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Parveen N, Naik SVCS, Vanapalli KR, Sharma HB. Bioplastic packaging in circular economy: A systems-based policy approach for multi-sectoral challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173893. [PMID: 38889821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics have long been publicized as a sustainable plastic packaging alternative; however, their widespread industrialization is still embryonic due to complex challenges spanning multiple sectors. This review critically analyses the bioplastic lifecycle and provides a holistic evaluation of both the opportunities and potential trade-offs along their value chain. Their lifecycle is divided into three sectors: 1) resources, extraction, and manufacturing, 2) product consumption which discusses availability, consumer perception, and marketing strategies, and 3) end-of-life (EoL) management which includes segregation, recycling, and disposal. In the production phase, the primary challenges include selection of suitable raw feedstocks and addressing the techno-economic constraints of manufacturing processes. To tackle these challenges, it is recommended to source sustainable feedstocks from innovative, renewable, and waste materials, adopt green synthesis mechanisms, and optimize processes for improved efficiency. The consumption phase encompasses challenges related to market availability, cost competitiveness, and consumer perception of bioplastics. Localizing feedstock sourcing and production, leveraging the economics of scale, and promoting market demand for recycled bioplastics can positively influence the market dynamics. Additionally, dispelling misconceptions about degradability through proper labeling, and employing innovative marketing strategies to enhance consumer perception of the mechanical performance and quality of bioplastics is crucial. During the EoL management phase, major challenges include inadequate awareness, inefficient segregation protocols, and bioplastics with diverse properties that are incompatible with existing waste management infrastructure. Implementing a standardized labeling system with clear representation of suitable EoL techniques and integrating sensors and machine learning-based sorting technologies will improve segregation efficiency. Further, establishing interconnected recycling streams that clearly define the EoL pathways for different bioplastics is essential to ensure circular waste management systems. Finally, designing a comprehensive systems-based policy framework that incorporates technical, economic, environmental, and social drivers is recommended to promote bioplastics as a viable circular packaging solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseeba Parveen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl 796012, India
| | - S V Chinna Swami Naik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Kumar Raja Vanapalli
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl 796012, India.
| | - Hari Bhakta Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Rangpo, Sikkim 737136, India
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2
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Ayan U, Nouranian S, Majdoub M, Al-Ostaz A, Ucak-Astarlioglu MG, Villacorta BS. Supertoughened Polylactic Acid/Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Blends Compatibilized with Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate-Glycidyl Methacrylate: Morphology and Mechanical Properties by the Response Surface Methodology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26833-26848. [PMID: 38742590 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Optimized extrusion melt-blending of polylactic acid (PLA) polymer with a minor biopolymeric phase, polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), and compatibilized with random ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA-GMA, Trademark: Lotader AX-8900) led to an outstanding improvement in mechanical properties. At the noncompatibilized PLA-PBAT (80-20) blend point, significant enhancement (∼4500%) in toughness and elongation-at-break was already obtained without compromising any elastic properties. The effect of the compatibilizer content on the mechanical properties of the PLA-PBAT (80-20) blend was investigated by an optimal custom response surface methodology. Thus, 2 wt % Lotader content was determined to be optimal by a numerical optimization methodology with a desirability value, D, of 0.882 to maximize toughness and elongation-at-break. The compatibilization and thermal behavior of the Lotader-modified blends were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Upon adding the compatibilizer, the original phase-separated morphology of the blends changed from PBAT quasi-spherical domains to nearly elongated elliptical ones. It was also found that the interfacial boundary line of the domains faded away, which revealed that interfacial compatibility was achieved. The thermostability of the blends remained largely unaltered following the incorporation of PBAT and Lotader. Moreover, while PBAT exhibited a minor influence on the crystallinity of PLA, Lotader had no discernible impact on crystallinity, as evidenced by the DSC thermograms. Thus, the compatibilizer at the optimal point in the optimized blend ratio led to the formation of a phase-separated morphology that combined internal cavitation, interfacial cavitation, and strong adhesion features at the right proportions in the microstructure which underlies the micromechanisms driving the remarkable enhancement of as much as 7100% in toughness and ductility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsab Ayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Sasan Nouranian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Mohammed Majdoub
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ahmed Al-Ostaz
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Mine G Ucak-Astarlioglu
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, United States
| | - Byron S Villacorta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Centre for Advanced Material Processing and Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
