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Yan J, Armstrong JPK, Scarpa F, Perriman AW. Hydrogel-Based Artificial Synapses for Sustainable Neuromorphic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403937. [PMID: 39087845 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels find widespread applications in biomedicine because of their outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunable material properties. Hydrogels can be chemically functionalized or reinforced to respond to physical or chemical stimulation, which opens up new possibilities in the emerging field of intelligent bioelectronics. Here, the state-of-the-art in functional hydrogel-based transistors and memristors is reviewed as potential artificial synapses. Within these systems, hydrogels can serve as semisolid dielectric electrolytes in transistors and as switching layers in memristors. These synaptic devices with volatile and non-volatile resistive switching show good adaptability to external stimuli for short-term and long-term synaptic memory effects, some of which are integrated into synaptic arrays as artificial neurons; although, there are discrepancies in switching performance and efficacy. By comparing different hydrogels and their respective properties, an outlook is provided on a new range of biocompatible, environment-friendly, and sustainable neuromorphic hardware. How potential energy-efficient information storage and processing can be achieved using artificial neural networks with brain-inspired architecture for neuromorphic computing is described. The development of hydrogel-based artificial synapses can significantly impact the fields of neuromorphic bionics, biometrics, and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongyi Yan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - James P K Armstrong
- Department of Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Fabrizio Scarpa
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace and Design Engineering (CADE), University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
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2
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Zheng ALT, Teo EYL, Yiu PH, Boonyuen S, Andou Y. Emerging trends in functional materials for electrochemical sensors in nicotine determination. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00629-0. [PMID: 39030465 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In the past year, there has been significant progress in the utilization of electrochemical strategies for the determination of harmful substances. Among those, the electrochemical determination of nicotine (NIC) has continued to be of significant interest ascribed to the global health concern of e-cigarette products, nowadays. Electrochemical sensors have become promising tools for the detection of NIC ascribed to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and ease of use. This review article provides a concise overview of the advanced developments in electrochemical sensors for NIC detection using modified functional materials such as carbon-based materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOF), MXene, polymer, and metallic based modifiers. The sensitivity of electrochemical sensors can be improved by modifying them with these conductive materials ascribed to their physical and chemical properties. The review also addresses the challenges and future perspectives in the field, including sensitivity and selectivity improvements, stability and reproducibility issues, integration with data analysis techniques, and emerging trends. In conclusion, this review article may be of interest to researchers intending to delve into the development of functional electrochemical sensors in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Lim Teik Zheng
- Institute of Ecoscience Borneo, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Ellie Yi Lih Teo
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Management and Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Pang Hung Yiu
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Management and Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Bintulu, 97008, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Supakorn Boonyuen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Yoshito Andou
- Graduate School of Life Sciences and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan
- Collaborative Research Centre for Green Materials On Environmental Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan
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3
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Rybachuk O, Nesterenko Y, Zhovannyk V. Modern advances in spinal cord regeneration: hydrogel combined with neural stem cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1419797. [PMID: 38994202 PMCID: PMC11236698 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1419797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injuries (SCI) lead to loss of functional activity of the body below the injury site, affect a person's ability to self-care and have a direct impact on performance. Due to the structural features and functional role of the spinal cord in the body, the consequences of SCI cannot be completely overcome at the expense of endogenous regenerative potential and, developing over time, lead to severe complications years after injury. Thus, the primary task of this type of injury treatment is to create artificial conditions for the regenerative growth of damaged nerve fibers through the area of the SCI. Solving this problem is possible using tissue neuroengineering involving the technology of replacing the natural tissue environment with synthetic matrices (for example, hydrogels) in combination with stem cells, in particular, neural/progenitor stem cells (NSPCs). This approach can provide maximum stimulation and support for the regenerative growth of axons of damaged neurons and their myelination. In this review, we consider the currently available options for improving the condition after SCI (use of NSC transplantation or/and replacement of the damaged area of the SCI with a matrix, specifically a hydrogel). We emphasise the expediency and effectiveness of the hydrogel matrix + NSCs complex system used for the reconstruction of spinal cord tissue after injury. Since such a complex approach (a combination of tissue engineering and cell therapy), in our opinion, allows not only to creation of conditions for supporting endogenous regeneration or mechanical reconstruction of the spinal cord, but also to strengthen endogenous regeneration, prevent the spread of the inflammatory process, and promote the restoration of lost reflex, motor and sensory functions of the injured area of spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Rybachuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, M. D. Strazhesko National Scientific Center of Cardiology, Clinical and Regenerative Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Dawit H, Zhao Y, Wang J, Pei R. Advances in conductive hydrogels for neural recording and stimulation. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2786-2800. [PMID: 38682423 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The brain-computer interface (BCI) allows the human or animal brain to directly interact with the external environment through the neural interfaces, thus playing the role of monitoring, protecting, improving/restoring, enhancing, and replacing. Recording electrophysiological information such as brain neural signals is of great importance in health monitoring and disease diagnosis. According to the electrode position, it can be divided into non-implantable, semi-implantable, and implantable. Among them, implantable neural electrodes can obtain the highest-quality electrophysiological information, so they have the most promising application. However, due to the chemo-mechanical mismatch between devices and tissues, the adverse foreign body response and performance loss over time seriously restrict the development and application of implantable neural electrodes. Given the challenges, conductive hydrogel-based neural electrodes have recently attracted much attention, owing to many advantages such as good mechanical match with the native tissues, negligible foreign body response, and minimal signal attenuation. This review mainly focuses on the current development of conductive hydrogels as a biocompatible framework for neural tissue and conductivity-supporting substrates for the transmission of electrical signals of neural tissue to speed up electrical regeneration and their applications in neural sensing and recording as well as stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewan Dawit
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yuewu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jine Wang
- College of Medicine and Nursing, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Excipients, Sustained and Controlled Release Preparations, Dezhou University, China.
- Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang, 330200, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, PR China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Sarvutiene J, Prentice U, Ramanavicius S, Ramanavicius A. Molecular imprinting technology for biomedical applications. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108318. [PMID: 38266935 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), a type of biomimetic material, have attracted considerable interest owing to their cost-effectiveness, good physiochemical stability, favourable specificity and selectivity for target analytes, and widely used for various biological applications. It was demonstrated that MIPs with significant selectivity towards protein-based targets could be applied in medicine, diagnostics, proteomics, environmental analysis, sensors, various in vivo and/or in vitro applications, drug delivery systems, etc. This review provides an overview of MIPs dedicated to biomedical applications and insights into perspectives on the application of MIPs in newly emerging areas of biotechnology. Many different protocols applied for the synthesis of MIPs are overviewed in this review. The templates used for molecular imprinting vary from the minor glycosylated glycan-based structures, amino acids, and proteins to whole bacteria, which are also overviewed in this review. Economic, environmental, rapid preparation, stability, and reproducibility have been highlighted as significant advantages of MIPs. Particularly, some specialized MIPs, in addition to molecular recognition properties, can have high catalytic activity, which in some cases could be compared with other bio-catalytic systems. Therefore, such MIPs belong to the class of so-called 'artificial enzymes'. The discussion provided in this manuscript furnishes a comparative analysis of different approaches developed, underlining their relative advantages and disadvantages highlighting trends and possible future directions of MIP technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Sarvutiene
- Department of Nanotechnology, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Prentice
- Department of Nanotechnology, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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6
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Song S, McConnell KW, Shan D, Chen C, Oh B, Sun J, Poon ASY, George PM. Conductive gradient hydrogels allow spatial control of adult stem cell fate. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1854-1863. [PMID: 38291979 PMCID: PMC10922832 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02269b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Electrical gradients are fundamental to physiological processes including cell migration, tissue formation, organ development, and response to injury and regeneration. Current electrical modulation of cells is primarily studied under a uniform electrical field. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of conductive gradient hydrogels (CGGs) that display mechanical properties and varying local electrical gradients mimicking physiological conditions. The electrically-stimulated CGGs enhanced human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) viability and attachment. Cells on CGGs under electrical stimulation showed a high expression of neural progenitor markers such as Nestin, GFAP, and Sox2. More importantly, CGGs showed cell differentiation toward oligodendrocyte lineage (Oligo2) in the center of the scaffold where the electric field was uniform with a greater intensity, while cells preferred neuronal lineage (NeuN) on the edge of the scaffold on a varying electric field at lower magnitude. Our data suggest that CGGs can serve as a useful platform to study the effects of electrical gradients on stem cells and potentially provide insights on developing new neural engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Song
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, MC5778 Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5778, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience GIDP, Materials Science and Engineering, BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kelly W McConnell
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, MC5778 Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5778, USA.
| | - Dingying Shan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, MC5778 Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5778, USA.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Byeongtaek Oh
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, MC5778 Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5778, USA.
| | - Jindi Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ada S Y Poon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul M George
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, MC5778 Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5778, USA.
