1
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Onsri P, Thaveemas P, Prajongtat P, Suvandee W, Techasakul S, Chuenchom L, Dechtrirat D. Dual-functional natural rubber latex foam composites for solar-driven clean water production and heavy metal decontamination. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133056. [PMID: 38862058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Solar steam generation (SSG) offers a sustainable approach to fresh water production. Herein, a novel dual-functional natural rubber/carbon black composite foam evaporator is presented for a cost-efficient SSG system that both produces fresh water and eliminates heavy metals present in the water. The composite foam is produced using the Dunlop process, and in its optimized form, it absorbed >96 % of sunlight. The foam evaporator exhibited a thermal conductivity of 0.052 W/m⋅K, a water evaporation rate of 1.40 kg/m2/h, converted 83.38 % of light to heat under 1 sun irradiation, and showed outstanding stability. The technology required to produce this composite foam is already available to make large-scale production feasible, while the natural raw materials are abundant. On the basis of its performance qualities, the rubber foam composite appears to be an excellent candidate for application as a viable solar absorber for SSG to produce fresh, clean water for commercial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichart Onsri
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Piyatida Thaveemas
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Pongthep Prajongtat
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Whijitra Suvandee
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supanna Techasakul
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Laemthong Chuenchom
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Decha Dechtrirat
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials for Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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2
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Gehrke I, Schläfle S, Bertling R, Öz M, Gregory K. Review: Mitigation measures to reduce tire and road wear particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166537. [PMID: 37640075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The generation of tire wear is an inevitable outcome of the friction between the road and the tire which is necessary for the safe operation of vehicles on roadways. Tire wear particles form agglomerates with road surface material. These agglomerates are called tire and road wear particles (TRWP). Due to their persistence in the environmental compartments and their potentially harmful effects, research on preventative and end-of-pipe mitigation strategies for TRWP is essential. The major goal of this study is to summarize and assess the state of the art in science and technology of mitigation measures for TRWP as the basis for further research activities. Approximately 500 literature sources were found and analyzed in terms of the efficiency, maturity, implementation, and impact of the mitigation measures. Generally, technological and management mitigation measures to reduce the generation of TRWP are beneficial since they prevent TRWP from entering the environment. Once released into environmental compartments, their mobility and dispersion would increase, making removing the particles more challenging. Technological and management mitigation measures after the release of TRWP into the environment are mainly well established in industrialized countries. Street cleaning and wastewater technologies show good removal efficiencies for TRWP and microplastics. In any case, no individual measure can solely solve the TRWP issue, but a set of combined measures could potentially be more effective. The absence of fully-developed and standardized methods for tire abrasion testing and measuring TRWP in the environment makes it impossible to reliably compare the tire abrasion behavior of different tire types, determine thresholds, and control mitigation actions. Field tests and pilot studies are highly needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the abatement measures under real conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Gehrke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Schläfle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Vehicle System Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bertling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Melisa Öz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Kelvin Gregory
- Carnegie Mellon University, Civil & Environmental Engineering, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Porter Hall 119, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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3
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Um GY, Kwon T, Lee SH, Kim W, Kim J, Kim HJ, Lee JH. The Influence of Styrene Content in Solution Styrene Butadiene Rubber on Silica-Filled Tire Tread Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4288. [PMID: 37959968 PMCID: PMC10650040 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In tire tread applications, achieving enhanced abrasion resistance, wet grip, and rolling resistance is crucial for optimizing overall performance. To realize improvements in these attributes for silica-filled tire tread compounds, it becomes imperative to improve the dispersity of silica filler by investigating the effect of each component in the tire tread compound. In this work, we study the effect of styrene content within solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) on the properties of tire tread compounds. A higher styrene segment within SSBR contributes to increased silica dispersion and crosslink density. Thus, tire tread compounds featuring SSBR with increased styrene content not only improve physical and mechanical properties, but also enhance major characteristics tailored for tire tread applications. These findings provide valuable insights into advancing the reinforced performance of tire tread compounds through the strategic utilization of SSBR enriched in styrene content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Yong Um
- Industrial Material Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear and Leather Technology (KIFLT), Busan 47154, Republic of Korea; (G.-Y.U.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Kwon
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Lee
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 51543, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Industrial Material Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear and Leather Technology (KIFLT), Busan 47154, Republic of Korea; (G.-Y.U.)