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Venkatesan R, Alagumalai K, Vetcher AA, Al-Asbahi BA, Kim SC. Eco-Friendly Poly (Butylene Adipate- co-Terephthalate) Coated Bi-Layered Films: An Approach to Enhance Mechanical and Barrier Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1283. [PMID: 38732752 PMCID: PMC11085390 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research work, a coated paper was prepared with poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) film to explore its use in eco-friendly food packaging. The paper was coated with PBAT film for packaging using hot pressing, a production method currently employed in the packaging industry. The coated papers were evaluated for their structural, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. The structural morphology and chemical analysis of the coated paper confirmed the consistent formation of PBAT bi-layered on paper surfaces. Surface coating with PBAT film increased the water resistance of the paper samples, as demonstrated by tests of barrier characteristics, including the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), oxygen transmission rate (OTR), and water contact angle (WCA) of water drops. The transmission rate of the clean paper was 2010.40 cc m-2 per 24 h for OTR and 110.24 g m-2 per 24 h for WVTR. If the PBAT-film was coated, the value decreased to 91.79 g m-2 per 24 h and 992.86 cc m-2 per 24 h. The hydrophobic nature of PBAT, confirmed by WCA measurements, contributed to the enhanced water resistance of PBAT-coated paper. This result presents an improved PBAT-coated paper material, eliminating the need for adhesives and allowing for the fabrication of bi-layered packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Venkatesan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Krishnapandi Alagumalai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Alexandre A. Vetcher
- Institute of Biochemical Technology and Nanotechnology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia n.a. P. Lumumba (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Bandar Ali Al-Asbahi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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Barbato A, Apicella A, Malvano F, Scarfato P, Incarnato L. High-Barrier, Biodegradable Films with Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polylactic Acid + Wax Double Coatings: Influence of Relative Humidity on Transport Properties and Suitability for Modified Atmosphere Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4002. [PMID: 37836051 PMCID: PMC10575146 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) exhibits outstanding gas-barrier properties, which favor its use as a biodegradable, high-barrier coating on food-packaging films, possibly in combination with modified atmospheres. Nonetheless, its high sensitivity to water can result in a severe loss of barrier properties, significantly limiting its applications with fresh foods and in high-humidity conditions. In this work, the water vapor (PWV) and oxygen permeability (PO2) of high-barrier biodegradable films with PVOH/PLA + wax double coatings were extensively characterized in a wide range of relative humidity (from 30 to 90%), aimed at understanding the extent of the interaction of water with the wax and the polymer matrices and the impact of this on the permeation process. What is more, a mathematical model was applied to the PWV data set in order to assess its potential to predict the permeability of the multilayer films by varying storage/working relative humidity (RH) conditions. The carbon dioxide permeability (PCO2) of the films was further evaluated, and the corresponding permselectivity values were calculated. The study was finally augmented through modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) tests, which were carried out on double-coated films loaded with 0 and 5% wax, and UV-Vis analyses. The results pointed out the efficacy of the PLA + wax coating layer in hampering the permeation of water molecules, thus reducing PVOH swelling, as well as the UV-shielding ability of the multilayer structures. Moreover, the MAP tests underlined the suitability of the double-coated films for being used as a sustainable alternative for the preservation of foods under modified atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalisa Apicella
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.M.); (P.S.); (L.I.)
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Kumar R, Sadeghi K, Jang J, Seo J. Mechanical, chemical, and bio-recycling of biodegradable plastics: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163446. [PMID: 37075991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastics for various applications has led to global concerns regarding the severe environmental issues associated with them. However, biodegradable plastics are emerging as green alternatives to petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable plastics, which include bio-based and petroleum-based biodegradable polymers, exhibit advantageous properties such as renewability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Furthermore, certain biodegradable plastics are compatible with existing recycling streams intended for conventional plastics and are biodegradable in controlled and/or predicted environments. Recycling biodegradable plastics before their end-of-life (EOL) degradation further enhances their sustainability and reduces their carbon footprint. Since the production of biodegradable plastic is increasing and these materials will coexist with conventional plastics for many years to come, it is essential to identify the optimal recycling options for each of the most prevalent biodegradable plastics. The substitution of virgin biodegradable plastics by their recyclates leads to higher savings in the primary energy demand and reduces global warming impact. This review covers the current state of the mechanical, chemical, and bio-recycling of post-industrial and post-consumer waste of biodegradable plastics and their related composites. The effects of recycling on the chemical structure and thermomechanical properties of biodegradable plastics are also reported. Additionally, the improvement of biodegradable plastics by blending them with other polymers and nanoparticles is comprehensively discussed. Finally, the status of bioplastic usage, life cycle assessment, EOL management, bioplastic market, and the challenges associated with the recyclability of biodegradable plastics are addressed. This review gives comprehensive insights into the recycling processes that may be employed for the recycling of biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Jang
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Jongchul Seo
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea.