- Stanford Stroke Center and Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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7
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Choi C, Yun E, Cha C. Emerging Technology of Nanofiber-Composite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300222. [PMID: 37530431 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels and nanofibers have been firmly established as go-to materials for various biomedical applications. They have been mostly utilized separately, rarely together, because of their distinctive attributes and shortcomings. However, the potential benefits of integrating nanofibers with hydrogels to synergistically combine their functionalities while attenuating their drawbacks are increasingly recognized. Compared to other nanocomposite materials, incorporating nanofibers into hydrogel has the distinct advantage of emulating the hierarchical structure of natural extracellular environment needed for cell and tissue culture. The most important technological aspect of developing "nanofiber-composite hydrogel" is generating nanofibers made of various polymers that are cross-linked and short enough to maintain stable dispersion in hydrated environment. In this review, recent research efforts to develop nanofiber-composite hydrogels are presented, with added emphasis on nanofiber processing techniques. Several notable examples of implementing nanofiber-composite hydrogels for biomedical applications are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cholong Choi
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Yun
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaenyung Cha
- Center for Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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Aizamddin M, Mahat MM. Enhancing the Washing Durability and Electrical Longevity of Conductive Polyaniline-Grafted Polyester Fabrics. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37936-37947. [PMID: 37867689 PMCID: PMC10586257 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The demand for wearable electronics has driven the development of conductive fabrics, particularly those incorporating polyaniline (PANI) that is known for its high electrical conductivity, flexibility, and ease of fabrication. However, the limited stability and durability of the conductive fabric, especially during washing, present significant challenges. The drawbacks can be traced by weak physical attachment between the fabric and the conductive coating, leading to a decrease in conductivity over time. These drawbacks significantly impact the fabric's functionality and performance, highlighting the need for effective solutions to enhance its stability and durability. This study focuses on addressing these challenges by employing a thermochemical treatment. A hydrophilic surface of the polyester fabric is obtained after the treatment (hydrolysis), followed by grafting of PANI on it. The adhesion between PANI and the polyester fabrics was found to be enhanced, as proved by contact angle analysis. Furthermore, the PANI-hydrolyzed fabrics (treated) demonstrated stable conductivity (∼10-3 S cm-3) even after 10 washing cycles, showcasing their excellent durability. In comparison, the unhydrolyzed PANI fabric experienced a drop in conductivity by three orders of magnitude. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy via N 1s core line spectra showed chemical shifts and quantified the level of doping through PANI's protonation level. We found that PANI-hydrolyzed fabrics preserved their dedoping level from 44.77 to 42.68%, indicating improved stability and extension of their electrical properties' lifetime after washing as compared to unhydrolyzed (untreated) fabrics, from 36.99 to 26.61%. This investigation demonstrates that the thermochemical approach can effectively enhance the durability of conductive PANI fabrics, enabling them to withstand the washing process while preserving their electrical endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad
Faiz Aizamddin
- School
of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- School
of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
- Textile
Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia
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OSMANOĞULLARI SC, SÖYLEMEZ S, KARAKURT O, ÖZDEMİR HACIOĞLU S, ÇIRPAN A, TOPPARE L. Innovative polymer engineering for the investigation of electrochemical properties and biosensing ability. Turk J Chem 2023; 47:1271-1284. [PMID: 38173753 PMCID: PMC10760843 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0527.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Subtle engineering for the generation of a biosensor from a conjugated polymer with the inclusion of fluorine-substituted benzothiadiazole and indole moieties is reported. The engineering includes the electrochemical copolymerization of the indole-6-carboxylic acid (M1) and 5-fluoro-4,7-bis(4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (M2) on the indium tin oxide and graphite electrode surfaces for the investigation of both their electrochemical properties and biosensing abilities with their copolymer counterparts. The intermediates and final conjugated polymers, Poly(M1) [P-In6C], Poly(M2) [P-FBTz], and copoly(M1 and M2) [P-In6CFBTz], were entirely characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, CV, UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry, and SEM techniques. HOMO energy levels of electrochemically obtained polymers were calculated from the oxidation onsets in anodic scans as -4.78 eV, -5.23 eV, and -4.89 eV, and optical bandgap (Egop) values were calculated from the onset of the lowest-energy π-π* transitions as 2.26 eV, 1.43 eV, and 1.59 eV for P-In6C, P-FBTz, and P-In6CFBTz, respectively. By incorporation of fluorine-substituted benzothiadiazole (M2) into the polymer backbone by electrochemical copolymerization, the poor electrochemical properties of P-In6C were remarkably improved. The polymer P-In6CFBTz demonstrated striking electrochemical properties such as a lower optical band gap, red-shifted absorption, multielectrochromic behavior, a lower switching time, and higher optical contrast. Overall, the newly developed copolymer, which combined the features of each monomer, showed superior electrochemical properties and was tested as a glucose-sensing framework, offering a low detection limit (0.011 mM) and a wide linear range (0.05-0.75 mM) with high sensitivity (44.056 μA mM-1 cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sıla Can OSMANOĞULLARI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon,
Turkiye
| | - Saniye SÖYLEMEZ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya,
Turkiye
| | - Oğuzhan KARAKURT
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
| | - Serife ÖZDEMİR HACIOĞLU
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
- Department of Basic Sciences of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, İskenderun Technical University, Hatay,
Turkiye
| | - Ali ÇIRPAN
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
- Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GÜNAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
| | - Levent TOPPARE
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkiye
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Ali A, Chowdhury S, Carr MA, Janorkar AV, Marquart M, Griggs JA, Bumgardner JD, Roach MD. Antibacterial and biocompatible polyaniline-doped titanium oxide layers. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:1100-1111. [PMID: 36585829 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Titanium anodization has been shown to produce crystalline oxides exhibiting photocatalytic reactions that form reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to UV light. The ROS subsequently attack bacteria cells, and thus reduce bacteria attachment on titanium implant surfaces. Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer that has shown antibacterial properties when electropolymerized onto titanium. Our research group hypothesized the addition of PANI to crystalline titanium oxide surfaces would increase the available free electrons and thus increase photocatalytic activity (PCA). This research led to the development of a novel single-step anodization approach for PANI doping crystalline titanium oxide layers. The objective of the present study was to determine the proper aniline electrolyte concentration needed to maximize the PCA and reduce bacterial attachment on the formed oxides. Aniline concentrations up to 1 M were added into a 1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte. The formed oxides exhibited increased PANI surface coverage but decreased anatase and rutile crystalline titanium oxide phase formation with increasing aniline electrolyte concentrations. Despite exhibiting the lowest levels of anatase and rutile formation, the 0.75 M and 1 M aniline oxides with the greatest PANI surface coverage also exhibited the highest PCA levels. 1 M aniline oxides showed significantly higher PCA under UVA irradiation compared to oxides formed from aniline concentrations up to 0.5 M (p < 0.001). 0.75 M aniline oxides exhibited significant reductions in Staphylococcus aureus attachment with or without UVA irradiation compared to control oxides without PANI. MTT and live/dead assays confirmed cytocompatibility and nearly 100% cell viability for the PANI doped oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ali
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sheetal Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mary A Carr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mary Marquart
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jason A Griggs
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joel D Bumgardner
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael D Roach