| | - Jungsoo Kim
- Industrial Material Research Division, Korea Institute of Footwear and Leather Technology (KIFLT), Busan 47154, Republic of Korea; (G.-Y.U.)
| | - Hee Joong Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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4
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Spanheimer V, Jaber GG, Katrakova-Krüger D. Ground Tire Rubber Particles as Substitute for Calcium Carbonate in an EPDM Sealing Compound. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092174. [PMID: 37177320 PMCID: PMC10181146 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ground tire rubber (GTR) is a product obtained by grinding worn tire treads before retreading them or via the cryogenic or ambient temperature milling of end-of-life tires (ELTs). The aim of this study is to evaluate if calcium carbonate can be substituted by GTR and, if so, to what extent. Different types of ground tire rubber are incorporated in an EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene-rubber) model compound as partial or complete substitutes of calcium carbonate. The raw compounds and the vulcanizates are characterized to identify the limits. In general, it is apparent that increasing amounts of GTR and larger particles degrade the mechanical properties. The GTR also influences the vulcanization kinetics by reducing the scorch time up to 50% and vulcanization time up to nearly 80%. This is significant for production processes. The compounds with one-third substitution with the smaller-particle-size GTR show mostly similar or even better properties than the reference.
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5
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Utrera-Barrios S, Verdejo R, López-Manchado MÁ, Hernández Santana M. Self-Healing Elastomers: A sustainable solution for automotive applications. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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6
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Susik A, Rodak A, Cañavate J, Colom X, Wang S, Formela K. Processing, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of GTR Modified by SBS Copolymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1788. [PMID: 36902907 PMCID: PMC10004072 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ground tire rubber (GTR) was thermo-mechanically treated in the presence of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymers. During preliminary investigation, the effects of different SBS copolymer grades, the variable content of SBS copolymer on the Mooney viscosity, and the thermal and mechanical properties of modified GTR were determined. Subsequently, GTR modified by SBS copolymer and cross-linking agents (sulfur-based system and dicumyl peroxide) was characterized by assessment of rheological, physico-mechanical, and morphological properties. Rheological investigations showed that linear SBS copolymer, with the highest melt flow rate among studied SBS grades, was the most promising modifier of GTR, considering processing behavior. It was also observed that an SBS improves the thermal stability of the modified GTR. However, it was found that higher content of SBS copolymer (above 30 wt%) does not bring any effective changes and, for economic reasons, is inefficient. The results showed that samples based on GTR modified by SBS and dicumyl peroxide have better processability and slightly higher mechanical properties compared to samples cross-linked by a sulfur-based system. This is due to the affinity of dicumyl peroxide to the co-cross-linking of GTR and SBS phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Susik
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Rodak
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Javier Cañavate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech, Colom 1, Terrassa, 08222 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Colom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech, Colom 1, Terrassa, 08222 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai State Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Krzysztof Formela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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7
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Chemical Composition of Nanoglobular Material on the Surface of Rubber Regenerate Prepared by Explosive Circulation Technology. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217621. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubber crumbs produced by the explosive circular destruction of worn-out automobile tires were studied. The crumbs showed high hydrophilicity. Their surface was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. C, O, S, Zn, and Si were detected on the surface, and their chemical states were determined. The same chemical composition in the rubber crumb surface prepared by the explosive grinding of tires, as well as nanoglobules covering the crumb surface, was revealed. The appearance of polar groups on the crumb surface explains its high hydrophilicity and good compatibility with polymer matrices.
