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Mahmood J, Arsalani N, Naghash-Hamed S, Hanif Z, Geckeler KE. Preparation and characterization of hybrid polypyrrole nanoparticles as a conducting polymer with controllable size. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11653. [PMID: 38773190 PMCID: PMC11109234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybrid polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles were prepared using a low-temperature oxidative polymerization process in an acidic solution with polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a template and amine source. The results showed that the nanoparticles have an amorphous structure in the X-ray diffractogram and exhibited good dispersibility in water, uniform size, and a specific conductivity ranging from 0.1 to 6.9 S/cm. The particle size could be tuned from 85 to 300 nm by varying the reactant concentration. Undoping the samples with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution altered the optical absorption properties and surface roughness of the particles. However, it did not affect the particle size. The nanoparticles also exhibited optical sensing properties based on their UV-vis absorption changes with the pH. Moreover, nanoparticles could have potential applications in gene delivery and bio-adsorption for contaminant removal. This work demonstrates a simple and effective method for preparing hybrid polypyrrole nanoparticles with controllable size, dispersibility, and conductivity for various nanotechnology, biotechnology, and environmental engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Mahmood
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPMC), Physical Sciences and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Arsalani
- Research Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Samin Naghash-Hamed
- Research Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahid Hanif
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH), Cheonan, Chungnam, 31253, South Korea
- Advanced Technology Research Centre, Korea University of Technology and Education, P.O. Box 31253, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurt E Geckeler
- Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500712, South Korea.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500712, South Korea.
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2
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Hossain SKS, Rahman AFA, Arsad A, Basu A, Pang AL, Harun Z, Alwi MMA, Ali SS. Effect of Ultrasonication Parameters on the Structural, Morphological, and Electrical Properties of Polypyrrole Nanoparticles and Optimization by Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061528. [PMID: 36987308 PMCID: PMC10054862 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles are reliable conducting polymers with many industrial applications. Nevertheless, owing to disadvantages in structure and morphology, producing PPy with high electrical conductivity is challenging. In this study, a chemical oxidative polymerization-assisted ultra-sonication method was used to synthesize PPy with high conductivity. The influence of critical sonication parameters such as time and power on the structure, morphology, and electrical properties was examined using response surface methodology. Various analyses such as SEM, FTIR, DSC, and TGA were performed on the PPy. An R2 value of 0.8699 from the regression analysis suggested a fine correlation between the observed and predicted values of PPy conductivity. Using response surface plots and contour line diagrams, the optimum sonication time and sonication power were found to be 17 min and 24 W, respectively, generating a maximum conductivity of 2.334 S/cm. Meanwhile, the model predicted 2.249 S/cm conductivity, indicating successful alignment with the experimental data and incurring marginal error. SEM results demonstrated that the morphology of the particles was almost spherical, whereas the FTIR spectra indicated the presence of certain functional groups in the PPy. The obtained PPy with high conductivity can be a promising conducting material with various applications, such as in supercapacitors, sensors, and other smart electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Safdar Hossain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Farhana Abdul Rahman
- UTM-MPRC Institute for Oil and Gas, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Agus Arsad
- UTM-MPRC Institute for Oil and Gas, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Avijit Basu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ai Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
| | - Zakiah Harun
- UTM-MPRC Institute for Oil and Gas, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | | | - Syed Sadiq Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Fraser SA, van Zyl WE. In situ polymerization and electrical conductivity of polypyrrole/cellulose nanocomposites using Schweizer's reagent. