Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Hybrid Materials for the Development of Optical Sensors

Bio(sensors) based on molecularly imprinted polymers and silica materials used for food safety and biomedical analysis: Recent trends and future prospects

In recent decades, analytical techniques have increasingly focused on the precise quantification. Achieving this goal has been accomplished with conventional analytical approaches that typically require extensive pretreatment methods, significant reagent usage, and expensive instruments. The need for rapid, simple, and highly selective identification platforms has become increasingly pronounced. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) has emerged as a promising avenue for developing advanced sensors that can potentially surpass the limitations of conventional detection methods. In recent years, the application of MIP-silica materials-based sensors has garnered significant attention owing to their distinctive characteristics. These types of probes hold a distinct advantage in their remarkable stability and durability, all of which provide a suitable sensing platform in severe environments. Moreover, the substrate composed of silica materials offers a vast surface area for binding, thereby facilitating the efficient detection of even minuscule concentrations of targets. As a result, sensors based on MIP-silica materials have the potential to be widely applied in various industries, including medical diagnosis, and food safety. In the present review, we have conducted an in-depth analysis of the latest research developments in the field of MIPs-silica materials based sensors, with a focus on succinctly summarizing and elucidating the most crucial findings. This is the first comprehensive review of integration MIPs with silica materials in electrochemical (EC) and optical probes for biomedical analysis and food safety.

L-proline determination by molecularly imprinted nanoparticles: A potential nanoscale tool for the diagnosis of metabolic disorders

Detecting and quantifying amino acids is vital in biochemical analyses, especially for diagnosing metabolic disorders. L-proline, among these amino acids, holds significant relevance for various metabolic disorders in living organisms, particularly in humans. hyperprolinemia arises when ineffective breakdown of L-proline occurs due to enzyme deficiencies, leading to its accumulation in the body and underscoring the need for precise monitoring. To address this challenge, molecular imprinting offers a reliable single-step technique for detecting target molecules like proteins, peptides, amino acids, or ions with high selectivity. Moreover, nanoparticles, with significant surface area-to-volume ratios, enable high-level mass transfer and binding kinetics, making them ideal for nano-scale sensitive applications. In this study, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-based molecularly imprinted nanoparticles were synthesized via mini-emulsion polymerization, combining the advantages of molecular imprinting technique and nanoparticles for the specific recognition of L-proline, and were well-characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, zeta-sizer particle size analysis, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Based on zeta-sizer analysis, the estimated diameters of L-proline-imprinted and non-imprinted nanoparticles (Pro-MIPs and NIPs) were determined to be approximately 27.51 nm and 20.66 nm, respectively. The adsorption of L-proline onto nanoparticles from aqueous solutions was investigated in a batch system, and the maximum L-proline adsorption capacity was determined to be 26.58 mg/g for Pro-MIPs and 4.65 mg/g for and NIPs. The selectivity of Pro-MIPs was assessed using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, even in human serum and in the presence of competing molecules (L-histidine and L-phenylalanine). Additionally, Pro-MIPs maintained their adsorption capacity through up to 10 adsorption-desorption cycles without significant decrease.

Molecular imprinting-based ratiometric fluorescence sensors for environmental and food analysis

Environmental protection and food safety are closely related to the healthy development of human society; there is an urgent need for relevant analytical methods to determine environmental pollutants and harmful substances in food. Molecular imprinting-based ratiometric fluorescence (MI-RFL) sensors, constructed by combining molecular imprinting recognition and ratiometric fluorescence detection, possess remarkable advantages such as high selectivity, anti-interference ability, high sensitivity, non-destruction and convenience, and have attracted increasing interest in the field of analytical determination. Herein, recent advances in MI-RFL sensors for environmental and food analysis are reviewed, aiming at new construction strategies and representative determination applications. Firstly, fluorescence sources and possible sensing principles are briefly outlined. Secondly, new imprinting techniques and dual/ternary-emission fluorescence types that improve sensing performances are highlighted. Thirdly, typical analytical applications of MI-RFL sensors in environmental and food samples are summarized. Lastly, the challenges and perspectives of the MI-RFL sensors are proposed, focusing on improving sensitivity/visualization and extending applications.