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8
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Chowdhury SG, Ghosh S, Pal A, Bhattacharyya SK, Mukhopadhyay R. Fatty acid modified cellulose: Preparation and application as green
multi‐functional
additive in a tyre tread formulation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ghosh Chowdhury
- Rubber Compounding Department Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Sreedip Ghosh
- Rubber Compounding Department Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Abhijit Pal
- Rubber Compounding Department Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Sanjay Kr. Bhattacharyya
- Rubber Compounding Department Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
| | - Rabindra Mukhopadhyay
- Rubber Compounding Department Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute Mysore India
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9
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Mohd Sani NF, Yee HJ, Othman N, Talib AA, Shuib RK. Intrinsic self-healing rubber: A review and perspective of material and reinforcement. POLYMER TESTING 2022; 111:107598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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10
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Moretto E, Fernandes JP, Staropoli M, Rogé V, Steiner P, Duez B, Lenoble D, Thomann JS. Dual-Silane Premodified Silica Nanoparticles-Synthesis and Interplay between Chemical, Mechanical, and Curing Properties of Silica-Rubber Nanocomposites: Application to Tire Tread Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17692-17702. [PMID: 35664568 PMCID: PMC9161251 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In silica-rubber based nanocomposites, a single organo-silicon is often used to compatibilize and covalently link silica to rubber. In this work, we have investigated the impact, at micro- and macroscales, of the decoupling of the hydrophobization and the coupling activity of silane by pretreating silica with two different silane chemistries. The first one, a mercaptosilane, is the coupling agent that promotes a covalent link between silica and rubber during the sulfur-mediated vulcanization reaction. The second one, an alkylsilane, aims to improve the silica dispersion. For both kind of silanes, we have varied the chain length and studied at macroscale the dynamic mechanical properties through the key indicators that are E'' as loss modulus, E' as storage modulus, and their respective ratio tan δ. The shorter silanes combination yielded an improvement in terms of wet grip indicators with tan δ at 0 °C increasing from 0.205 to 0.237 while maintaining rolling resistance indicators at the same level. We have evaluated the impact of the silane chemistry onto the cross-linking reactivity within the fabricated rubber-based nanocomposites by using moving-dye rheometer measurements (MDR). By purposely using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we have studied the silica dispersion in the matrix and the rubber/silica interface and provided the rationale explanation of the mechanical properties observed at the macroscale. AFM observation pointed out the existence of a soft interface around silica fillers when long alkylsilanes were used. We infer that this interface impacts the polymer-filler dynamic and subsequently affects the mechanical properties of the composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Moretto
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - João P.
C. Fernandes
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Mariapaola Staropoli
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Rogé
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Goodyear
S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Benoît Duez
- Goodyear
S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Damien Lenoble
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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11
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Utrera-Barrios S, Verdejo R, López-Manchado MÁ, Santana MH. The Final Frontier of Sustainable Materials: Current Developments in Self-Healing Elastomers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094757. [PMID: 35563147 PMCID: PMC9101787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is impossible to describe the recent progress of our society without considering the role of polymers; however, for a broad audience, "polymer" is usually related to environmental pollution. The poor disposal and management of polymeric waste has led to an important environmental crisis, and, within polymers, plastics have attracted bad press despite being easily reprocessable. Nonetheless, there is a group of polymeric materials that is particularly more complex to reprocess, rubbers. These macromolecules are formed by irreversible crosslinked networks that give them their characteristic elastic behavior, but at the same time avoid their reprocessing. Conferring them a self-healing capacity stands out as a decisive approach for overcoming this limitation. By this mean, rubbers would be able to repair or restore their damage automatically, autonomously, or by applying an external stimulus, increasing their lifetime, and making them compatible with the circular economy model. Spain is a reference country in the implementation of this strategy in rubbery materials, achieving successful self-healable elastomers with high healing efficiency and outstanding mechanical performance. This article presents an exhaustive summary of the developments reported in the previous 10 years, which demonstrates that this property is the last frontier in search of truly sustainable materials.