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Possetto D, Pecnikaj I, Marzari G, Orlandi S, Sereno S, Cavazzini M, Pozzi G, Fungo F. Influence of Polyfluorinated Side Chains and Soft-Template Method on the Surface Morphologies and Hydrophobic Properties of Electrodeposited Films from Fluorene Bridged Dicarbazole Monomers. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200371. [PMID: 36073234 PMCID: PMC10091753 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A clear case of relationship between the monomer molecular structure and the capability of tuning the morphology of electrodeposited gas bubbles template polymer thin films is shown. To this end, a series of fluorene-bridged dicarbazole derivatives containing either linear or terminally branched polyfluorinated side chains connected to the fluorene subunit were synthesized and their electrochemical properties were investigated. The new compounds underwent electrochemical polymerization over indium tin oxide electrodes to give hydrophobic films with nanostructural and morphological properties strongly dependent on the nature of the side chains. Gas bubbles templated electropolymerization was next achieved by the addition of tiny amounts of water to the monomer solutions, without using surfactants. Within the investigated set of molecules, the nanostructural properties of the soft-templated films obtained from monomers bearing linear side chains could be fine-tuned by adjusting electrochemical parameters, leading to superhydrophobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Possetto
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales AvanzadosIITEMA-UNRC-CONICET) Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoAgencia Postal 3X5804BYARío CuartoArgentina
| | - Ilir Pecnikaj
- University of Medicine TiranaDepartment of PharmacyRruga e Dibrës Nr. 371AL1005TiranëAlbania
| | - Gabriela Marzari
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales AvanzadosIITEMA-UNRC-CONICET) Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoAgencia Postal 3X5804BYARío CuartoArgentina
| | - Simonetta Orlandi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR SCITEC)UOS Golgi, via Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Silvia Sereno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales AvanzadosIITEMA-UNRC-CONICET) Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoAgencia Postal 3X5804BYARío CuartoArgentina
| | - Marco Cavazzini
- CNR Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR SCITEC)UOS Golgi, via Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (CNR SCITEC)UOS Golgi, via Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Fernando Fungo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales AvanzadosIITEMA-UNRC-CONICET) Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional de Río CuartoAgencia Postal 3X5804BYARío CuartoArgentina
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12
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Acosta M, Santiago MD, Irvin JA. Electrospun Conducting Polymers: Approaches and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15248820. [PMID: 36556626 PMCID: PMC9782039 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inherently conductive polymers (CPs) can generally be switched between two or more stable oxidation states, giving rise to changes in properties including conductivity, color, and volume. The ability to prepare CP nanofibers could lead to applications including water purification, sensors, separations, nerve regeneration, wound healing, wearable electronic devices, and flexible energy storage. Electrospinning is a relatively inexpensive, simple process that is used to produce polymer nanofibers from solution. The nanofibers have many desirable qualities including high surface area per unit mass, high porosity, and low weight. Unfortunately, the low molecular weight and rigid rod nature of most CPs cannot yield enough chain entanglement for electrospinning, instead yielding polymer nanoparticles via an electrospraying process. Common workarounds include co-extruding with an insulating carrier polymer, coaxial electrospinning, and coating insulating electrospun polymer nanofibers with CPs. This review explores the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, as well as the use of these materials in sensing, biomedical, electronic, separation, purification, and energy conversion and storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Acosta
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Marvin D. Santiago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Irvin
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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The Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Monolayer and Multilayer Nanofibre Membranes from Different Fillers: Calculated Based on Parallel Circuit. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225048. [PMID: 36433173 PMCID: PMC9697373 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced research on improving the performance of conductive polymer composites is essential to exploring their potential in various applications. Thus, in this study, the electrical conductivity of multilayer nanofibre membranes composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different electroconductive fillers content including zinc oxide (ZnO), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and Ferro ferric oxide (Fe3O4), were produced via electrospinning. The tensile property and electrical conductivity of monolayer membranes were explored. The results showed that PVA with 2 wt.% MWNTs nanofibre membrane has the best conductivity (1.0 × 10-5 S/cm) and tensile strength (29.36 MPa) compared with other fillers. Meanwhile, the combination of multilayer membrane ZnO/Fe3O4/Fe3O4/MWNTs/ZnO showed the highest conductivity (1.39 × 10-5 S/cm). The parallel circuit and calculation of parallel resistance were attempted to demonstrate the conductive mechanism of multilayer membranes, which can predict the conductivity of other multilayer films. The production of multilayer composites that enhance electrical conductivity and improve conductive predictions was successfully explored.
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14
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Flexible Composites with Variable Conductivity and Memory of Deformation Obtained by Polymerization of Polyaniline in PVA Hydrogel. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214638. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible materials that provide an electric, magnetic, or optic response upon deformation or tactile pressure could be important for the development of smart monitors, intelligent textiles, or in the development of robotic skins. In this work we demonstrate the capabilities of a flexible and electrically conductive polymer material that produces an electrical response with any deformation, namely the electrical resistance of the material changes proportionally with the deformation pressure. Furthermore, the material exhibits a memory effect. When compressed beyond the elastic regime, it retains the memory of the plastic deformation by increasing its resistance. The material was obtained by in situ polymerization of semiconducting polyaniline (PANi) in a polyvinyl alcohol/glycerol (PVA/Gly) hydrogel matrix at −17 °C. Upon drying of the hydrogel, an elastomer composite is obtained, with rubber-like characteristics. When compressed/decompressed, the electrical resistance of the material exhibits an unusually long equilibration/relaxation time, proportional with the load applied. These phenomena indicate a complex relaxation and reconfiguration process of the PANi/PVA elastomer matrix, with the shape change of the material due to mechanical stress.
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15
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Sharifian M, Kern W, Riess G. A Bird's-Eye View on Polymer-Based Hydrogen Carriers for Mobile Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4512. [PMID: 36365506 PMCID: PMC9654451 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, reducing CO2 emissions is an urgent priority. The hydrogen economy is a system that offers long-term solutions for a secure energy future and the CO2 crisis. From hydrogen production to consumption, storing systems are the foundation of a viable hydrogen economy. Each step has been the topic of intense research for decades; however, the development of a viable, safe, and efficient strategy for the storage of hydrogen remains the most challenging one. Storing hydrogen in polymer-based carriers can realize a more compact and much safer approach that does not require high pressure and cryogenic temperature, with the potential to reach the targets determined by the United States Department of Energy. This review highlights an outline of the major polymeric material groups that are capable of storing and releasing hydrogen reversibly. According to the hydrogen storage results, there is no optimal hydrogen storage system for all stationary and automotive applications so far. Additionally, a comparison is made between different polymeric carriers and relevant solid-state hydrogen carriers to better understand the amount of hydrogen that can be stored and released realistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhossein Sharifian
- Montanuniversität Leoben, Chair in Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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16
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Ramanavicius S, Ramanavicius A. Development of molecularly imprinted polymer based phase boundaries for sensors design (review). Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 305:102693. [PMID: 35609398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Achievements in polymer chemistry enables to design artificial phase boundaries modified by imprints of selected molecules and some larger structures. These structures seem very useful for the design of new materials suitable for affinity chromatography and sensors. In this review, we are overviewing the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the applicability of these MIPs in the design of affinity sensors. Such MIP-based layers or particles can be used as analyte-recognizing parts for sensors and in some cases they can replace very expensive compounds (e.g.: antibodies, receptors etc.), which are recognizing analyte. Many different polymers can be used for the formation of MIPs, but conducing polymers shows the most attractive capabilities for molecular-imprinting by various chemical compounds. Therefore, the application of conducting polymers (e.g.: polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and ortho-phenylenediamine) seems very promising. Polypyrrole is one of the most suitable for the development of MIP-based structures with molecular imprints by analytes of various molecular weights. Overoxiation of polypyrrole enables to increase the selectivity of polypyrrole-based MIPs. Methods used for the synthesis of conducting polymer based MIPs are overviewed. Some methods, which are applied for the transduction of analytical signal, are discussed, and challenges and new trends in MIP-technology are foreseen.