A general photoiniferter approach to the surface functionalization of acrylic and methacrylic structures written by two-photon stereolithography

Two-photon stereolithography (TPS) is an established additive fabrication technique allowing the voxel-by-voxel direct writing of even intricate 3D nano/microstructures via the polymerization of a photoresin. An obvious way to tune the chemical functionalities of such nano/microstructures is formulating a photoresin with the desired functional monomer(s). Unfortunately, this makes every photoresin "unique" in terms of viscosity and reactivity, thus requiring a tedious and often time-consuming optimization of its printing parameters. In this work, we describe a general approach for the chemical functionalization of TPS-written structures based on two commercial photoresins. Our strategy entailed the grafting of functional polymer layers via an innovative approach based on photoiniferter coupling to unreacted double bonds and photopolymerization. After writing woodpiles as 3D model structures, we demonstrated the viability of this approach by anchoring a photoiniferter via its photoinduced addition to the residual CC on the structure's surface triggered by green light. This in turn allowed for the blue light-mediated, surface-initiated photopolymerization of functional monomers. Molecularly imprinted polymer films were also easily synthesized by using the same approach on model honeycombs. The imprinted layers resulted in only a minimal increase in size with no effect on the geometrical features of the honeycombs. Overall, this strategy offers a general approach for the surface modification of TPS-written (meth)acrylic structures with a wide variety of functional polymers via photoiniferter polymerization.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for Protein Detection

The accurate detection of biological substances such as proteins has always been a hot topic in scientific research. Biomimetic sensors seek to imitate sensitive and selective mechanisms of biological systems and integrate these traits into applicable sensing platforms. Molecular imprinting technology has been extensively practiced in many domains, where it can produce various molecular recognition materials with specific recognition capabilities. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), dubbed plastic antibodies, are artificial receptors with high-affinity binding sites for a particular molecule or compound. MIPs for protein recognition are expected to have high affinity via numerous interactions between polymer matrices and multiple functional groups of the target protein. This critical review briefly describes recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and application of MIP-based sensor platforms used to detect proteins.

A critical review on microbe-electrode interactions towards heavy metal ion detection using microbial fuel cell technology

Implicit interaction of electroactive microbes with solid electrodes is an interesting phenomenon in nature, which supported development of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), especially the microbial fuel cell (MFCs) for valorization of low-value waste streams into bioelectricity. Intriguingly, the metabolism of interacted microbes with electrode is affected by the microenvironment at electrodes, which influences the current response. For instance, when heavy metal ions (HMIs) are imposed in the medium, the current production decreases due to their intrinsic toxic effect. This event provides an immense opportunity to utilize MFC as a sensor to selectively detect HMIs in the environment, which has been explored vastly in recent decade. In this review, we have concisely discussed the microbial interaction with electrodes and mechanism of detection of HMIs using an MFC. Recent advancement in sensing elements and their application is elaborated with a future perspective section for follow-up research and development in this field.

A Comparison of EIS and QCM NanoMIP-Based Sensors for Morphine

In this work we have compared two different sensing platforms for the detection of morphine as an example of a low molecular weight target analyte. For this, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (NanoMIP), synthesized with an affinity towards morphine, were attached to an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor. Assay design, sensors fabrication, analyte sensitivity and specificity were performed using similar methods. The results showed that the EIS sensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.11 ng·mL-1, which is three orders of magnitude lower than the 0.19 µg·mL-1 achieved using the QCM sensor. Both the EIS and the QCM sensors were found to be able to specifically detect morphine in a direct assay format. However, the QCM method required conjugation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to the small analyte (morphine) to amplify the signal and achieve a LOD in the µg·mL-1 range. Conversely, the EIS sensor method was labor-intensive and required extensive data handling and processing, resulting in longer analysis times (~30-40 min). In addition, whereas the QCM enables visualization of the binding events between the target molecule and the sensor in real-time, the EIS method does not allow such a feature and measurements are taken post-binding. The work also highlighted the advantages of using QCM as an automated, rapid and multiplex sensor compared to the much simpler EIS platform used in this work, though, the QCM method will require sample preparation, especially when a sensitive (ng·mL-1) detection of a small analyte is needed.