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12
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Jin WS, Sahu P, Park SM, Jeon JH, Kim NI, Lee JH, Oh JS. Design of Self-Healing EPDM/Ionomer Thermoplastic Vulcanizates by Ionic Cross-Links for Automotive Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061156. [PMID: 35335487 PMCID: PMC8953676 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart elastomeric materials with inherent self-repairing abilities after mechanical damage has important technological and scientific implications, particularly in regard to the durability and life cycle of rubber products. The interest in self-healing materials for automotive applications is rapidly growing along with the increasing importance of vehicle scratch quality and quantity. The creation of a reversible network by noncovalent ionic cross-linking in elastomer/rubber blends is an effective approach to generate the self-healing phenomenon, with reprocessing and recycling properties. In this work, thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) were prepared using ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) polymers and high-acid-containing thermoplastic ionomers. Along with the general EPDM, maleic anhydride grafted EPDM (EPDM-g-MAH) was also used for the preparation of the TPVs. The strategy was based on a simple ionic crosslinking reaction between the carboxyl groups present in the ionomer and zinc oxide (ZnO), where the formation of reversible Zn2+ salt bondings exhibits the self-healing behavior. The heterogeneous blending of EPDM and ionomers was also used to investigate the thermal and mechanical properties of the TPVs. The experimental findings were further supported by the surface morphology of the fracture surfaces viewed using microscopy. The self-healing behavior of the TPVs has been identified by scratch resistance testing, where the EPDM-g-MAH TPVs showed excellent healing efficiency of the scratch surface. Therefore, this work provides an efficient approach to fabricate new ionically cross-linked thermoplastic vulcanizates with excellent mechanical and self-repairing properties for the skins of automotive interior door trims and instrument panel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seok Jin
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, ReCAPT, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (W.S.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Pranabesh Sahu
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, ReCAPT, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (W.S.J.); (P.S.)
| | - Sung Min Park
- With Advanced Passion & System, WAPS Co., Ltd., 8F, 45, Centum dong-ro, Haeundae-gu, Busan 48059, Korea;
| | - Jun Ha Jeon
- Industrial Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, 152, Danggamseo-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47154, Korea;
| | - Nam Il Kim
- Energy Materials R&D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan 31214, Korea; (N.I.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jae Hyeon Lee
- Energy Materials R&D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan 31214, Korea; (N.I.K.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jeong Seok Oh
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, ReCAPT, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (W.S.J.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-055-772-1658
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13
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Recent Advances in Development of Waste-Based Polymer Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051050. [PMID: 35267873 PMCID: PMC8914771 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited petroleum sources, suitable law regulations, and higher awareness within society has caused sustainable development of manufacturing and recycling of polymer blends and composites to be gaining increasing attention. This work aims to report recent advances in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly and low-cost polymer materials based on post-production and post-consumer wastes. Sustainable development of three groups of materials: wood polymer composites, polyurethane foams, and rubber recycling products were comprehensively described. Special attention was focused on examples of industrially applicable technologies developed in Poland over the last five years. Moreover, current trends and limitations in the future “green” development of waste-based polymer materials were also discussed.