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17
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Kausar A. Nanocone—versatile nanofiller for cutting-edge polymeric nanocomposite. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2029894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences division, National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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18
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Kim YJ, Chinnadayyala SR, Le HTN, Cho S. Sensitive Electrochemical Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose Based on Wireless Data Transmission. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072787. [PMID: 35408401 PMCID: PMC9003393 DOI: 10.3390/s22072787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization and wireless continuous glucose monitoring are key factors for the successful management of diabetes. Electrochemical sensors are very versatile and can be easily miniaturized for wireless glucose monitoring. The authors report a microneedle-based enzyme-free electrochemical wireless sensor for painless and continuous glucose monitoring. The microneedles (MNs) fabricated consist of a 3 × 5 sharp and stainless-steel electrode array configuration. Each MN in the 3 × 5 array has 575 µm × 150 µm in height and width, respectively. A glucose-catalyzing layer, porous platinum black, was electrochemically deposited on the tips of the MNs by applying a fixed cathodic current of 2.5 mA cm−2 for a period of 200 s. For the non-interference glucose sensing, the platinum (Pt)-black-coated MN was carefully packaged into a biocompatible ionomer, nafion. The surface morphologies of the bare and modified MNs were studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The wireless glucose sensor displayed a broad linear range of glucose (1→30 mM), a good sensitivity and higher detection limit of 145.33 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 480 μM, respectively, with bare AuMN as a counter electrode. However, the wireless device showed an improved sensitivity and enhanced detection limit of 445.75, 165.83 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 268 μM, respectively, with the Pt-black-modified MN as a counter electrode. The sensor also exhibited a very good response time (2 s) and a limited interference effect on the detection of glucose in the presence of other electroactive oxidizing species, indicating a very fast and interference-free chronoamperometric response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
| | - Somasekhar R. Chinnadayyala
- Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea;
| | - Hien T. Ngoc Le
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.T.N.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.T.N.L.); (S.C.)
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19
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Bianchi M, De Salvo A, Asplund M, Carli S, Di Lauro M, Schulze‐Bonhage A, Stieglitz T, Fadiga L, Biscarini F. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Neural Interfaces for Recording and Stimulation: Fundamental Aspects and In Vivo Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104701. [PMID: 35191224 PMCID: PMC9036021 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation neural interfaces for bidirectional communication with the central nervous system aim to achieve the intimate integration with the neural tissue with minimal neuroinflammatory response, high spatio-temporal resolution, very high sensitivity, and readout stability. The design and manufacturing of devices for low power/low noise neural recording and safe and energy-efficient stimulation that are, at the same time, conformable to the brain, with matched mechanical properties and biocompatibility, is a convergence area of research where neuroscientists, materials scientists, and nanotechnologists operate synergically. The biotic-abiotic neural interface, however, remains a formidable challenge that prompts for new materials platforms and innovation in device layouts. Conductive polymers (CP) are attractive materials to be interfaced with the neural tissue and to be used as sensing/stimulating electrodes because of their mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, their low contact impedance, high charge storage capacitance, chemical versatility, and biocompatibility. This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based neural interfaces for extracellular recording and stimulation, focusing on those technological approaches that are successfully demonstrated in vivo. The aim is to highlight the most reliable and ready-for-clinical-use solutions, in terms of materials technology and recording performance, other than spot major limitations and identify future trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bianchi
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Anna De Salvo
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Sezione di FisiologiaUniversità di Ferraravia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Maria Asplund
- Division of Nursing and Medical TechnologyLuleå University of TechnologyLuleå971 87Sweden
- Department of Microsystems Engineering‐IMTEKUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Present address:
Department of Environmental and Prevention SciencesUniversità di FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Michele Di Lauro
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Andreas Schulze‐Bonhage
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Epilepsy CenterFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering‐IMTEKUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Sezione di FisiologiaUniversità di Ferraravia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Life Science DepartmentUniversità di Modena e Reggio EmiliaVia Campi 103Modena41125Italy
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20
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Ramanavicius S, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Ratautaite V, Bechelany M, Ramanavicius A. Electrochemical Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Based Sensors for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications (Review). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 215:114739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Cellulosic-Based Conductive Hydrogels for Electro-Active Tissues: A Review Summary. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030140. [PMID: 35323253 PMCID: PMC8953959 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of hydrogel in tissue engineering is not entirely new. In the last six decades, researchers have used hydrogel to develop artificial organs and tissue for the diagnosis of real-life problems and research purposes. Trial and error dominated the first forty years of tissue generation. Nowadays, biomaterials research is constantly progressing in the direction of new materials with expanded capabilities to better meet the current needs. Knowing the biological phenomenon at the interaction among materials and the human body has promoted the development of smart bio-inert and bio-active polymeric materials or devices as a result of vigorous and consistent research. Hydrogels can be tailored to contain properties such as softness, porosity, adequate strength, biodegradability, and a suitable surface for adhesion; they are ideal for use as a scaffold to provide support for cellular attachment and control tissue shapes. Perhaps electrical conductivity in hydrogel polymers promotes the interaction of electrical signals among artificial neurons and simulates the physiological microenvironment of electro-active tissues. This paper presents a review of the current state-of-the-art related to the complete process of conductive hydrogel manufacturing for tissue engineering from cellulosic materials. The essential properties required by hydrogel for electro-active-tissue regeneration are explored after a short overview of hydrogel classification and manufacturing methods. To prepare hydrogel from cellulose, the base material, cellulose, is first synthesized from plant fibers or generated from bacteria, fungi, or animals. The natural chemistry of cellulose and its derivatives in the fabrication of hydrogels is briefly discussed. Thereafter, the current scenario and latest developments of cellulose-based conductive hydrogels for tissue engineering are reviewed with an illustration from the literature. Finally, the pro and cons of conductive hydrogels for tissue engineering are indicated.
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23
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Abstract
![]()
Electronically interfacing with the
nervous system for the purposes
of health diagnostics and therapy, sports performance monitoring,
or device control has been a subject of intense academic and industrial
research for decades. This trend has only increased in recent years,
with numerous high-profile research initiatives and commercial endeavors.
An important research theme has emerged as a result, which is the
incorporation of semiconducting polymers in various devices that communicate
with the nervous system—from wearable brain-monitoring caps
to penetrating implantable microelectrodes. This has been driven by
the potential of this broad class of materials to improve the electrical
and mechanical properties of the tissue–device interface, along
with possibilities for increased biocompatibility. In this review
we first begin with a tutorial on neural interfacing, by reviewing
the basics of nervous system function, device physics, and neuroelectrophysiological
techniques and their demands, and finally we give a brief perspective
on how material improvements can address current deficiencies in this
system. The second part is a detailed review of past work on semiconducting
polymers, covering electrical properties, structure, synthesis, and
processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan B Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Dutta S, Corni S, Brancolini G. Atomistic Simulations of Functionalized Nano-Materials for Biosensors Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1484. [PMID: 35163407 PMCID: PMC8835741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale biosensors, a highly promising technique in clinical analysis, can provide sensitive yet label-free detection of biomolecules. The spatial and chemical specificity of the surface coverage, the proper immobilization of the bioreceptor as well as the underlying interfacial phenomena are crucial elements for optimizing the performance of a biosensor. Due to experimental limitations at the microscopic level, integrated cross-disciplinary approaches that combine in silico design with experimental measurements have the potential to present a powerful new paradigm that tackles the issue of developing novel biosensors. In some cases, computational studies can be seen as alternative approaches to assess the microscopic working mechanisms of biosensors. Nonetheless, the complex architecture of a biosensor, associated with the collective contribution from "substrate-receptor-analyte" conjugate in a solvent, often requires extensive atomistic simulations and systems of prohibitive size which need to be addressed. In silico studies of functionalized surfaces also require ad hoc force field parameterization, as existing force fields for biomolecules are usually unable to correctly describe the biomolecule/surface interface. Thus, the computational studies in this field are limited to date. In this review, we aim to introduce fundamental principles that govern the absorption of biomolecules onto functionalized nanomaterials and to report state-of-the-art computational strategies to rationally design nanoscale biosensors. A detailed account of available in silico strategies used to drive and/or optimize the synthesis of functionalized nanomaterials for biosensing will be presented. The insights will not only stimulate the field to rationally design functionalized nanomaterials with improved biosensing performance but also foster research on the required functionalization to improve biomolecule-surface complex formation as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.D.); (S.C.)