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22031-22043. [PMID: 36043106 PMCID: PMC9361926 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose-based composites have attracted interest given the shift towards 'green' materials, but achieving uniform dispersions of cellulose in polymer matrices and/or enhancement of interfacial interactions between components remains challenging. Herein we report the preparation of polypyrrole/cellulose nanocomposites in [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](OH)2 (Schweizer's reagent/cuoxam)-based reaction media via in situ polymerization. The effect of cellulose template morphology and reaction media on the microstructure, electrical conductivity, and surface wettability was studied. Aqueous reaction media favored the formation of a uniform polypyrrole coating encapsulating the cellulose fibers; concentrated cuoxam solutions promoted inhomogeneity and exhibited a progressive decline in conductivity. The maximum conductivity attained was 3.08 S cm-1 from a bacterial cellulose-templated composite prepared in aqueous reaction media and afforded an approximately threefold increase in conductivity when compared with pure PPy at 1.14 S cm-1. Generally, the composites resembled wetting surfaces - with highly concentrated cuoxam solutions yielding improved hydrophilicity, while substitution of bacterial cellulose with nanocrystalline cellulose engendered a shift towards hydrophobicity. Most composites displayed a contact angle of less than 90° suggesting PPy/cellulose composites tended towards hydrophilic behavior. This study highlights investigations into the viability of cellulose solvents as a facile means to control the structure and performance of in situ functionalized cellulose nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Fraser
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Werner E van Zyl
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
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4
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Yang S, Qian X. Conductive PPy@cellulosic Paper Hybrid Electrodes with a Redox Active Dopant for High Capacitance and Cycling Stability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132634. [PMID: 35808679 PMCID: PMC9268981 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole@cellulose fibers (PPy@CFs) electrode materials are promising candidates in the energy storage. Various strategies have been pursued to improve their electrochemical performance. However, the poor conductivity, specific capacitance, and cyclic stability still hindered its application. Compared with the previous studies, we selected AQS with electrochemical activity as a dopant to improve these defects. It exhibits a high capacitance of 829.8 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1, which is much higher than that of PPy@CFs electrode material (261.9 F g−1). Moreover, the capacitance retention of PPy:AQS/p-PTSA@CFs reaches up to 96.01% after 1000 cycles, indicating superior cyclic stability. Therefore, this work provides an efficient strategy for constructing high-performance electrode materials for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun 561000, China;
| | - Xueren Qian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13304642918
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Choi SM, Rao KM, Zo SM, Shin EJ, Han SS. Bacterial Cellulose and Its Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061080. [PMID: 35335411 PMCID: PMC8949969 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sharp increase in the use of cellulose seems to be in increasing demand in wood; much more research related to sustainable or alternative materials is necessary as a lot of the arable land and natural resources use is unsustainable. In accordance, attention has focused on bacterial cellulose as a new functional material. It possesses a three-dimensional, gelatinous structure consisting of cellulose with mechanical and thermal properties. Moreover, while a plant-originated cellulose is composed of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin, bacterial cellulose attributable to the composition of a pure cellulose nanofiber mesh spun is not necessary in the elimination of other components. Moreover, due to its hydrophilic nature caused by binding water, consequently being a hydrogel as well as biocompatibility, it has only not only used in medical fields including artificial skin, cartilage, vessel, and wound dressing, but also in delivery; some products have even been commercialized. In addition, it is widely used in various technologies including food, paper, textile, electronic and electrical applications, and is being considered as a highly versatile green material with tremendous potential. However, many efforts have been conducted for the evolution of novel and sophisticated materials with environmental affinity, which accompany the empowerment and enhancement of specific properties. In this review article, we summarized only industry and research status regarding BC and contemplated its potential in the use of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Mo Choi
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea;
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea; (K.M.R.); (S.M.Z.)
| | - Kummara Madhusudana Rao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea; (K.M.R.); (S.M.Z.)
| | - Sun Mi Zo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea; (K.M.R.); (S.M.Z.)
| | - Eun Joo Shin
- Department of Organic Materials and Polymer Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.J.S.); (S.S.H.); Tel.: +82-51-2007343 (E.J.S.); +82-53-8103892 (S.S.H.); Fax: +82-51-2007540 (E.J.S.); +82-53-8104686 (S.S.H.)
| | - Sung Soo Han
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea;
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeung-Nam University, Gyengsan-si 38541, Korea; (K.M.R.); (S.M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (E.J.S.); (S.S.H.); Tel.: +82-51-2007343 (E.J.S.); +82-53-8103892 (S.S.H.); Fax: +82-51-2007540 (E.J.S.); +82-53-8104686 (S.S.H.)