Molecularly Imprinted Chitosan-Based Thin Films with Selectivity for Nicotine Derivatives for Application as a Bio-Sensor and Filter

This study reports the feasible use of chitosan as a thin film biosensor on the very sensitive quartz crystal micro balance system for detection of blends of multiple templates within a single matrix. The development of chitosan-based thin film materials with selectivity for nicotine derivatives is described. The molecular imprinting of a combination of nicotine derivatives in N-diacryloyl pipiradine-chitosan-methacrylic acid copolymer films on quartz crystal resonators was used to generate thin films with selectivity for nicotine and a range of nicotine analogues, particularly 3-phenylpyridine. The polymers were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic evaluations; surface area, pore size, pore volume using Breuner-Emmet-Teller method. Temperature characteristics were also studied. The swelling and structure consistency of the Chitosan was achieved by grafting with methylmethacrylic acid and cross-linking with N-diacrylol pipiradine. A blend of 0.002 g (0.04 mmol) of Chitosan, 8.5 μL Methylmethacrylic Acid and 1.0 mg N-diacrylol pipradine (BAP) presented the best blend formulation. Detections were made within a time interval of 99 s, and blend templates were detected at a concentration of 0.5 mM from the Quartz crystal microbalance resonator analysis. The successful crosslinking of the biopolymers ensured successful control of the swelling and agglomeration of the chitosan, giving it the utility potential for use as thin film sensor. This successful crosslinking also created successful dual multiple templating on the chitosan matrix, even for aerosolized templates. The products can be used in environments with temperature ranges between 60 °C and 250 °C.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Solid-Phase Microextraction Fibers for the Isolation of Selected Antibiotics from Human Plasma

The aim of this study was to examine the synthesis of novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-coated polythiophene and poly(3-methylthiophene) solid-phase microextraction fibers using the direct electropolymerization method. Synthesized SPME fibers were characterized with the use of various physicochemical instrumental techniques. MIP-SPME coatings were successfully applied to carry out the selective extraction of selected antibiotic drugs (amoxicillin, cefotaxime, metronidazole) and their metabolites (amoxycilloic acid, amoxicillin diketopiperazine, desacetyl cefotaxime, 3-desacetyl cefotaxime lactone, hydroxymetronidazole). Solid-phase microextraction parameters for the simultaneous determination and identification of target compounds were optimized using the central composite design (CCD), and they accounted for 5-15 min for desorption time, 3-10 for the pH of the desorption solvent, and 30-100 μL for the volume of the desorption solvent. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) detectors such as quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF MS) and triple quadrupole (QqQ MS) were applied to determine and to identify selected antibiotic drugs and their metabolites. The MIP-coated SPME are suitable for the selective extraction of target compounds in biological samples from patients in intensive care units.

A Note about Crosslinking Density in Imprinting Polymerization

Imprinting polymerization is an exciting technique since it leads to specific binding sites, which are the basis of a variety of applications, such as sensors, detectors, and catalysts. The specific binding sites are created using templates and then fixing the structure of the binding site with crosslinking. The literature review of imprinting polymerizations shows that the crosslinking density governs the physical properties of the resulting molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). It is also a factor governing the capacity and the selectivity of MIPs. Reviewing polymer science data and theory, the crosslinking density commonly used in MIP synthesis is unusually high. The data reviewed here suggest that more research is needed to determine the optimal crosslinking density for MIPs.

Dual-Fluorescent Nanoparticle Probes Consisting of a Carbon Nanodot Core and a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Shell

Dual-fluorescent molecularly imprinted nanoparticles with a red-emissive carbon nanodot-doped silica core and a chlorogenic acid-imprinted fluorescent polymer layer are prepared and their use in ratiometric fluorometric analysis is described. Nanoparticle probes consisting of a shielded and stably emitting core and a shell with embedded binding sites that indicates the presence of an analyte with a change in emission allow for internally referenced measurements potentially accounting for detrimental influences from instrument drifts, light source fluctuations or sensor materials-related inhomogeneities.