- Institute of Nanoscience, CNR-NANO S3, Via G. Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Corni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.D.); (S.C.)
- Institute of Nanoscience, CNR-NANO S3, Via G. Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giorgia Brancolini
- Institute of Nanoscience, CNR-NANO S3, Via G. Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Vėbraitė I, Hanein Y. Soft Devices for High-Resolution Neuro-Stimulation: The Interplay Between Low-Rigidity and Resolution. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 3:675744. [PMID: 35047928 PMCID: PMC8757739 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.675744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of neurostimulation has evolved over the last few decades from a crude, low-resolution approach to a highly sophisticated methodology entailing the use of state-of-the-art technologies. Neurostimulation has been tested for a growing number of neurological applications, demonstrating great promise and attracting growing attention in both academia and industry. Despite tremendous progress, long-term stability of the implants, their large dimensions, their rigidity and the methods of their introduction and anchoring to sensitive neural tissue remain challenging. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise introduction to the field of high-resolution neurostimulation from a technological perspective and to focus on opportunities stemming from developments in materials sciences and engineering to reduce device rigidity while optimizing electrode small dimensions. We discuss how these factors may contribute to smaller, lighter, softer and higher electrode density devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Vėbraitė
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Hanein
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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26
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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Modified Glycidyl Methacrylate-Ethyl Methacrylate Oligomers, Their Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020337. [PMID: 35056652 PMCID: PMC8779268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, well-known oligomers containing ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) components for the synthesis of the oligomeric network [P(EMA)-co-(GMA)] were used. In order to change the hydrophobic character of the [P(EMA)-co-(GMA)] to a more hydrophilic one, the oligomeric chain was functionalized with ethanolamine, xylitol (Xyl), and L-ornithine. The oligomeric materials were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermogravimetric analysis. In the final stage, thanks to the large amount of -OH groups, it was possible to obtain a three-dimensional hydrogel (HG) network. The HGs were used as a matrix for the immobilization of methylene blue, which was chosen as a model compound of active substances, the release of which from the matrix was examined using spectrophotometric detection. The cytotoxic test was performed using fluid extracts of the HGs and human skin fibroblasts. The cell culture experiment showed that only [P(EMA)-co-(GMA)] and [P(EMA)-co-(GMA)]-Xyl have the potential to be used in biomedical applications. The studies revealed that the obtained HGs were porous and non-cytotoxic, which gives them the opportunity to possess great potential for use as an oligomeric network for drug reservoirs in in vitro application.
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27
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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28
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Conducting polymer-based sensors for food and drug analysis. J Food Drug Anal 2021; 29:544-558. [PMID: 35649139 PMCID: PMC9931017 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are a category of polymeric materials with conjugated main chains. The characteristic electrical and optical properties of CPs can be fine-tuned through controlling the doping states of CPs. Because of their long-term stability in water, CPs have been demonstrated as electroactive biointerfaces and electrode materials especially in aqueous environments. Serving as multifunctional interfaces and organic electrodes for the integration bioelectronics and devices, CPs have been studied and applied in various biological applications. This paper provides a review of conducting polymer-based electrochemical sensors, particularly those used in biological fields. General conducting polymers and derivatives and their main electrochemical sensing platforms with different design of devices are introduced. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance methods and their features are then explored as detection methods for the analysis of drugs and food. To enhance the sensitivity and lower the detection limit of sensing platforms, various CP-based nanocomposites have been designed and developed. Although the electrodes made of CP-based nanocomposites usually outperform those made of pristine CPs, more systematic studies are required to provide insights into the design of nanocomposite-based electrodes. More applications of CP-based sensors for advanced food and drug analyses are expected.
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29
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Veeramuthu L, Venkatesan M, Benas JS, Cho CJ, Lee CC, Lieu FK, Lin JH, Lee RH, Kuo CC. Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer Composite/Nanofiber-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4281. [PMID: 34960831 PMCID: PMC8705576 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Conducting of polymers belongs to the class of polymers exhibiting excellence in electrical performances because of their intrinsic delocalized π- electrons and their tunability ranges from semi-conductive to metallic conductive regime. Conducting polymers and their composites serve greater functionality in the application of strain and pressure sensors, especially in yielding a better figure of merits, such as improved sensitivity, sensing range, durability, and mechanical robustness. The electrospinning process allows the formation of micro to nano-dimensional fibers with solution-processing attributes and offers an exciting aspect ratio by forming ultra-long fibrous structures. This review comprehensively covers the fundamentals of conducting polymers, sensor fabrication, working modes, and recent trends in achieving the sensitivity, wide-sensing range, reduced hysteresis, and durability of thin film, porous, and nanofibrous sensors. Furthermore, nanofiber and textile-based sensory device importance and its growth towards futuristic wearable electronics in a technological era was systematically reviewed to overcome the existing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Veeramuthu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Jean-Sebastien Benas
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
| | - Chia-Chin Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
| | - Fu-Kong Lieu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ja-Hon Lin
- Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (L.V.); (M.V.); (J.-S.B.)
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30
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Raza S, Li X, Soyekwo F, Liao D, Xiang Y, Liu C. A comprehensive overview of common conducting polymer-based nanocomposites; Recent advances in design and applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Shabani Samghabadi M, Karkhaneh A, Katbab AA. Synthesis and characterization of electroconductive hydrogels based on oxidized alginate and polypyrrole-grafted gelatin as tissue scaffolds. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8465-8473. [PMID: 34586146 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electroconductive biocompatible hydrogels with tunable properties have extensively been taken into account in tissue engineering applications due to their potential to provide suitable microenvironmental responses for the cells. In the present study, novel electroconductive hydrogels are designed and synthesized by reacting oxidized alginate with polypyrrole-grafted gelatin copolymer (PPy-g-gelatin) via formation of a Schiff-base linkage. The influence of the composition and the concentration of the components on the compressive modulus and functional performance of the hydrogels is investigated. The conductivity of the hydrogels measured by a two-probe method increased by increasing the level of polypyrrole-grafted gelatin, and a conductivity of 0.7753 S m-1 was exhibited by the hydrogel composed of 8% w/v polypyrrole-grafted gelatin (oxidized alginate:gelatin:polypyrrole-grafted gelatin; 30 : 35 : 35% v/v). The hydrogel compressive modulus was shown to be enhanced by increasing the total concentration of hydrogel. The characteristic features of the prepared hydrogels, including swelling ratio, volume fraction, cross-link density, and mesh size, are also studied and analyzed. Besides, the conductive hydrogels have a smaller mesh size and higher cross-link density than the non-conductive hydrogels. However, the hydrogels with high cross-link density, small mesh size, and large pore size presented higher electroconductivity as a result of easier movement of the ions throughout the hydrogel. These conductive hydrogels exhibited electrical conductivity and biodegradability with cell viability, implying potential as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Shabani Samghabadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran.
| | - Akbar Karkhaneh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran.
| | - Ali Asghar Katbab
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Colour Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran.