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Sakthivel R, Lin LY, Lee TH, Liu X, He JH, Chung RJ. Disposable and cost-effective label-free electrochemical immunosensor for prolactin based on bismuth sulfide nanorods with polypyrrole. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 143:107948. [PMID: 34563856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a vital role in the production of milk after a baby is born. PRL levels are normally elevated in pregnant and nursing women, and high levels of PRL in the human body cause hyperprolactinemia, infertility, galactorrhea, infrequent or irregular periods, amenorrhea, breast pain, and loss of libido. Accordingly, herein, a novel label-free immunosensor using a bismuth sulfide/polypyrrole (Bi2S3/PPy)-modified screen-printed electrode (SPE) for the fast and facile detection of the peptide hormone PRL. Bi2S3 nanorods were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal technique, and PPy was prepared by chemical polymerization method. Subsequently, the Bi2S3/PPy/ SPE was modified with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and EDC/NHS. Owing to the cross-linking effect of EDC/NHS, antibody-PRL (anti-PRL) was firmly stabilized on the modified SPE surface. These layer-by-layer modifications enhanced the conducting properties, anti-PRL loading capacity, and sensitivity of the developed immunosensor. Under optimized conditions, the PRL immunosensor demonstrated a broad linear range of approximately 1-250 ng/mL, a low detection limit of approximately 0.130 ng/mL (3 × SD/b), good specificity, reproducibility, and stability. PRL was successfully evaluated in human and mouse serum samples, and the corresponding outcomes were compared with those of the electrochemical and ELISA methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Xinke Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jr-Hau He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
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Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Binder: Compressive Strength, Optimize Composition, FTIR Spectroscopy, Microstructural, and Potential as Fire-Retardant Material. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244373. [PMID: 34960924 PMCID: PMC8709169 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Compressive strength is an important property in construction material, particularly for thermal insulation purposes. Although the insulation materials possess high fire-retardant characteristics, their mechanical properties are relatively poor. Moreover, research on the correlation between fire-retardant and compressive strength of rice husk ash (RHA)-based geopolymer binder (GB) is rather limited. In addition, previous studies on RHA-based GB used the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. In understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on the compressive strength, it was deemed necessary to employ statistical analysis and a regression coefficient model (mathematical model). The objective of the study is to determine the effect of different material behavior, namely brittle and ductile, on the compressive strength properties and the optimum material formulation that can satisfy both compressive strength and fire-retardant properties. The factors chosen for this study were the rice husk ash/activated alkaline solution (RHA/AA) ratio and the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration. Compressive strength and fire-retardant tests were conducted as part of the experiments, which were designed and analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of geopolymer samples was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that RHA/AA ratio was highly significant (p < 0.000) followed by NaOH concentration (p < 0.024). When the RHA/AA ratio was at 0.7 to 0.8 and the NaOH concentration was between 12 and 14 M, high compressive strength above 28 MPa was recorded. Optimum compressive strength of approximately 47 MPa was achieved when the RHA/AA ratio and NaOH concentration were 0.85 and 14 M, respectively. Brittle samples with low Si/Al ratio of 88.95 were high in compressive strength, which is 33.55 MPa, and showed a high degree of geopolymerization. Inversely, ductile samples showed low compressive strength and degree of geopolymerization. Water content within the geopolymer binder had a major effect on its fire-retardant properties. Semi-ductile GB showed the best fire-retardant properties, followed by semi-brittle and brittle GB. Using RHA as an aluminosilicate source has proven to be a promising alternative.
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Mohd Basri MS, Mustapha F, Mazlan N, Ishak MR. Rice-Husk-Ash-Based Geopolymer Coating: Fire-Retardant, Optimize Composition, Microstructural, Thermal and Element Characteristics Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3747. [PMID: 34771303 PMCID: PMC8587038 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Geopolymer using aluminosilicate sources, such as fly ash, metakaolin and blast furnace slag, possessed excellent fire-retardant properties. However, research on the fire-retardant properties and thermal properties of geopolymer coating using rice husk ash (RHA) is rather limited. Additionally, the approach adopted in past studies on geopolymer coating was the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). A better approach is to employ statistical analysis and a regression coefficient model (mathematical model) in understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on fire-retardant and thermal properties of the geopolymer coating. This study aims to elucidate the significance of rice husk ash/activated alkaline solution (RHA/AA) ratio and NaOH concentration on the fire-retardant and thermal properties of RHA-based geopolymer coating, determine the optimum composition and examine the microstructure and element characteristics of the RHA-based geopolymer coating. The factors chosen for this study were the RHA/AA ratio and the NaOH concentration. Rice husk was burnt at a temperature of approximately 600 °C for 24 h to produce RHA. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments and conduct the analyses. Fire-retardant tests and thermal and element characteristics analysis (TGA, XRD, DSC and CTE) were conducted. The microstructure of the geopolymer samples was investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the RHA/AA ratio had the strongest effect on the temperature at equilibrium (TAE) and time taken to reach 300 °C (TT300). For the optimization process using RSM, the optimum value for TAE and TT300 could be attained when the RHA/AA ratio and NaOH concentration were 0.30 and 6 M, respectively. SEM micrographs of good fire-resistance properties showed a glassy appearance, and the surface coating changed into a dense geopolymer gel covered with thin needles when fired. It showed high insulating capacity and low thermal expansion; it had minimal mismatch with the substrate, and the coating had no evidence of crack formation and had a low dehydration rate. Using RHA as an aluminosilicate source has proven to be a promising alternative. Using it as coating materials can potentially improve fire safety in the construction of residential and commercial buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faizal Mustapha