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Chung HY, Hong JS, Ahn KH. Rheological and mechanical behavior of non‐spherical poly(lactic acid) particles embedded poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Chung
- Institute of Chemical Processes School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Joung Sook Hong
- Institute of Chemical Processes School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Ahn
- Institute of Chemical Processes School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
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Suttiat K, Wattanutchariya W, Manaspon C. Preparation and Characterization of Porous Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) Scaffold with Polydopamine-Assisted Biomineralization for Bone Regeneration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7756. [PMID: 36363351 PMCID: PMC9658926 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of scaffolds that simultaneously provide porous architectures and osteogenic properties is the major challenge in tissue engineering. Herein, a scaffold with high porosity and well interconnected networks, namely poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT), was fabricated using the gas foaming/ammonium bicarbonate particulate leaching technique. Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA)-assisted biomineralization generated by two-step simple soaking in dopamine solution and 10× SBF-like solution was performed to improve the material's osteogenicity. Highly porous scaffolds available in less organized opened cell structures with diameters ranging from 10 µm to 100 µm and 200 µm to 500 µm were successfully prepared. The well interconnected porous architectures were observed through the whole thickness of the scaffold. The even deposition of the organic-inorganic bioactive mineralized layer composed of PDA and nano-scale hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals on the scaffold surface was evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The developed scaffold exhibited high total porosity (84.17 ± 1.29%), a lower surface contact angle (θ = 45.7 ± 5.9°), lower material degradation rate (7.63 ± 2.56%), and a high level of material biocompatibility. The MTT assay and Alizarin Red S staining (ARS) confirmed its osteogenic enhancement property toward human osteoblast-like cells (MG-63). These results clarified that the developed porous PLA/PBAT scaffold with PDA-assisted biomineralization exhibited good potential for application as a biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration and hard tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kullapop Suttiat
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wassanai Wattanutchariya
- Advanced Manufacturing and Management Technology Research Center, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chawan Manaspon
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Use of Hazelnut Perisperm as an Antioxidant for Production of Sustainable Biodegradable Active Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194156. [PMID: 36236104 PMCID: PMC9573622 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of food-waste-derived bioactive compounds with biodegradable polymers is an attractive strategy leading innovation in the food packaging sector and contributing to reduce the environmental concerns of plastic packaging disposal. In this field, this work is aimed to use hazelnut perisperm as an antioxidant agent in the production of biodegradable polymeric films for active packaging applications. For this purpose, hazelnut perisperm of a selected particle size (<250 μm) at different percentages (0%, 5% and 10% by weight) was added to a bioderived and compostable polymer suitable for food contact, known as Ecovio®. The blends were produced by a twin-screw extrusion process, while active films were prepared with a pilot lab-scale film blowing plant. The films were characterized in terms of physical−mechanical properties (thermal, tensile, oxygen barrier, optical, sealing ability) and antioxidant activity (DPPH), to investigate their potential use as active packaging. The results showed that the presence of the hazelnut perisperm confers significant antioxidant activity to the films, which is useful in counteracting lipid oxidation and preserve the quality of lipophilic foods, e.g., nut-dried fruits. An extension of the sealability temperature range of the films without compromising their strength was also highlighted. Moreover, the hazelnut perisperm causes a gradual decrease in the stiffness and mechanical strength of the films and an increase in the ductility of the system.