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32
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Pinho TS, Cunha CB, Lanceros-Méndez S, Salgado AJ. Electroactive Smart Materials for Neural Tissue Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6604-6618. [PMID: 35006964 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Repair in the human nervous system is a complex and intertwined process that offers significant challenges to its study and comprehension. Taking advantage of the progress in fields such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the scientific community has witnessed a strong increase of biomaterial-based approaches for neural tissue regenerative therapies. Electroactive materials, increasingly being used as sensors and actuators, also find application in neurosciences due to their ability to deliver electrical signals to the cells and tissues. The use of electrical signals for repairing impaired neural tissue therefore presents an interesting and innovative approach to bridge the gap between fundamental research and clinical applications in the next few years. In this review, first a general overview of electroactive materials, their historical origin, and characteristics are presented. Then a comprehensive view of the applications of electroactive smart materials for neural tissue regeneration is presented, with particular focus on the context of spinal cord injury and brain repair. Finally, the major challenges of the field are discussed and the main challenges for the near future presented. Overall, it is concluded that electroactive smart materials play an ever-increasing role in neural tissue regeneration, appearing as potentially valuable biomaterials for regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristiana B Cunha
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- Center of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal.,BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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33
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Xu X, Chen R, Li Y, Yu D, Chen J, Wyman I, Xiao C, Peng S, Chen Y, Hu X, Wu X. A Surface-Confined Gradient Conductive Network Strategy for Transparent Strain Sensors toward Full-Range Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43806-43819. [PMID: 34478269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of transparent and flexible sensors suitable for the full-range monitoring of human activities is highly desirable, yet presents a daunting challenge due to the need for a combination of properties such as high stretchability, high sensitivity, and good linearity. Gradient structures are commonly found in many biological systems and exhibit excellent mechanical properties. Here, we report a novel surface-confined gradient conductive network (SGN) strategy to construct conductive polymer hydrogel-based stain sensors (CHSS). This CHSS showed an ultrahigh stretchability of 4000% strain, transparency above 90% at a wavelength of 600 nm, as well as skin-like Young's modulus of 40 kPa. Impressively, the sensitivity was improved to 3.0 and outstanding linear sensing performance was achieved simultaneously in the ultrawide range of 0% to 4000% strain with a high R-square value of 0.994. With the help of SGN strategy, this CHSS was able to monitor both large-scale and small-scale human motions and activities. This SGN strategy can open a new avenue for the development of novel flexible strain sensors with excellent mechanical, transparent, and sensing performance for full-range monitoring of human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiubin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danfeng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ian Wyman
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chuanghong Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Siyu Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaofeng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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34
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Ahmad Ruzaidi DA, Mahat MM, Mohamed Sofian Z, Nor Hashim NA, Osman H, Nawawi MA, Ramli R, Jantan KA, Aizamddin MF, Azman HH, Robin Chang YH, Hamzah HH. Synthesis and Characterization of Porous, Electro-Conductive Chitosan-Gelatin-Agar-Based PEDOT: PSS Scaffolds for Potential Use in Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2901. [PMID: 34502941 PMCID: PMC8434095 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of electro-conductive chitosan-gelatin-agar (Cs-Gel-Agar) based PEDOT: PSS hydrogels for tissue engineering. Cs-Gel-Agar porous hydrogels with 0-2.0% (v/v) PEDOT: PSS were fabricated using a thermal reverse casting method where low melting agarose served as the pore template. Sample characterizations were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Our results showed enhanced electrical conductivity of the cs-gel-agar hydrogels when mixed with DMSO-doped PEDOT: PSS wherein the optimum mixing ratio was observed at 1% (v/v) with a conductivity value of 3.35 × 10-4 S cm-1. However, increasing the PEDOT: PSS content up to 1.5 % (v/v) resulted in reduced conductivity to 3.28 × 10-4 S cm-1. We conducted in vitro stability tests on the porous hydrogels using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution and investigated the hydrogels' performances through physical observations and ATR-FTIR characterization. The present study provides promising preliminary data on the potential use of Cs-Gel-Agar-based PEDOT: PSS hydrogel for tissue engineering, and these, hence, warrant further investigation to assess their capability as biocompatible scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Adila Ahmad Ruzaidi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (D.A.A.R.); (M.A.N.); (R.R.); (K.A.J.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (D.A.A.R.); (M.A.N.); (R.R.); (K.A.J.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Zarif Mohamed Sofian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nikman Adli Nor Hashim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Centre for Drug Research in Systems Biology, Structural Bioinformatics and Human Digital Imaging (CRYSTAL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Hazwanee Osman
- Centre of Foundation Studies UiTM, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil 43800, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Azizi Nawawi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (D.A.A.R.); (M.A.N.); (R.R.); (K.A.J.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Rosmamuhamadani Ramli
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (D.A.A.R.); (M.A.N.); (R.R.); (K.A.J.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Khairil Anuar Jantan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (D.A.A.R.); (M.A.N.); (R.R.); (K.A.J.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Muhammad Faiz Aizamddin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (D.A.A.R.); (M.A.N.); (R.R.); (K.A.J.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Hazeeq Hazwan Azman
- Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Bestari Jaya 45600, Malaysia;
| | - Yee Hui Robin Chang
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Sarawak, Samarahan 94300, Malaysia;
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35
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Kim Y, Song J, Park SC, Ahn M, Park MJ, Song SH, Yoo SY, Hong SG, Hong BH. Photoinitiated Polymerization of Hydrogels by Graphene Quantum Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2169. [PMID: 34578487 PMCID: PMC8470854 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a smart stimulus-responsive material, hydrogel has been investigated extensively in many research fields. However, its mechanical brittleness and low strength have mattered, and conventional photoinitiators used during the polymerization steps exhibit high toxicity, which limits the use of hydrogels in the field of biomedical applications. Here, we address the dual functions of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), one to trigger the synthesis of hydrogel as photoinitiators and the other to improve the mechanical strength of the as-synthesized hydrogel. GQDs embedded in the network effectively generated radicals when exposed to sunlight, leading to the initiation of polymerization, and also played a significant role in improving the mechanical strength of the crosslinked chains. Thus, we expect that the resulting hydrogel incorporated with GQDs would enable a wide range of applications that require biocompatibility as well as higher mechanical strength, including novel hydrogel contact lenses and bioscaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Jaekwang Song
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Seong Chae Park
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Minchul Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Si-Youl Yoo
- Interojo Inc., Pyeongtaek 17744, Korea; (S.-Y.Y.); (S.G.H.)
| | | | - Byung Hee Hong
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.K.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (M.J.P.)
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea
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36
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Yin P, Liu Y, Xiao L, Zhang C. Advanced Metallic and Polymeric Coatings for Neural Interfacing: Structures, Properties and Tissue Responses. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2834. [PMID: 34451372 PMCID: PMC8401399 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural electrodes are essential for nerve signal recording, neurostimulation, neuroprosthetics and neuroregeneration, which are critical for the advancement of brain science and the establishment of the next-generation brain-electronic interface, central nerve system therapeutics and artificial intelligence. However, the existing neural electrodes suffer from drawbacks such as foreign body responses, low sensitivity and limited functionalities. In order to overcome the drawbacks, efforts have been made to create new constructions and configurations of neural electrodes from soft materials, but it is also more practical and economic to improve the functionalities of the existing neural electrodes via surface coatings. In this article, recently reported surface coatings for neural electrodes are carefully categorized and analyzed. The coatings are classified into different categories based on their chemical compositions, i.e., metals, metal oxides, carbons, conducting polymers and hydrogels. The characteristic microstructures, electrochemical properties and fabrication methods of the coatings are comprehensively presented, and their structure-property correlations are discussed. Special focus is given to the biocompatibilities of the coatings, including their foreign-body response, cell affinity, and long-term stability during implantation. This review article can provide useful and sophisticated insights into the functional design, material selection and structural configuration for the next-generation multifunctional coatings of neural electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (P.Y.); (L.X.)
| | | | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (P.Y.); (L.X.)