Ultrasensitive electrochemical molecularly imprinted sensor based on AuE/Ag-MOF@MC for determination of hemoglobin using response surface methodology

Considering the importance of determining the levels of hemoglobin (Hb) as a vital protein in red blood cells, in this work a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed based on a gold electrode (AuE) modified with Ag metal-organic framework mesoporous carbon (Ag-MOF@MC) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). To that end, the MIP layer was formed on the Ag-MOF@MC by implanting Hb as the pattern molecule during the polymerization. The modified electrode was designed using electrochemical approaches including differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Using a response level experimental design method, the most important parameters affecting the reaction of the sensing system including pH, incubation time, and scanning rate were optimized. Following the same route, the Hb concentration, pH, temperature, and elution times were optimized to prepare the imprinted polymer layer on the Ag-MOF@MC surface. By exploiting DPV techniques based on the optimal parameters, the electrochemical response of the AuE/Ag-MOF@MC-MIPs for Hb determination was recorded in a wide linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.2 pM to 1000 nM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.09 pM. Moreover, the Ag-MOF@MC-MIP sensing system showed good stability, high selectivity, and acceptable reproducibility for Hb determination. The sensing system was successfully applied for Hb determination in real blood samples, and the results were compared with those of the standard methods for Hb determination. Acceptable recovery (99.0%) and RDS% (4.6%) confirmed the applicability and reliability of the designed Hb sensing system.

Recent Advances on Detection of Insecticides Using Optical Sensors

Insecticides are enormously important to industry requirements and market demands in agriculture. Despite their usefulness, these insecticides can pose a dangerous risk to the safety of food, environment and all living things through various mechanisms of action. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated use of insecticides has prompted many researchers to develop rapid, economical, uncomplicated and user-friendly analytical method for the detection of insecticides. In this regards, optical sensors are considered as favorable methods for insecticides analysis because of their special features including rapid detection time, low cost, easy to use and high selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, current progresses of incorporation between recognition elements and optical sensors for insecticide detection are discussed and evaluated well, by categorizing it based on insecticide chemical classes, including the range of detection and limit of detection. Additionally, this review aims to provide powerful insights to researchers for the future development of optical sensors in the detection of insecticides.

Bio- and Biomimetic Receptors for Electrochemical Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions

Heavy metals ions (HMI), if not properly handled, used and disposed, are a hazard for the ecosystem and pose serious risks for human health. They are counted among the most common environmental pollutants, mainly originating from anthropogenic sources, such as agricultural, industrial and/or domestic effluents, atmospheric emissions, etc. To face this issue, it is necessary not only to determine the origin, distribution and the concentration of HMI but also to rapidly (possibly in real-time) monitor their concentration levels in situ. Therefore, portable, low-cost and high performing analytical tools are urgently needed. Even though in the last decades many analytical tools and methodologies have been designed to this aim, there are still several open challenges. Compared with the traditional analytical techniques, such as atomic absorption/emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and/or high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical or UV-VIS detectors, bio- and biomimetic electrochemical sensors provide high sensitivity, selectivity and rapid responses within portable and user-friendly devices. In this review, the advances in HMI sensing in the last five years (2016-2020) are addressed. Key examples of bio and biomimetic electrochemical, impedimetric and electrochemiluminescence-based sensors for Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, Zn2+ and Tl+ are described and discussed.