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Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion and Thermomechanical Properties of PLA Based Composites with Wheat/Rice Bran. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163389. [PMID: 36015647 PMCID: PMC9413742 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to enhance the use of agricultural byproducts for the production of bio-composites by melt extrusion. It is well known that in the production of such bio-composites, the weak point is the filler-matrix interface, for this reason the adhesion between a polylactic acid (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate)(PBSA) blend and rice and wheat bran platelets was enhanced by a treatment method applied on the fillers using a suitable beeswax. Moreover, the coupling action of beeswax and inorganic fillers (such as talc and calcium carbonate) were investigated to improve the thermo-mechanical properties of the final composites. Through rheological (MFI), morphological (SEM), thermal (TGA, DSC), mechanical (Tensile, Impact), thermomechanical (HDT) characterizations and the application of analytical models, the optimum among the tested formulations was then selected.
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Pietrosanto A, Leneveu-Jenvrin C, Incarnato L, Scarfato P, Remize F. Antimicrobial, sealable and biodegradable packaging to maintain the quality of shredded carrots and pineapple juice during storage. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:3139-3149. [PMID: 35872716 PMCID: PMC9304463 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing consumer demand for foods with high nutritional quality, prolonged shelf life and low environmental impact of the package, is driving innovation towards the development of new packaging. Multifunctional food packaging films, biodegradable, heat-sealable and antimicrobial, were developed. A PLA coating layer incorporating either sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, or a combination of them was deposited onto a poly(lactic) acid/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) substrate film. The effectiveness of the developed systems to preserve the quality of foods was tested in shelf-life experiments performed on shredded carrots and pineapple juice, selected as model processed raw foods. The best performance was observed for the active film containing potassium sorbate: microbial populations increased less rapidly and were 0.7-1.8 log CFU/g lower at the end of storage period in this film than in control packs. Of the two model foods, the pineapple juice was better preserved: after 7 days in active packaging, color change and microbial counts of juice were below that of control, observed after one day and after 3 days of storage respectively. Moreover, the incorporation of the active phases did not significantly affect the mechanical, barrier and optical properties of the films, opening new ways to prolong shelf-life of minimally processed foods. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05435-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pietrosanto
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Charlène Leneveu-Jenvrin
- QualiSud, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d’Avignon, Université de La Réunion, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR QualiSud, 7 chemin de l’Irat, 97410 Saint Pierre, Réunion France
- Present Address: ADIV, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo I, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA Italy
| | - Fabienne Remize
- QualiSud, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Université d’Avignon, Université de La Réunion, 34398 Montpellier, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR QualiSud, 7 chemin de l’Irat, 97410 Saint Pierre, Réunion France
- Present Address: SPO, Univ Montpellier, Univ La Réunion, INRAE, Institut Agro, 2 place Viala, Montpellier, France
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Development of Novel Blown Shrink Films from Poly(Lactide)/Poly(Butylene-Adipate-co-Terephthalate) Blends for Sustainable Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142759. [PMID: 35890535 PMCID: PMC9320133 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shrinkable films, largely made of polyolefins and widely employed in the packaging sector as collation or barrier films, due to their short service life, are held responsible for high environmental impact. One possible strategy for reduction in their carbon footprint can be the use of biodegradable polymers. Thus, this work aimed to develop novel, heat-shrinkable, fully biodegradable films for green packaging applications and to analyze their functional performance. Films were obtained from blends of amorphous polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) at different mass ratios and compatibilized with a chain extender. They were produced by means of a lab-scale film blowing extrusion apparatus and characterized in terms of physical–mechanical properties and shrinkability. The influence of the processing parameters during the extrusion blowing process on the films’ behavior was investigated, highlighting the effects of blend composition and stretching drawing conditions. Shrinkage tests demonstrated that the produced films have shrinkability values in the typical range of mono-oriented films (ca. 60–80% in machine direction and ca. 10–20% in transverse direction). Moreover, the shrinkage in machine direction increases both with the mass flow rate, the take-up ratio to blow-up ratio and the bubble cooling of the film blowing process, and with the PLA content into the blend. In particular, films at higher PLA content also exhibit higher transparency and stiffness.