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37
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PEDOT:PSS-Coated Polybenzimidazole Electroconductive Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162786. [PMID: 34451324 PMCID: PMC8401200 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioelectricity drives several processes in the human body. The development of new materials that can deliver electrical stimuli is gaining increasing attention in the field of tissue engineering. In this work, novel, highly electrically conductive nanofibers made of poly [2,2′-m-(phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole] (PBI) have been manufactured by electrospinning and then coated with cross-linked poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) by spin coating or dip coating. These scaffolds have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity was measured by the four-probe method at values of 28.3 S·m−1 for spin coated fibers and 147 S·m−1 for dip coated samples, which correspond, respectively, to an increase of about 105 and 106 times in relation to the electrical conductivity of PBI fibers. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) cultured on the produced scaffolds for one week showed high viability, typical morphology and proliferative capacity, as demonstrated by calcein fluorescence staining, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)/Phalloidin staining and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay. Therefore, all fiber samples demonstrated biocompatibility. Overall, our findings highlight the great potential of PEDOT:PSS-coated PBI electrospun scaffolds for a wide variety of biomedical applications, including their use as reliable in vitro models to study pathologies and the development of strategies for the regeneration of electroactive tissues or in the design of new electrodes for in vivo electrical stimulation protocols.
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Flexible and Conductive Bioelectrodes Based on Chitosan-Carbon Black Membranes: Towards the Development of Wearable Bioelectrodes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082052. [PMID: 34443882 PMCID: PMC8398670 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wearable sensors for non-invasive monitoring constitute a growing technology in many industrial fields, such as clinical or sport monitoring. However, one of the main challenges in wearable sensing is the development of bioelectrodes via the use of flexible and stretchable materials capable of maintaining conductive and biocompatible properties simultaneously. In this study, chitosan-carbon black (CH-CB) membranes have been synthesized using a straightforward and versatile strategy and characterized in terms of their composition and their electrical and mechanical properties. In this sense, CH-CB membranes showed good conductivity and mechanical resistance thanks to the presence of carbon black, which decreases the insulating behavior of chitosan, while flexibility and biocompatibility are maintained due to the dual composition of the membrane. Thus, flexible and biocompatible conductive bioelectrodes have been developed by the combined use of CH and CB without the use of toxic reagents, extra energy input, or long reaction times. The membranes were modified using the enzymes Glucose Oxidase and Laccase in order to develop flexible and biocompatible bioelectrodes for enzymatic glucose biofuel cells (BFCs) and glucose detection. A BFC assembled using the flexible bioelectrodes developed was able to deliver 15 µW cm-2, using just 1 mM glucose as biofuel, and up to 21.3 µW·cm-2 with higher glucose concentration. Additionally, the suitability of the CH-CB membranes to be used as a glucose sensor in a linear range from 100 to 600 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 76 µM has been proven. Such demonstrations for energy harvesting and sensing capabilities of the developed membrane pave the way for their use in wearable sensing and energy harvesting technologies in the clinical field due to their good mechanical, electrical, and biocompatible properties.
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39
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Liang Y, Mitriashkin A, Lim TT, Goh JCH. Conductive polypyrrole-encapsulated silk fibroin fibers for cardiac tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121008. [PMID: 34265591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) has been utilized in smart scaffolds to improve the functionality of the engineered cardiac tissue. Compared to the commonly used aqueous coating, here, PPy was blended into silk fibroin (SF) solution to electrospin conductive PPy-encapsulated SF nanofibers. Combinations of various SF concentrations (5%, 7%, and 12%) and different PPy-to-SF ratios (15:85, 30:70, and 40:60) were compared. PPy reduced the fiber diameter (0.431 ± 0.060 μm), better-mimicking the myocardium fibrils. Conductive mats with 7% SF showed the closest mechanical properties (1.437 ± 0.044 MPa) to the native myocardium; meanwhile, a PPy-to-SF ratio of 15:85 exhibited sufficient electrical conductivity for cardiomyocytes (CMs). In vitro studies using three different types of CM demonstrated that the hybrid mats support CM contraction. Primary neonatal rat CMs on the mat with a PPy-to-SF ratio of 15:85 were elongated and orientated anisotropically with locally organized sarcomeric striations. By contrast, human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived-CMs on the mat with a PPy-to-SF ratio of 30:70 exhibited the strongest contractions. Contraction synchrony was further improved by external stimulation. Taken together, these findings indicated the great potential of the PPy-encapsulated SF electrospun mat for cardiac tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshi Liang
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 ENGINEERING DR 3, #04-08, 117583, Singapore
| | - Aleksandr Mitriashkin
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 ENGINEERING DR 3, #04-08, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ting Ting Lim
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 ENGINEERING DR 3, #04-08, 117583, Singapore
| | - James Cho-Hong Goh
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 ENGINEERING DR 3, #04-08, 117583, Singapore; National University of Singapore, Life Sciences Institute, Tissue Engineering Programme, DSO (Kent Ridge) Building, 27 Medical Drive, #04-01, 117510, Singapore.
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40
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Jordan RS, Frye J, Hernandez V, Prado I, Giglio A, Abbasizadeh N, Flores-Martinez M, Shirzad K, Xu B, Hill IM, Wang Y. 3D printed architected conducting polymer hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7258-7270. [PMID: 34105592 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00877c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymer hydrogels combine electrical conductivity and tunable water content, rendering them strong candidates for a range of applications including biosensors, cell culture platforms, and energy storage devices. However, these hydrogels are mechanically brittle and prone to damage, prohibiting their use in emerging applications involving dynamic movement and large mechanical deformation. Here, we demonstrate that applying the concept of architecture to conducting polymer hydrogels can circumvent these impediments. A stereolithography 3D printing method is developed to successfully fabricate such hydrogels in complex lattice structures. The resulting hydrogels exhibit elastic compressibility, high fracture strain, enhanced cycling stability, and damage-tolerant properties despite their chemical composition being identical to their brittle, solid counterparts. Furthermore, concentrating the deformation to the 3D geometry, rather than polymer microstructure, effectively decouples the mechanical and electrical properties of the hydrogel lattices from their intrinsic properties associated with their chemical composition. The confluence of these new physical properties for conducting polymer hydrogels opens broad opportunities for a myriad of dynamic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jordan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Jacob Frye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Victor Hernandez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Isabel Prado
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Adrian Giglio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA
| | | | | | - Kiana Shirzad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Bohao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Ian M Hill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA.
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, USA. and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, USA
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Self Standing Mats of Blended Polyaniline Produced by Electrospinning. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051269. [PMID: 34065931 PMCID: PMC8151508 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Conducting nanofibers of polyaniline (PANI) doped with camphor-10-sulfonic acid (HCSA) and blended with different polymers, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), have been fabricated using the electrospinning technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized to characterize the morphology and the thermal stability of PANI-blended fibers. An extensive study was performed to understand the copolymer influence on both the structural and surface properties of the realized conductive thin films. Samples main electrical characteristics, as conductivity, specific capacitance and electrochemical performances were tested. The better mats were obtained with the use of PVAc copolymer, which showed a conductivity value two orders of magnitude higher than the PMMA system. Aiming at further improving the electrochemical features of these blended mats, hybrid fibers based on PANI/PVAc/graphene oxide and PANI/PVAc/iron oxide were also produced and characterized. The obtained mats were potentially addressed to numerous practical fields, including sensors, health applications, smart devices and multifunctional textile materials.
