based flame-retardant finish. PVAm was employed as a synthetic nitrogen source with the highest density of amine groups of all polymers. Vertical flame tests revealed a flame-retardant behavior with no afterflame and afterglow time for a coating of 15 bilayers (BL) containing 2% phosphorus and 1.4% nitrogen. The coating achieved a molar P:N ratio of 3:5. Microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) analyses affirmed the flame test findings by a decrease in peak heat release rate (pkHRR) by more than 60% relative to unfinished CO. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and MCC measurements exhibited a shifted CO peak to lower temperatures indicating proceeding reactions to form an isolating char on the surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled online with a TGA system, allowed the identification of a decreased amount of acrolein, methanol, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde during sample pyrolysis and a higher amount of released water. Thereby the toxicity of released volatiles was reduced. Our results prove that PA enables a different reaction by catalyzing cellulosic dehydration, which results in the formation of a protective char on the surface of the burned fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zilke
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Dennis Plohl
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Klaus Opwis
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Thomas Mayer-Gall
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
- Physical Chemistry & CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Stefan Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
- Physical Chemistry & CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040849. [PMID: 32272648 PMCID: PMC7240707 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.
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Layer-by-layer assembled diatomite based on chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate to increase the fire safety of unsaturated polyester resins. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gebke S, Thümmler K, Sonnier R, Tech S, Wagenführ A, Fischer S. Flame Retardancy of Wood Fiber Materials Using Phosphorus-Modified Wheat Starch. Molecules 2020; 25:E335. [PMID: 31947576 PMCID: PMC7024314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer-based flame retardants (FR) are a promising approach to ensure adequate protection against fire while minimizing health and environmental risks. Only a few, however, are suitable for industrial purposes because of their poor flame retardancy, complex synthesis pathway, expensive cleaning procedures, and inappropriate application properties. In the present work, wheat starch was modified using a common phosphate/urea reaction system and tested as flame retardant additive for wood fibers. The results indicate that starch derivatives from phosphate/urea systems can reach fire protection efficiencies similar to those of commercial flame retardants currently used in the wood fiber industry. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of fire protective phosphates (up to 38 wt.%) and nitrogen groups (up to 8.3 wt.%). The lowest levels of burning in fire tests were measured with soluble additives at a phosphate content of 3.5 wt.%. Smoldering effects could be significantly reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers. The industrial processing of a starch-based flame retardant on wood insulating materials exhibits the fundamental applicability of flame retardants. These results demonstrate that starch modified from phosphate/urea-systems is a serious alternative to traditional flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gebke
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Katrin Thümmler
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.G.); (S.F.)
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- C2MA, IMT—Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France;
| | - Sören Tech
- Wood and Fibre Material Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.T.); (A.W.)
| | - André Wagenführ
- Wood and Fibre Material Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.T.); (A.W.)
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (S.G.); (S.F.)
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Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4273253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is imperative to develop a new generation of flame retardants. In recent years, the preparation of modified two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants has attracted wide attention in the field. Due to their unique layered structures, two-dimensional nanomaterials can generally improve the mechanical properties of polymers via uniform dispersion, and they can form effective physical barriers in a matrix to improve the thermal stability of polymers. For polymer applications in specialized fields, different two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential conductivity, high thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and antiultraviolet abilities, which can meet the flame retardant requirements of polymers and allow their use in specific applications. In this review, the current research status of two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants is discussed, as well as a mechanism of how they can be applied for reducing the flammability of polymers.
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Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040664. [PMID: 30978988 PMCID: PMC6523419 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are intrinsically flammable materials; hence, fire retardance (FR) is required in their most common applications (i.e., electronic and construction, to mention some). Recently, it has been reported that cyclodextrin (CD) and cyclodextrin derivatives are beginning to be introduced into Intumescent Fire Retardant (IFR) formulations in place of pentaerythritol, which is used in IFRs that are currently on the market. Since IFRs are of less environmental concern than their hazardous halogen containing counterparts, the use of natural origin compounds in IFRs provides a way to comply with green chemistry issues. BCD and BCD derivatives presence in IFR mixtures promotes a higher yield of blowing gases and char when polymeric materials undergo combustion. Both processes play important roles in intumescence. The key rule to obtain in insulating compact char is the good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix, which can be achieved by functionalizing nanoparticles with BCD derivatives. Moreover, CD derivatives are attractive because of their nanosized structure and their ability to form inclusion complexes with many compounds used as FR components, reducing their release to the environment during their shelf life of FR items. Often, fire retardance performed by BCD and BCD derivatives accompanies other relevant properties, such as improved mechanical resistance, washability resistance, self healing ability, thermal conductivity, etc. The application of CD fire retardant additives in many polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), linear low density poly(ethylene), polyamides, and polyesters are comprehensively reviewed here.
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Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Sonnier R, Dumazert L. Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071146. [PMID: 30965684 PMCID: PMC6479977 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François Rault
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
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