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Process-Induced Morphology of Poly(Butylene Adipate Terephthalate)/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blown Extrusion Films Modified with Chain-Extending Cross-Linkers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101939. [PMID: 35631822 PMCID: PMC9144630 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Process-induced changes in the morphology of biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA) blends modified with various multifunctional chain-extending cross-linkers (CECLs) are presented. The morphology of unmodified and modified films produced with blown film extrusion is examined in an extrusion direction (ED) and a transverse direction (TD). While FTIR analysis showed only small peak shifts indicating that the CECLs modify the molecular weight of the PBAT/PLA blend, SEM investigations of the fracture surfaces of blown extrusion films revealed their significant effect on the morphology formed during the processing. Due to the combined shear and elongation deformation during blown film extrusion, rather spherical PLA islands were partly transformed into long fibrils, which tended to decay to chains of elliptical islands if cooled slowly. The CECL introduction into the blend changed the thickness of the PLA fibrils, modified the interface adhesion, and altered the deformation behavior of the PBAT matrix from brittle to ductile. The results proved that CECLs react selectively with PBAT, PLA, and their interface. Furthermore, the reactions of CECLs with PBAT/PLA induced by the processing depended on the deformation directions (ED and TD), thus resulting in further non-uniformities of blown extrusion films.
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Mechanical properties, thermal behavior, miscibility and light stability of the poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly(propylene carbonate)/polylactide mulch films. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Improvement of the PLA Crystallinity and Heat Distortion Temperature Optimizing the Content of Nucleating Agents and the Injection Molding Cycle Time. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050977. [PMID: 35267797 PMCID: PMC8912521 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different commercial nucleating agents (LAK, talc, and calcium carbonate) were added at different weight percentages into poly (lactic acid) (PLA) in order to investigate the mechanical and thermo-mechanical behavior of blends in correlation to injection molding parameters. After as-sessing the best content of each nucleating agent, analyzing isothermal and non-isothermal crys-tallization, two cycle times that can be industrially adopted were selected. Crystallinity highly impacts the flexural modulus, while it improves the heat deflection temperature only when the crystallinity percentage is above 50%; nevertheless, an excessive crystallinity content leads to a decrement of impact resistance. LAK does not appear to be sensitive to cycle time while talc and calcium carbonate proved to be effective if a cycle time of 60 s is adopted. Since the choice of nu-cleating agent is not univocal, the identification of the best nucleating agents is subject to the technical specifications required by the application, accotuing for the most important commercial requirements (productivity, temperature, and impact resistance).
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Effect of PVOH/PLA + Wax Coatings on Physical and Functional Properties of Biodegradable Food Packaging Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050935. [PMID: 35267757 PMCID: PMC8912708 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers suffer from inherent performance limitations that severely limit their practical application. Their functionalization by coating technology is a promising strategy to significantly improve their physical properties for food packaging. In this study, we investigated the double coating technique to produce multifunctional, high barrier and heat-sealable biodegradable films. The systems consisted of a web layer, made of poly(lactide) (PLA) and poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), which was first coated with a poly(vinyl) alcohol based layer, providing high barrier, and then with a second layer of PLA + ethylene-bis-stereamide (EBS) wax (from 0 to 20%), to provide sealability and improve moisture resistance. The films were fully characterized in terms of chemical, thermal, morphological, surface and functional properties. The deposition of the PVOH coating alone, with a thickness of 5 μm, led to a decrease in the oxygen transmission rate from 2200 cm3/m2 d bar, for the neat substrate (thickness of 22 μm), to 8.14 cm3/m2 d bar (thickness of 27 μm). The deposition of the second PLA layer did not affect the barrier properties but provided heat sealability, with a maximum bonding strength equal to 6.53 N/25 mm. The EBS wax incorporation into the PLA slightly increased the surface hydrophobicity, since the water contact angle passed from 65.4°, for the neat polylactide layer, to 71° for the 20% wax concentration. With respect to the substrate, the double-coated films exhibited increased stiffness, with an elastic modulus ca. three times higher, and a reduced elongation at break, which, however still remained above 75%. Overall, the developed double-coated films exhibited performances comparable to those of the most common synthetic polymer films used in the packaging industry, underlining their suitability for the packaging of sensitive foods with high O2-barrier requirements.