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14
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Dabic-Miletic S, Simic V, Karagoz S. End-of-life tire management: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68053-68070. [PMID: 34655030 PMCID: PMC8519332 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and social awareness are the key elements of the sustainable tire industry. End-of-life tire (ELT) waste flow is an important environmental problem worldwide since it produces severe air, water, and soil pollution issues. Significant advancements have been made in ELT management in the last few years. As a result, ELTs should not only be regarded as waste but also as a source of environmentally friendly materials. Besides, sound ELT management has vital importance for circular economy and sustainable development. Over the last decade, ELT management has attracted many researchers and practitioners. Unfortunately, a comprehensive review of the ELT management area is still missing. This study presents the first critical review of the whole ELT management area. It aims to present an extensive content analysis overview of state-of-the-art research, provide its critical analysis, highlight major gaps, and propose the most significant research directions. A total of 151 peer-reviewed studies published in the journals between 2010-2020 are collected, analyzed, categorized, and critically reviewed. This review study redounds comprehensive insights, a valuable source of references, and major opportunities for researchers and practitioners interested in not only ELT material flow but also the whole waste management area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Dabic-Miletic
- Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 305, Belgrade, 11010 Serbia
| | - Vladimir Simic
- Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 305, Belgrade, 11010 Serbia
| | - Selman Karagoz
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham Business School, 50 Shakespeare St, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
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15
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Minireview on Self-Healing Polymers: Versatility, Application, and Prospects. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/7848088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature is blessed with self-healing properties. Mimicking nature is a traditional practice to innovate new classes of materials for researchers. In this practice, researchers made a revolutionary approach to innovate self-healing polymer (SHP) that can be used to treat damage-related losses. Different SHPs with various properties have been developed for a wide range of applications. SHPs unlocked the key to the taste of real life through their application and versatility in the sectors close to our day-by-day life of this age and the near future. In this study, we reviewed the scopes and prospects of the application of SHPs owing to different properties. Varieties of amazing properties made SHPs fit in different sectors such as construction, paint and coat, electronics, healthcare, textile, and automotive and aerospace. Similarly, due to having suitable functionality, SHPs can also be used in different industries. Therefore, it is high time to generalize the production of SHPs by suitable research and make sure the easy application for the welfare of human civilization and other living creatures.
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16
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Roy K, Debnath SC, Pongwisuthiruchte A, Potiyaraj P. Recent advances of natural fibers based green rubber composites: Properties, current status, and future perspectives. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumarjyoti Roy
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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17
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Aziz SAA, Mazlan SA, Ubaidillah U, Mohamad N, Sedlacik M, Nordin NA, Nazmi N. Loss Factor Behavior of Thermally Aged Magnetorheological Elastomers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4874. [PMID: 34500964 PMCID: PMC8432649 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer composites have been widely used as damping materials in various applications due to the ability of reducing the vibrations. However, the environmental and surrounding thermal exposure towards polymer composites have affected their mechanical properties and lifecycle. Therefore, this paper presents the effect of material-temperature dependence on the loss factor and phase shift angle characteristics. Two types of unageing and aging silicone-rubber-based magnetorheological elastomer (SR-MRE) with different concentrations of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), 30 and 60 wt%, are utilized in this study. The morphological, magnetic, and rheological properties related to the loss factor and phase shift angle are characterized using a low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer and rheometer, respectively. The morphological analysis of SR-MRE consisting of 30 wt% CIPs revealed a smoother surface area when compared to 60 wt% CIPs after thermal aging due to the improvement of CIPs dispersion in the presence of heat. Nevertheless, the rheological analysis demonstrated inimitable rheological properties due to different in-rubber structures, shear deformation condition, as well as the influence of magnetic field. No significant changes of loss factor occurred at a low CIPs concentration, whilst the loss factor increased at a higher CIPs concentration. On that basis, it has been determined that the proposed changes of the polymer chain network due to the long-term temperature exposure of different concentrations of CIPs might explain the unique rheological properties of the unaged and aged SR-MRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.A.A.A.); (S.A.M.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Saiful Amri Mazlan
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.A.A.A.); (S.A.M.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Ubaidillah Ubaidillah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia;
| | - Norzilawati Mohamad
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Michal Sedlacik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida T. Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic;
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavrečkova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Nur Azmah Nordin
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.A.A.A.); (S.A.M.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Nurhazimah Nazmi
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (S.A.A.A.); (S.A.M.); (N.A.N.); (N.N.)