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Norkhairunnisa Mazlan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridzwan Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
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Mohd Basri MS, Liew Min Ren B, A. Talib R, Zakaria R, Kamarudin SH. Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101581. [PMID: 34069259 PMCID: PMC8156445 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry mangosteen leaves are one of the raw materials used to produce marker ink. However, research using this free and abundant resource is rather limited. The less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was mostly used in past studies on plant-based marker ink. The use of statistical analysis and the regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential in predicting the best combination of factors in formulating mangosteen leaf-based marker ink. Ideally, ink should have maximum color lightness, minimum viscosity, and fast-drying speed. The objective of this study to study the effect of glycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the color lightness and viscosity of mangosteen-leaves-based marker ink. The viscosity, color lightness, and drying properties of the ink were tested, the significant effect of glycerol and CMC (responses) on ink properties was identified and the prediction model on the optimum value of the responses was developed by using response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of mangosteen leaves was analyzed to study the surface morphology and cell structure during dye extraction. A low amount of glycerol used was found to increase the value of color lightness. A decrease in CMC amounts resulted in low viscosity of marker ink. The optimum formulation for the ink can be achieved when the weight percents of glycerol, benzalkonium chloride, ferrous sulphate, and CMC are set at 5, 5, 1, and 3, respectively. SEM micrographs showed the greatest amount of cell wall structure collapse on samples boiled with the lowest amount of glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.L.M.R.); (R.A.T.); (R.Z.)
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Brenda Liew Min Ren
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.L.M.R.); (R.A.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rosnita A. Talib
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.L.M.R.); (R.A.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rabitah Zakaria
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (B.L.M.R.); (R.A.T.); (R.Z.)
| | - Siti Hasnah Kamarudin
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Stability, Viscosity, and Tribology Properties of Polyol Ester Oil-Based Biolubricant Filled with TEMPO-Oxidized Bacterial Cellulose Nanofiber. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5536047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This research is aimed at studying the stability and tribology properties of the polyol ester oil- (POE-) based biolubricant mixed with various filler loadings from microparticle of TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose (NDCt) as an additive and sorbitan monostearate (Span 60) as a surfactant. Morphology, rheology, and tribology tests were conducted. The addition of NDCt and Span 60 to pure POE as a base fluid showed elevated viscosity, lower value of coefficient friction (COF), and a remarkable decrease in the wear rate (WR). The presence of 0.6 wt% NDCt and 1.8 wt% Span 60 in POE (N2S4) decreased the COF value by 79% in comparison to POE. At room temperature, this N2S4 biolubricant sample showed a higher thermal conductivity by 4% and lower WR value by 49% compared to POE. This study introduced the preparation of the ecofriendly biolubricant filled with NDCt improving the tribology properties remarkably.
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Mohd Basri MS, Yek TH, A. Talib R, Mohamed Amin Tawakkal IS, Kamarudin SH, Mazlan N, Maidin NA, Ab Rahman MH. Rice Husk Ash/Silicone Rubber-Based Binary Blended Geopolymer Coating Composite: Fire Retardant, Moisture Absorption, Optimize Composition, and Microstructural Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:985. [PMID: 33806990 PMCID: PMC8004628 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Geopolymer coating using rice husk ash (RHA) as the aluminosilicate source has shown excellent fire retardant properties. However, incorporation of rice husk ash into the geopolymer matrix increased water absorption properties of the polymer composite. As such, silicone rubber (SiR) was introduced to improve the moisture absorption and fire retardant properties of the composite. Additionally, the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was conventionally used in past studies on the RHA-based geopolymer composite. In understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on the fire retardant and moisture absorption properties of the binary blended geopolymer coating composite, the use of statistical analysis and regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential. The objectives of this study are to identify the significant effect of factors on moisture absorption and fire retardant properties, to determine the optimum composition, and to study the microstructure of the rice husk ash/silicone rubber (RHA/SiR)-based binary blended geopolymer coating composite. The RHA/AA and SiR/Ge ratios were chosen as factors, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design experiments and conduct analyses. Fire retardant and moisture absorption tests were conducted. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the microstructure of geopolymer samples. The RHA/alkaline activator (AA) and SiR/Ge ratios were shown to have a significant effect on the responses (temperature at equilibrium and moisture absorption). The high ratio of RHA/AA and SiR/Ge resulted in a lower temperature at equilibrium (TAE) below 200°C and at moisture absorption below 16%. The optimum formulation for the geopolymer coating composite can be achieved when the RHA/AA ratio, SiR/Ge ratio, and sodium hydroxide concentration are set at 0.85, 0.70, and 14 M, respectively. SEM micrographs of samples with good fire retardant properties showed that the char residue of the geopolymer composite coating, which is a layer of excess silicone rubber, is porous and continuous, thus providing a shielding effect for the layer of geopolymer underneath. The sample with good moisture absorption showed the formation of a thin outer layer of silicone rubber without any cracks. The unreacted SiR formed a thin layer beneath the geopolymer composite matrix providing a good moisture barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (T.H.Y.); (R.A.T.); (I.S.M.A.T.)