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YousefniaPasha H, Mohtasebi SS, Tabatabaeekoloor R, Taherimehr M, Javadi A, Soltani Firouz M. Preparation and characterization of the plasticized polylactic acid films produced by the solvent‐casting method for food packaging applications. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan YousefniaPasha
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology University of Tehran Karaj Iran
| | - Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology University of Tehran Karaj Iran
| | - Reza Tabatabaeekoloor
- Department of Biosystem Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Sari Iran
| | - Masoumeh Taherimehr
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Basic Sciences Noshirvani University of Technology Babol Iran
| | - Azizeh Javadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering Faculty of Polymer and Color Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoud Soltani Firouz
- Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology University of Tehran Karaj Iran
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17
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Cossa MDAV, Bilck AP, Yamashita F, Mitterer‐Daltoé ML. Biodegradable packaging as a suitable protectant for the conservation of frozen pacu (
Piaractus mesopotamicus
) for 360 days of storage at −18°C. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Song L, Li Y, Meng X, Wang T, Shi Y, Wang Y, Shi S, Liu LZ. Crystallization, Structure and Significantly Improved Mechanical Properties of PLA/PPC Blends Compatibilized with PLA-PPC Copolymers Produced by Reactions Initiated with TBT or TDI. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193245. [PMID: 34641060 PMCID: PMC8512864 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-Poly (propylene carbonate) (PPC) block copolymer compatibilizers are produced in incompatible 70wt%PLA/PPC blend by initiating transesterification with addition of 1% of tetra butyl titanate (TBT) or by chain extension with addition of 2% of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI). The above blends can have much better mechanical properties than the blend without TBT and TDI. The elongation at break is dramatically larger (114% with 2% of TDI and 60% with 1% of TBT) than the blend without TDI and TBT, with a slightly lower mechanical strength. A small fraction of the copolymer is likely formed in the PLA/PPC blend with addition of TBT, and a significant amount of the copolymer can be made with addition of TDI. The copolymer produced with TDI has PPC as a major content (~70 wt%) and forms a miscible interphase with its own Tg. The crystallinity of the blend with TDI is significantly lower than the blend without TDI, as the PLA blocks of the copolymer in the interphase is hardly to crystallize. The average molecular weight increases significantly with addition of TDI, likely compensating the lower mechanical strength due to lower crystallinity. Material degradation can occur with addition of TBT, but it is very limited with 1% of TBT. However, compared with the blends without TBT, the PLA crystallinity of the blend with 1%TBT increases sharply during the cooling process, which likely compensates the loss of mechanical strength due to the slightly material degradation. The added TDI does not have any significant impact on PLA lamellar packing, but the addition of TBT can make PLA lamellar packing much less ordered, presumably resulted from much smaller PPC domains formed in the blend due to better compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Song
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (L.S.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (T.W.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- Shenyang Advanced Coating Material Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110326, China;
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yongchao Li
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (L.S.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (T.W.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (L.S.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (T.W.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (L.S.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (T.W.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (L.S.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (T.W.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuanxia Wang
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (L.S.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (T.W.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shengnan Shi
- Shenyang Advanced Coating Material Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110326, China;
| | - Li-Zhi Liu
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (L.S.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (T.W.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Dispersion of Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) in Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) from Lab-Scale to Semi-Industrial Processing Using Biobased Plasticizers as Dispersing Aids. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, two commercial typologies of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) (Exilva and Celish) with 2% wt % were firstly melt-compounded at the laboratory scale into polylactic acid (PLA) by a microcompounder. To reach an MFC proper dispersion and avoid the well-known aglomeration problems, the use of two kinds of biobased plasticisers (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and lactic acid oligomer (OLA)) were investigated. The plasticizers had the dual effect of dispersing the MFC, and at the same time, they counterbalanced the excessive stiffness caused by the addition of MFC to the PLA matrix. Several preliminaries dilution tests, with different aqueous cellulose suspension/plasticizer weight ratios were carried out. These tests were accompanied by SEM observations and IR and mechanical tests on compression-molded films in order to select the best plasticizer content. The best formulation was then scaled up in a semi-industrial twin-screw extruder, feeding the solution by a peristaltic pump, to optimize the industrial-scale production of commercial MFC-based composites with a solvent-free method. From this study, it can be seen that the use of plasticisers as dispersing aids is a biobased and green solution that can be easily used in conventional extrusion techniques.