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18
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Xiong J, Gong Z, Ding J, Chen Y. A conductive rubber with self‐healing ability enabled by metal‐ligand coordination. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Xiong
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Zhou Gong
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jianping Ding
- College of Material Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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19
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Araujo-Morera J, Verdejo R, López-Manchado MA, Hernández Santana M. Sustainable mobility: The route of tires through the circular economy model. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:309-322. [PMID: 33794443 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Until nowadays, the concept of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) has tried to develop responsible consumption habits. Nonetheless, the rise of ecological thinking has generated the appearance of four new Rs in addition to these basic 3Rs; the currently 7Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Redesign, Renew, Repair and Recover) which refer to the actions necessary to achieve the change towards a circular economy (CE) model. This model aims at extending the lifetime of the resources through their rational and efficient use to generate value repeatedly, reducing costs and waste. In this review, we examine the route followed by tires from the CE perspective, analyzing end-of-life strategies that aim to improve the circular flow of tire rubber materials. We discuss the most relevant studies on the "7Rs" concepts applied to tires, comparing different scientific approaches, as well as their industrial and commercial implementation. We also illustrate the drawbacks and feasibility of each of the R-hierarchy strategies. From the early stages of production to the post-consumption step, the path that tires trail within this CE model evidences the commitment and efforts towards the development of effective management schemes for achieving a real sustainable mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Araujo-Morera
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid 28006, Spain.
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20
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Roy K, Debnath SC, Pongwisuthiruchte A, Potiyaraj P. Review on the Conceptual Design of Self-Healable Nitrile Rubber Composites. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:9975-9981. [PMID: 34056152 PMCID: PMC8153368 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The search for suitable strategies to manufacture self-healable nitrile rubber (NBR) composites is the most promising part in the industrial field of polar rubber research. In recent years, some important strategies, specifically, metal-ligand coordination bond formation, ionic bond formation, and dynamic hydrogen bond formation, have been utilized to develop duly self-healable NBR composites. This paper reviews the continuous advancement in the research field related to self-healable NBR composites by considering healing strategies and healing conditions. Special attention is given to understand the healing mechanism in reversibly cross-linked NBR systems. The healing efficiency of a cross-linked NBR network is usually dependent on the definite interaction between functional groups of NBR and a cross-linking agent. Finally, the results obtained from successful studies suggest that self-healing technology has incredible potential to increase the sustainability and lifetime of NBR-based rubber products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarjyoti Roy
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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21
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On the Use of Mechano-Chemically Modified Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) as Recycled and Sustainable Filler in Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The management of end-of-life tires (ELTs) is one of the main environmental issues that society faces nowadays. Recycling of ELTs appears as one feasible option for tackling the problem, although their incorporation as ground tire rubber (GTR) in other rubber matrices is limited due to poor compatibility. In this research, we report a successful combination of a cryo-grinding process with a chemical treatment for modifying the surface of GTR. Various cryo-grinding protocols were studied until a particle size of 100–150 µm was achieved. Chemical treatments with different acids were also analyzed, resulting in the optimal modification with sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Modified GTR was added to a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix. The incorporation of 10 phr of this filler resulted in a composite with improved mechanical performance, with increments of 115% and 761% in tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively. These results validate the use of a recycled material from tire waste as sustainable filler in rubber composites.
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22
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Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Silica/Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates with Eco-Friendly Ionic Liquid. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112763. [PMID: 33238571 PMCID: PMC7700482 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we designed greener rubber nanocomposites exhibiting high crosslinking density, and excellent mechanical and thermal properties, with a potential application in technical fields including high-strength and heat-resistance products. Herein 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]OAc) ionic liquid was combined with silane coupling agent to formulate the nanocomposites. The impact of [EMIM]OAc on silica dispersion in a nitrile rubber (NBR) matrix was investigated by a transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The combined use of the ionic liquid and silane in an NBR/silica system facilitates the homogeneous dispersion of the silica volume fraction (φ) from 0.041 to 0.177 and enhances crosslinking density of the matrix up to three-fold in comparison with neat NBR, and also it is beneficial for solving the risks of alcohol emission and ignition during the rubber manufacturing. The introduction of ionic liquid greatly improves the mechanical strength (9.7 MPa) with respect to neat NBR vulcanizate, especially at high temperatures e.g., 100 °C. Furthermore, it impacts on rheological behaviors of the nanocomposites and tends to reduce energy dissipation for the vulcanizates under large amplitude dynamic shear deformation.