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tee Hui Yek
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (T.H.Y.); (R.A.T.); (I.S.M.A.T.)
| | - Rosnita A. Talib
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (T.H.Y.); (R.A.T.); (I.S.M.A.T.)
| | - Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (T.H.Y.); (R.A.T.); (I.S.M.A.T.)
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hasnah Kamarudin
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Norkhairunnisa Mazlan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Ain Maidin
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia; (N.A.M.); (M.H.A.R.)
| | - Mohd Hidayat Ab Rahman
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia; (N.A.M.); (M.H.A.R.)
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12
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Pang AL, Arsad A, Ahmadipour M. Synthesis and factor affecting on the conductivity of polypyrrole: a short review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ling Pang
- UTM‐MPRC Institute for Oil and Gas, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Agus Arsad
- UTM‐MPRC Institute for Oil and Gas, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohsen Ahmadipour
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus Nibong Tebal Pulau Penang Malaysia
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13
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Hu X, Yang K, Zhang C. Optimization of Preparation Conditions for Side-Emitting Polymer Optical Fibers Using Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3062. [PMID: 33371300 PMCID: PMC7766554 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer optical fibers (POFs) were used for preparing side-emitting polymer optical fibers (SPOFs), which were processed with acetone and n-hexane combined in selected proportions by a solvent treatment method. The effects of the volume ratio of acetone to n-hexane and treatment time on response variable factors were investigated. The center composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM), a quadratic model, and a two-factor interaction model were developed to relate the preparation variables of illumination intensity, breaking strength, and rigidity. According to analysis of variance (ANOVA), the factors affecting the optimization of each response factor were determined. The predicted values after process optimization were found to be highly similar to the experimental values. The optimal conditions for the preparation of SPOF were as follows: the volume ratio of acetone to hexane was 1.703, and the treatment time was 2.716 s. The three response variables of SPOF prepared under the optimal conditions were: illumination intensity 19.339 mV, breaking strength 5.707 N, and rigidity 572.013 N·mm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Hu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
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Mohd Basri MS, Mustapha F, Mazlan N, Ishak MR. Optimization of Adhesion Strength and Microstructure Properties by Using Response Surface Methodology in Enhancing the Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Composite Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2709. [PMID: 33207752 PMCID: PMC7697585 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of their significant importance and applications in vast areas, including oil and gas, building construction, offshore structures, ships, and bridges, coating materials are regularly exposed to harsh environments which leads to coating delamination. Therefore, optimum interfacial bonding between coating and substrate, and the reason behind excellent adhesion strength is of utmost importance. However, the majority of studies on polymer coatings have used a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. The main objective of this study was to implement statistical analysis in optimizing the factors to provide the optimum adhesion strength and to study the microstructure of a rice husk ash (RHA)-based geopolymer composite coating (GCC). Response surface methodology was used to design experiments and perform analyses. RHA/alkali activated (AA) ratio and curing temperature were chosen as factors. Adhesion tests were carried out using an Elcometer and a scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microstructure. Results showed that an optimum adhesion strength of 4.7 MPa could be achieved with the combination of RHA/AA ratio of 0.25 and curing temperature at 75 °C. The microstructure analysis revealed that coating with high adhesion strength had good interfacial bonding with the substrate. This coating had good wetting ability in which the coating penetrated the valleys of the profiles, thus wetting the entire substrate surface. A large portion of dense gel matrix also contributed to the high adhesion strength. Conversely, a large quantity of unreacted or partially reacted particles may result in low adhesion strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faizal Mustapha