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20
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Co-continuous phase prediction in poly(lactic acid) /poly(caprolactone) blends from melt viscosity measurements. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.1904983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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The degradation investigation of biodegradable PLA/PBAT blend: Thermal stability, mechanical properties and PALS analysis. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Gigante V, Aliotta L, Coltelli MB, Cinelli P, Botta L, La Mantia FP, Lazzeri A. Fracture behavior and mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of biodegradable films extruded by flat die and calender. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Luigi Botta
- Department of Engineering, RU INSTM of Palermo University of Palermo Palermo Italy
| | | | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy
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23
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Development of Eco-Sustainable PBAT-Based Blown Films and Performance Analysis for Food Packaging Applications. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235395. [PMID: 33261089 PMCID: PMC7730826 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, eco-sustainable blown films with improved performance, suitable for flexible packaging applications requiring high ductility, were developed and characterized. Films were made by blending two bioplastics with complementary properties—the ductile and flexible poly(butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and the rigid and brittle poly(lactic acid) (PLA)—at a 60/40 mass ratio. With the aim of improving the blends’ performance, the effects of two types of PLA, differing for viscosity and stereoregularity, and the addition of a commercial polymer chain extender (Joncryl®), were analyzed. The use of the PLA with a viscosity ratio closer to PBAT and lower stereoregularity led to a finer morphology and better interfacial adhesion between the phases, and the addition of the chain extender further reduced the size of the dispersed phase domains, with beneficial effects on the mechanical response of the produced films. The best system composition, made by the blend of PBAT, amorphous PLA, and the compatibilizer, proved to have improved mechanical properties, with a good balance between stiffness and ductility and also good transparency and sealability, which are desirable features for flexible packaging applications.
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24
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Uncompatibilized PBAT/PLA Blends: Manufacturability, Miscibility and Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214897. [PMID: 33142823 PMCID: PMC7662590 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer blends of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and polylactide (PLA) have been drawn attention due to the application potential as packaging or agricultural films. This study aims to determine the manufacturability, miscibility and mechanical properties of uncompatibilized PBAT/PLA blends prepared using different techniques. First, PBAT and PLA are melt-blended in a wide range of ratios from 90/10 to 10/90. The compounds are then processed into pressed panels, flat films and blown films. Finally, the thermal, morphological, rheological and mechanical properties of these blends are investigated. PBAT/PLA blends have a small difference of solubility parameters, predicting theoretically good miscibility. However, they show two almost unchanged glass transition temperatures in the DSC, phase separation in SEM and two relaxation mechanisms in the Cole–Cole plot. The phase morphology varies depending on both the blend ratios and the preparation techniques. Tensile tests indicate that with increasing PLA content the elongation at break decreases. A good correlation between the elongation at break and the tear propagation resistance is found. Furthermore, the trouser tear method is proven to be more applicable to differentiate highly extensible blown films compared with the Elmendorf tear method.
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25
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Šerá J, Kadlečková M, Fayyazbakhsh A, Kučabová V, Koutný M. Occurrence and Analysis of Thermophilic Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-Degrading Microorganisms in Temperate Zone Soils. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217857. [PMID: 33113973 PMCID: PMC7660229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquity and character of thermophilic poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)-degrading microorganisms in soils were investigated and compared to the process in an industrial composting plant. PBAT degraders were sought in 41 temperate zone soils. No mesophilic degraders were found by the employed method, but roughly 102 colony-forming units (CFUs) of thermophilic degraders per gram of soil were found in nine soils, and after an enrichment procedure, the PBAT-degrading consortia were isolated from 30 out of 41 soils. Thermophilic actinomycetes, Thermobispora bispora in particular, together with bacilli proved to be the key constituents of the isolated and characterized PBAT-degrading consortia, with bacilli comprising from about 30% to over 90% of the retrieved sequences. It was also shown that only consortia containing both constituents were able to decompose PBAT. For comparison, a PBAT film together with two types of PBAT/starch films were subjected to biodegradation in compost and the degrading microorganisms were analyzed. Bacilli and actinobacteria were again the most common species identified on pure PBAT film, especially at the beginning of biodegradation. Later, the composition of the consortia on all three tested materials became very similar and more diverse. Since waste containing PBAT-based materials is often intended to end up in composting plants, this study increases our confidence that thermophilic PBAT degraders are rather broadly present in the environment and the degradation of the material during the composting process should not be limited by the absence of specific microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Šerá
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T. G. Masaryka Square 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (V.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Markéta Kadlečková
- Department of Physics and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T. G. Masaryka Square 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic;
| | - Ahmad Fayyazbakhsh
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T. G. Masaryka Square 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (V.K.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-776847-055
| | - Veronika Kučabová
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T. G. Masaryka Square 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (V.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marek Koutný
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, T. G. Masaryka Square 5555, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (J.Š.); (V.K.); (M.K.)