New insights into the role of nanotechnology in microbial food safety

Today, the role of nanotechnology in human life is undeniable as a broad range of industries, particularly food and medicine sectors, have been dramatically influenced. Nanomaterials can contribute to food safety by forming new nano-sized ingredients with modified physicochemical characteristics. Nanotechnologies can inhibit the growth of food spoilage microorganisms by recruiting novel and unique agents that are involved in removal of microbes from foods or prevent adhesion of microbial cells to food surfaces. Hence, nanotechnology could be considered as a high-potential tool in food packaging, safety, and preservation. Moreover, the prevention of biofilm formation by disturbing the attachment of bacteria to the food surface is another useful nanotechnological approach. Recently, nanoparticle-based biosensors have been designed and developed to detect the food-borne pathogens and hazardous substances through complicated mechanisms. During the past half-century, many methods such as freeze-drying and spray drying have been employed for increasing the viability in food industries; however, the other novel approaches such as encapsulation methods have also been developed. Admittedly, some beneficial bacteria such as probiotics bring diverse benefits for human health if only they are in a sufficient number and viability in the food products and gastrointestinal tract (GI). Encapsulation of these valuable microbial strains by nanoparticles improves the survival of probiotics under harsh conditions such as extreme levels of temperature, pH, and salinity during the processing of food products and within the GIT tract. The survival and effectiveness of encapsulated microorganisms depends on different factors including function of cell wall components in bacteria and type of coating materials. This review aims to broadly explore the potential of different aspects of nanotechnology in food industry, especially for packaging, preservation, safety, and viability.

Magnetic Imprinted Polymer-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor for Sensitive Label-Free Detection of Methylene Blue in Groundwater

Tiny changes in the mass of the sensor in a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) can be observed. However, the lack of specificity for target species has hindered the use of QCM-D. Here, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were used to modify a QCM-D sensor to provide specificity. The MIPs were formed in the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. Imprinted layers on Fe3O4 nanoparticles were formed using pyrrole as the functional monomer and cross-linker and methylene blue (MB) as a template. The MIPs produced were then attached to the surface of a QCM-D sensor. The MIPs-coated QCM-D sensor could recognize MB and gave a linear response in the concentration range 25 to 1.5 × 102 µg/L and a detection limit of 1.4 µg/L. The QCM-D sensor was selective for MB over structural analogs. The MIPs-coated QCM-D sensor was successfully used to detect MB in river water and seawater samples, and the recoveries were good. This is the first time MB has been detected using a QCM-D sensor. Mass is an intrinsic property of matter, so this method could easily be extended to other target species by using different MIPs.

How Reliable Is the Electrochemical Readout of MIP Sensors?

Electrochemical methods offer the simple characterization of the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the readouts of target binding. The binding of electroinactive analytes can be detected indirectly by their modulating effect on the diffusional permeability of a redox marker through thin MIP films. However, this process generates an overall signal, which may include nonspecific interactions with the nonimprinted surface and adsorption at the electrode surface in addition to (specific) binding to the cavities. Redox-active low-molecular-weight targets and metalloproteins enable a more specific direct quantification of their binding to MIPs by measuring the faradaic current. The in situ characterization of enzymes, MIP-based mimics of redox enzymes or enzyme-labeled targets, is based on the indication of an electroactive product. This approach allows the determination of both the activity of the bio(mimetic) catalyst and of the substrate concentration.

Dual-emission CdTe/AgInS2 photoluminescence probe coupled to neural network data processing for the simultaneous determination of folic acid and iron (II)

This work focused on the combination of CdTe and AgInS₂ quantum dots in a dual-emission nanoprobe for the simultaneous determination of folic acid and Fe(II) in pharmaceutical formulations. The surface chemistry of the used QDs was amended with suitable capping ligands to obtain appropriate reactivity in terms of selectivity and sensitivity towards the target analytes. The implementation of PL-based sensing schemes combining multiple QDs of different nature, excited at the same wavelength and emitting at different ones, allowed to obtain a specific analyte-response profile. The first-order fluorescence data obtained from the whole emission spectra of the CdTe/AgInS₂ combined nanoprobe upon interaction with folic acid and Fe(II) were processed by using chemometric tools, namely partial least-squares (PLS) and artificial neural network (ANN). This enabled to circumvent the selectivity issues commonly associated with the use of QDs prone to indiscriminate interaction with multiple species, which impair reliable and accurate quantification in complex matrices samples. ANN demonstrated to be the most efficient chemometric model for the simultaneous determination of both analytes in binary mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations due to the non-linear relationship between analyte concentration and fluorescence data that it could handle. The R²_P and SEP% obtained for both analytes quantification in pharmaceutical formulations through ANN modelling ranged from 0.92 to 0.99 and 5.7-9.1%, respectively. The obtained results revealed that the developed approach is able to quantify, with high reliability and accuracy, more than one analyte in complex mixtures and real samples with pharmaceutical interest.