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Ramanavicius S, Jagminas A, Ramanavicius A. Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:974. [PMID: 33810074 PMCID: PMC8004762 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent challenges in biomedical diagnostics show that the development of rapid affinity sensors is very important issue. Therefore, in this review we are aiming to outline the most important directions of affinity sensors where polymer-based semiconducting materials are applied. Progress in formation and development of such materials is overviewed and discussed. Some applicability aspects of conducting polymers in the design of affinity sensors are presented. The main attention is focused on bioanalytical application of conducting polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) ortho-phenylenediamine. In addition, some other polymers and inorganic materials that are suitable for molecular imprinting technology are also overviewed. Polymerization techniques, which are the most suitable for the development of composite structures suitable for affinity sensors are presented. Analytical signal transduction methods applied in affinity sensors based on polymer-based semiconducting materials are discussed. In this review the most attention is focused on the development and application of molecularly imprinted polymer-based structures, which can replace antibodies, receptors, and many others expensive affinity reagents. The applicability of electrochromic polymers in affinity sensor design is envisaged. Sufficient biocompatibility of some conducting polymers enables to apply them as "stealth coatings" in the future implantable affinity-sensors. Some new perspectives and trends in analytical application of polymer-based semiconducting materials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Electrochemical Material Science, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (A.J.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Jagminas
- Department of Electrochemical Material Science, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Pinelli F, Magagnin L, Rossi F. Can nanostructures improve hydrogel-based biosensors performance? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:681-683. [PMID: 33733822 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials & Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Department of Chemistry, Materials & Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials & Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milan, 20131, Italy
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Czerwińska-Główka D, Przystaś W, Zabłocka-Godlewska E, Student S, Cwalina B, Łapkowski M, Krukiewicz K. Electrically-responsive antimicrobial coatings based on a tetracycline-loaded poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) matrix. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:112017. [PMID: 33812635 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The growth of bacteria and the formation of complex bacterial structures on biomedical devices is a major challenge in modern medicine. The aim of this study was to develop a biocompatible, conducting and antibacterial polymer coating applicable in biomedical engineering. Since conjugated polymers have recently aroused strong interest as controlled delivery systems for biologically active compounds, we decided to employ a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) matrix to immobilize a powerful, first-line antibiotic: tetracycline (Tc). Drug immobilization was carried out simultaneously with the electrochemical polymerization process, allowing to obtain a polymer coating with good electrochemical behaviour (charge storage capacity of 19.15 ± 6.09 mC/cm2) and high drug loading capacity (194.7 ± 56.2 μg/cm2). Biological activity of PEDOT/Tc matrix was compared with PEDOT matrix and a bare Pt surface against a model Gram-negative bacteria strain of Escherichia coli with the use of LIVE/DEAD assay and SEM microscopy. Finally, PEDOT/Tc was shown to serve as a robust electroactive coating exhibiting antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Czerwińska-Główka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wioletta Przystaś
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Zabłocka-Godlewska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Cwalina
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Łapkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
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Ramanavicius S, Ramanavicius A. Charge Transfer and Biocompatibility Aspects in Conducting Polymer-Based Enzymatic Biosensors and Biofuel Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:371. [PMID: 33540587 PMCID: PMC7912793 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) is a very important issue in the design of biosensors and biofuel cells. Some nanomaterials can be applied to facilitate the CT in these bioelectronics-based devices. In this review, we overview some CT mechanisms and/or pathways that are the most frequently established between redox enzymes and electrodes. Facilitation of indirect CT by the application of some nanomaterials is frequently applied in electrochemical enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells. More sophisticated and still rather rarely observed is direct charge transfer (DCT), which is often addressed as direct electron transfer (DET), therefore, DCT/DET is also targeted and discussed in this review. The application of conducting polymers (CPs) for the immobilization of enzymes and facilitation of charge transfer during the design of biosensors and biofuel cells are overviewed. Significant attention is paid to various ways of synthesis and application of conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Some DCT/DET mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed, taking into account that not only charge transfer via electrons, but also charge transfer via holes can play a crucial role in the design of bioelectronics-based devices. Biocompatibility aspects of CPs, which provides important advantages essential for implantable bioelectronics, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Sardar S, Roy I, Chakraborty S, Ghosh AB, Bandyopadhyay A. A selective approach towards synthesis of poly (3‑bromo thiophene)/graphene quantum dot composites via in-situ and ex-situ routes: Application in light emission and photocurrent generation. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Job K, Składzień J. The suitability of scanning electron microscopy in the evaluation of bone structure surfaces and selection of alloplastic materials for facial skeletal reconstruction. Otolaryngol Pol 2020; 75:14-19. [PMID: 34344840 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.6174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional and aesthetic problems can arise even from small losses created in the facial skeleton. Injuries and oncological surgeries are the most frequent causes of these losses within the facial skeleton. Advances in surgical interventions have allowed for ever-increasing degrees of resections, increasing oncological radicality as well as treatment effectiveness, providing the patient with the chance for a longer life. However, this subsequently requires the use of even more advanced reconstruction techniques in order to restore quality of life and comfort to the patient, as well as enable their return to professional and social activities. The necessity of reconstructive surgery applies not only to patients with cancer, but also to patients with impaired or failing sensory and organ function as a result of inflammatory conditions, injuries, or non-oncological surgeries. There are many available reconstruction procedures, which depend on the location of the loss, the type of tissue lost, the degree of loss and patient-dependent factors. Materials used in reconstruction surgeries may include the patients' tissues when available, and artificial reconstruction materials otherwise. MATERIAL AND METHODS The analysis involved fragments of bone tissue removed during surgery. Due to the nature of the medical procedure and the inability to replant the tissue, it was regarded as medical waste. The preparations used were observed under an optical microscope and an electron scanning microscope, and a chemical analysis was performed. The chemical composition of samples was analysed using a low vacuum detector (LVD) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and 10 kV and at a spot size of 4 and 3.5. The observations were performed in a secondary electron (SE) detection system. RESULTS Observation of parameters under an optical microscope and of images obtained using an electron scanning microscope showed the presence of typical, compact bone tissue with varied surface shapes in each case (various degrees of unevenness and porosity). Chemical composition analysis confirmed the presence of compounds from the CaO-P2O5-H20 system. The Ca/P (calcium/phosphorus) ratio obtained from the chemical analysis varied from 1.33 to 2.1, and indicated a varied morphology of calcium phosphates forming the bone structures of the facial skeleton. CONCLUSIONS 1. Calcium phosphates are characterised by excellent biocompatibility because of their chemical affinity to bone, and are ideal for the reconstruction of bone losses within the facial skeleton. 2. Biodegradable polymers have the highest functional potential among several groups of biomaterials used in tissue engineering because of their ability to be tailored individually, in addition to their high biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Job
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Składzień
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow, Poland
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Ramanavicius S, Ramanavicius A. Conducting Polymers in the Design of Biosensors and Biofuel Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E49. [PMID: 33375584 PMCID: PMC7795957 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast and sensitive determination of biologically active compounds is very important in biomedical diagnostics, the food and beverage industry, and environmental analysis. In this review, the most promising directions in analytical application of conducting polymers (CPs) are outlined. Up to now polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are the most frequently used CPs in the design of sensors and biosensors; therefore, in this review, main attention is paid to these conducting polymers. The most popular polymerization methods applied for the formation of conducting polymer layers are discussed. The applicability of polypyrrole-based functional layers in the design of electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells is highlighted. Some signal transduction mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed. Biocompatibility-related aspects of some conducting polymers are overviewed and some insights into the application of CP-based coatings for the design of implantable sensors and biofuel cells are addressed. New trends and perspectives in the development of sensors based on CPs and their composites with other materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Idumah CI. Recent advancements in conducting polymer bionanocomposites and hydrogels for biomedical applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2020.1857384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Igwe Idumah
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
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De Alvarenga G, Hryniewicz BM, Jasper I, Silva RJ, Klobukoski V, Costa FS, Cervantes TN, Amaral CD, Schneider JT, Bach-Toledo L, Peralta-Zamora P, Valerio TL, Soares F, Silva BJ, Vidotti M. Recent trends of micro and nanostructured conducting polymers in health and environmental applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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