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23
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Sattar MA, Patnaik A. Design Principles of Interfacial Dynamic Bonds in Self‐Healing Materials: What are the Parameters? Chem Asian J 2020; 15:4215-4240. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
- R&D Centre MRF Limited Chennai 600019 India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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24
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Utrera-Barrios S, Araujo-Morera J, Pulido de Los Reyes L, Verdugo Manzanares R, Verdejo R, López-Manchado MÁ, Hernández Santana M. An effective and sustainable approach for achieving self-healing in nitrile rubber. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Sattar M, Patnaik A. Role of Interface Structure and Chain Dynamics on the Diverging Glass Transition Behavior of SSBR-SiO 2-PIL Elastomers. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21191-21202. [PMID: 32875255 PMCID: PMC7450647 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions between the constituents of a polymer nanocomposite at the polymer-particle interface strongly affect the segmental mobility of polymer chains, correlated with their glass transition behavior, and are responsible for the improved dynamical viscoelastic properties. In this work, we emphasized on the evolution of characteristic interfaces and their dynamics in silica (SiO2 NP)-reinforced, solution-polymerized, styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) composites, whose relative prevalence varied with the phosphonium ionic liquid (PIL) volume fraction, used as an interfacial modifier. The molecular origins of such interfaces were examined through systematic dielectric spectroscopy, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and dynamic-mechanical analyses. The PIL facilitated H-bonding, cation-π, surface-phenyl, and van der Waals interfacial interactions between SSBR and SiO2 NP, thereby regulating the polymer chain dynamics, orientation, and mean-square displacement. Specifically, the mass density profiles from MD simulations revealed the dynamic gradient of polymer chains in the interfacial region as a function of radial distance from the center of mass of the SiO2 NP surface. The results showed a structuring effect to result in well-resolved density peaks at specific radial distances with the tangential orientation of styrene monomers in the vicinity of the SiO2 NP surface. These domino effects highlighted strong interfacial interactions to have an indispensable effect on the viscoelastic performance and thermal motion of SSBR molecular chains, leading to a higher glass transition temperature (T g) by ∼15 K, validating the experimental data. More importantly, our results gave new insights into the fundamental understanding of the fact that the strength of intermolecular interactions induced by PIL at the polymer-particle interface is the key to control the α-relaxation dynamics and T g optimization, desired for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
Abdul Sattar
- Colloid
and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai600036, India
- R&D
Centre, MRF Limited, MRF Road, Tiruvottiyur, Chennai 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid
and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai600036, India
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26
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Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.
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27
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Tobajas R, Elduque D, Ibarz E, Javierre C, Gracia L. A New Multiparameter Model for Multiaxial Fatigue Life Prediction of Rubber Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051194. [PMID: 32456238 PMCID: PMC7285379 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the mechanical components manufactured in rubber materials experience fluctuating loads, which cause material fatigue, significantly reducing their life. Different models have been used to approach this problem. However, most of them just provide life prediction only valid for each of the specific studied material and type of specimen used for the experimental testing. This work focuses on the development of a new generalized model of multiaxial fatigue for rubber materials, introducing a multiparameter variable to improve fatigue life prediction by considering simultaneously relevant information concerning stresses, strains, and strain energies. The model is verified through its correlation with several published fatigue tests for different rubber materials. The proposed model has been compared with more than 20 different parameters used in the specialized literature, calculating the value of the R2 coefficient by comparing the predicted values of every model, with the experimental ones. The obtained results show a significant improvement in the fatigue life prediction. The proposed model does not aim to be a universal and definitive approach for elastomer fatigue, but it provides a reliable general tool that can be used for processing data obtained from experimental tests carried out under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tobajas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 34-876555211
| | - Daniel Elduque
- i+aitiip, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.E.); (C.J.)
| | - Elena Ibarz
- i3A, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.I.); (L.G.)
| | - Carlos Javierre
- i+aitiip, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (D.E.); (C.J.)
| | - Luis Gracia
- i3A, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.I.); (L.G.)
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