Molecularly imprinted polymer integrated plasmonic nanosensor for cocaine detection

A molecularly imprinted polymeric nanofilm was prepared for cocaine detection and applied to plasmonic nanosensor for real-time kinetic, selectivity and reusability analyses. The sensing polymeric surface was fabricated by synthesizing a selective and specific nanofilm on the gold plasmonic nanosensor surface. After characterization experiments with atomic force microscopy, ellipsometer, and contact angle measurements, the kinetic studies of cocaine detection in aqueous solutions in a wide concentration range between 0.2-100 μg/mL were applied to plasmonic nanosensor system at 24 °C with a low limit of detection (0.1 μg/L) and quantification values (0.3 μg/L) and the results showed that this molecularly imprinted polymeric nanofilm integrated plasmonic nanosensor is providing a model for the fastest, most accurate and most precise identification of the cocaine molecule which constitutes a large part of the workload of forensic laboratories.

Hydrogel-Based Colloidal Photonic Crystal Devices for Glucose Sensing

Diabetes, a common epidemic disease, is increasingly hazardous to human health. Monitoring body glucose concentrations for the prevention and therapy of diabetes has become very important. Hydrogel-based responsive photonic crystal (PC) materials are noninvasive options for glucose detection. This article reviews glucose-sensing materials/devices composed of hydrogels and colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs), including the construction of 2D/3D CPCs and 2D/3D hydrogel-based CPCs (HCPCs). The development and mechanisms of glucose-responsive hydrogels and the achieved technologies of HCPC glucose sensors were also concluded. This review concludes by showing a perspective for the future design of CPC glucose biosensors with functional hydrogels.

Application of Conducting Polymer Nanostructures to Electrochemical Biosensors

Over the past few decades, nanostructured conducting polymers have received great attention in several application fields, including biosensors, microelectronics, polymer batteries, actuators, energy conversion, and biological applications due to their excellent conductivity, stability, and ease of preparation. In the bioengineering application field, the conducting polymers were reported as excellent matrixes for the functionalization of various biological molecules and thus enhanced their performances as biosensors. In addition, combinations of metals or metal oxides nanostructures with conducting polymers result in enhancing the stability and sensitivity as the biosensing platform. Therefore, several methods have been reported for developing homogeneous metal/metal oxide nanostructures thin layer on the conducting polymer surfaces. This review will introduce the fabrications of different conducting polymers nanostructures and their composites with different shapes. We will exhibit the different techniques that can be used to develop conducting polymers nanostructures and to investigate their chemical, physical and topographical effects. Among the various biosensors, we will focus on conducting polymer-integrated electrochemical biosensors for monitoring important biological targets such as DNA, proteins, peptides, and other biological biomarkers, in addition to their applications as cell-based chips. Furthermore, the fabrication and applications of the molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors will be addressed in this review.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Microfluidic Systems for Point-of-Care Applications

Fast progress has been witnessed in the field of microfluidic systems and allowed outstanding approaches to portable, disposable, low-cost, and easy-to-operate platforms especially for monitoring health status and point-of-care applications. For this purpose, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based microfluidics systems can be synthesized using desired templates to create specific and selective cavities for interaction. This technique guarantees a wide range of versatility to imprint diverse sets of biomolecules with different structures, sizes, and physical and chemical features. Owing to their physical and chemical robustness, cost-friendliness, high stability, and reusability, MIP-based microfluidics systems have become very attractive modalities. This review is structured according to the principles of MIPs and microfluidic systems, the integration of MIPs with microfluidic systems, the latest strategies and uses for point-of-care applications and, finally, conclusions and future perspectives.