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Norkhairunnisa Mazlan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridzwan Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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López R, Fernández C, Pereira FJ, Díez A, Cara J, Martínez O, Sánchez ME. A Comparison between Several Response Surface Methodology Designs and a Neural Network Model to Optimise the Oxidation Conditions of a Lignocellulosic Blend. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050787. [PMID: 32438759 PMCID: PMC7277586 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) designs and an artificial neural network (ANN) are used to obtain the optimal conditions for the oxy-combustion of a corn–rape blend. The ignition temperature (Te) and burnout index (Df) were selected as the responses to be optimised, while the CO2/O2 molar ratio, the total flow, and the proportion of rape in the blend were chosen as the influencing factors. For the RSM designs, complete, Box–Behnken, and central composite designs were performed to assess the experimental results. By applying the RSM, it was found that the principal effects of the three factors were statistically significant to compute both responses. Only the interactions of the factors on Df were successfully described by the Box–Behnken model, while the complete design model was adequate to describe such interactions on both responses. The central composite design was found to be inadequate to describe the factor interactions. Nevertheless, the three methods predicted the optimal conditions properly, due to the cancellation of net positive and negative errors in the mathematical adjustment. The ANN presented the highest regression coefficient of all methods tested and needed only 20 experiments to reach the best predictions, compared with the 32 experiments needed by the best RSM method. Hence, the ANN was found to be the most efficient model, in terms of good prediction ability and a low resource requirement. Finally, the optimum point was found to be a CO2/O2 molar ratio of 3.3, a total flow of 108 mL/min, and 61% of rape in the biomass blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto López
- Physical Chemistry Area, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-29-1921
| | - Camino Fernández
- Chemical Engineering Area, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.); (O.M.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Fernando J. Pereira
- Analytical Chemistry Area, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Ana Díez
- Electrical Engineering Area, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Jorge Cara
- Chemical Engineering Area, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.); (O.M.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Olegario Martínez
- Chemical Engineering Area, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.); (O.M.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Marta E. Sánchez
- Chemical Engineering Area, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.); (O.M.); (M.E.S.)
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16
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Karami H, Sabbaghan M, Hossaini Z, Rostami-Charati F. Ionic Liquid-assisted Preparation of Two-dimensional ZnO/Fe3O4 Nano-composites and their Application in Polysubstituted Pyrroles Synthesis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:55-65. [PMID: 31914908 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200107100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE Ionic liquids are a suitable medium for stabilization and preparation of catalytic systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The two-dimensional (2D) ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposites were synthesized using ionic liquid [OMIM]Br as a stabilizer and soft template. The nanocomposites were characterized via FTIR, XRD, VSM and SEM analysis. RESULT The catalytic activity of these composites was evaluated using a multicomponent reaction of primary amines, acetylacetone, and 2-bromoacetophenone. CONCLUSION 2D ZnO/Fe3O4 as a recyclable and green catalyst showed excellent catalytic performance for the preparation of poly-substituted pyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Karami
- Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Maryam Sabbaghan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 16785-163, Iran.,Institute for Advanced Technology, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran 16788, Iran
| | | | - Faramarz Rostami-Charati
- Department of Chemistry, Facualty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad, Iran.,Research Center for Conservation of Culture Relics (RCCCR), Research Institute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism, Tehran, Iran
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Devi R, Tapadia K, Maharana T. Casting of carbon cloth enrobed polypyrrole electrode for high electrochemical performances. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03122. [PMID: 31993515 PMCID: PMC6974773 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation deals with the fabrication of a novel flexible and highly conductive PPy electrode. This was made by festooning PPy nanoparticles on carbon cloth (CC) by using chemical liquid process. The developed porous PPy@CC composite have good flexibility with low weight (1.1 mg) and high electrical conductivity (89 Ω-1cm-1). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) confirmed the formation of PPy on carbon cloth. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) reveals that the PPy nanoparticles are encapsulated in carbon cloth. The fabricated carbon cloth has been used for solid-state symmetrical supercapacitors (SC) and low-cost material for electrode in potential energy storage devices. These film electrodes showed much superior electrochemical performance i.e. high stability under different current density, encouraging energy density, lower internal resistivity and higher specific capacitance. Synthesized flexible PPy@CC composite electrodes have brilliant applications in various kinds of electrochemical energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tungabidya Maharana
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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