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26
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Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Biodegradable Poly(Butylene Sebacate- Co-terephthalate). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102389. [PMID: 33081379 PMCID: PMC7602960 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, poly(butylene sebacate-co-terephthalate) (PBSeT) was successfully synthesized using various ratios of sebacic acid (Se) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). The synthesized PBSeT showed a high molecular weight (Mw, 88,700–154,900 g/mol) and good elastomeric properties. In particular, the PBSeT64 (6:4 sebacic acid/dimethyl terephthalate mole ratio) sample showed an elongation at break value of over 1600%. However, further increasing the DMT content decreased the elongation properties but increased the tensile strength due to the inherent strength of the aromatic unit. The melting point and crystallization temperature were difficult to observe in PBSeT64, indicating that an amorphous copolyester was formed at this mole ratio. Interestingly, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) curves was shown in the cases of PBSeT46 and PBSeT64, neither the crystal peaks of PBSe nor those of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) are observed, that is, PBSeT64 showed an amorphous form with low crystallinity. The Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum showed C–H peaks at around 2900 cm−1 that reduced as the DMT ratio was increased. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed well-resolved peaks split by coupling with the sebacate and DMT moieties. These results highlight that elastomeric PBSeT with high molecular weight could be synthesized by applying DMT monomer and showed promising mechanical properties.
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Gigante V, Cinelli P, Righetti MC, Sandroni M, Tognotti L, Seggiani M, Lazzeri A. Evaluation of Mussel Shells Powder as Reinforcement for PLA-Based Biocomposites. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155364. [PMID: 32731554 PMCID: PMC7432286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biopolyesters, as polymeric matrices, and natural fillers derived from wastes or by-products of food production to achieve biocomposites is nowadays a reality. The present paper aims to valorize mussel shells, 95% made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), converting them into high-value added products. The objective of this work was to verify if CaCO3, obtained from Mediterranean Sea mussel shells, can be used as filler for a compostable matrix made of Polylactic acid (PLA) and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). Thermal, mechanical, morphological and physical properties of these biocomposites were evaluated, and the micromechanical mechanism controlling stiffness and strength was investigated by analytical predictive models. The performances of these biocomposites were comparable with those of biocomposites produced with standard calcium carbonate. Thus, the present study has proved that the utilization of a waste, such as mussel shell, can become a resource for biocomposites production, and can be an effective option for further industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Marco Sandroni
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Leonardo Tognotti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (V.G.); (M.S.); (L.T.); (M.S.); (A.L.)
- National Research Council, Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF), 56124 Pisa, Italy
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28
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Aliotta L, Vannozzi A, Panariello L, Gigante V, Coltelli MB, Lazzeri A. Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061366. [PMID: 32560520 PMCID: PMC7361961 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blend-based films containing chitin nanofibrils (CN) and calcium carbonate were prepared by extrusion and compression molding. On the basis of previous studies, processability was controlled by the use of a few percent of a commercial acrylic copolymer acting as melt strength enhancer and calcium carbonate. Furthermore, acetyl n-tributyl citrate (ATBC), a renewable and biodegradable plasticizer (notoriously adopted in PLA based products) was added to facilitate not only the processability but also to increase the mechanical flexibility and toughness. However, during the storage of these films, a partial loss of plasticizer was observed. The consequence of this is not only correlated to the change of the mechanical properties making the films more rigid but also to the crystallization and development of surficial oiliness. The effect of the addition of calcium carbonate (nanometric and micrometric) and natural nanofibers (chitin nanofibrils) to reduce/control the plasticizer migration was investigated. The prediction of plasticizer migration from the films’ core to the external surface was carried out and the diffusion coefficients, obtained by regression of the experimental migration data plotted as the square root of time, were evaluated for different blends compositions. The results of the diffusion coefficients, obtained thanks to migration tests, showed that the CN can slow the plasticizer migration. However, the best result was achieved with micrometric calcium carbonate while nanometric calcium carbonate results were less effective due to favoring of some bio polyesters’ chain scission. The use of both micrometric calcium carbonate and CN was counterproductive due to the agglomeration phenomena that were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.-B.C.)
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.A.); (M.-B.C.)
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (A.V.); (L.P.); (V.G.); (A.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Florence, Italy
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