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Dashti A, Ahmadi M. Recent Advances in Controlled Production of Long-Chain Branched Polyolefins. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300746. [PMID: 38488683 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyolefins, composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, dominate global polymer production. This stems from the wide range of physical and mechanical properties that various polyolefins can cover. Their versatile properties are largely tuned by chain microstructure, including molar mass distribution, comonomer content, and long-chain branching (LCB). Specifically, LCB imparts unique characteristics, notably enhances processability crucial for downstream applications. Tailoring LCB structural features has encouraged academic and industrial efforts, chronicle in this review from a chemistry standpoint. While encompassing post-reaction modification based traditional methods like peroxide grafting, ionizing beam irradiation, and coupling reactions, the main focus is given to catalyst-centric strategies and innovative polymerization schemes. The advent of single-site catalysts-metallocenes and late transition metals catalysts-amplifies interest in tailored chemical methods, but the progress in LCB formation flourishes via tandem catalytic systems and bimetallic catalysts under controlled reaction conditions. Specifically, the breakthrough in coordinative chain transfer polymerization unveils a novel avenue for controlled LCB synthesis by sequential chain propagation, transfer, liberation, and enchainment. This short review highlights recent approaches for the production of LCB polyolefins that can provide a roadmap crucial for researchers in academia and industry, steering their efforts toward further advancements in the production of tailored polyolefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Dashti
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ahmadi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 159163-4311, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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Engineering Polypropylene-Calcium Sulfate (Anhydrite II) Composites: The Key Role of Zinc Ionomers via Reactive Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040799. [PMID: 36850083 PMCID: PMC9959175 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most versatile polymers widely used in packaging, textiles, automotive, and electrical applications. Melt blending of PP with micro- and/or nano-fillers is a common approach for obtaining specific end-use characteristics and major enhancements of properties. The study aims to develop high-performance composites by filling PP with CaSO4 β-anhydrite II (AII) issued from natural gypsum. The effects of the addition of up to 40 wt.% AII into PP matrix have been deeply evaluated in terms of morphology, mechanical and thermal properties. The PP-AII composites (without any modifier) as produced with internal mixers showed enhanced thermal stability and stiffness. At high filler loadings (40% AII), there was a significant decrease in tensile strength and impact resistance; therefore, custom formulations with special reactive modifiers/compatibilizers (PP functionalized/grafted with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) and zinc diacrylate (ZnDA)) were developed. The study revealed that the addition of only 2% ZnDA (able to induce ionomeric character) leads to PP-AII composites characterized by improved kinetics of crystallization, remarkable thermal stability, and enhanced mechanical properties, i.e., high tensile strength, rigidity, and even rise in impact resistance. The formation of Zn ionomers and dynamic ionic crosslinks, finer dispersion of AII microparticles, and better compatibility within the polyolefinic matrix allow us to explain the recorded increase in properties. Interestingly, the PP-AII composites also exhibited significant improvements in the elastic behavior under dynamic mechanical stress and of the heat deflection temperature (HDT), thus paving the way for engineering applications. Larger experimental trials have been conducted to produce the most promising composite materials by reactive extrusion (REx) on twin-screw extruders, while evaluating their performances through various methods of analysis and processing.
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Li J, Jia S, Yang D, Li X, Li D, Ye X, Guan P, Zhao Y. Reutilization of crystalline waste plastics for modified asphalt using twin‐screw extrusion: Polyethylene and polypropylene as typical subjects. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin P. R. China
- Research Center Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Green Functional Materials Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Shoubo Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Comprehensive Traffic Research Center Tianjin Institute of Transportation Science Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Transportation Division Tianjin Transportation Infrastructure Maintenance Group Co. Ltd Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Xia Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Pengbing Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin P. R. China
| | - Yongke Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin P. R. China
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Tsai C, Chang C, Zhao M, Sue H. Effect of long‐chain branching molar fraction on scratch behavior of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Ying Tsai
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M, University, College Station Houston Texas USA
| | - Chao‐Shun Chang
- Technical Department of Polypropylene Division Formosa Plastics Corporation LinYuan District Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Mingzhen Zhao
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M, University, College Station Houston Texas USA
| | - Hung‐Jue Sue
- Polymer Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M, University, College Station Houston Texas USA
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Roy PS, Garnier G, Allais F, Saito K. Strategic Approach Towards Plastic Waste Valorization: Challenges and Promising Chemical Upcycling Possibilities. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4007-4027. [PMID: 34132056 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste, which is one of the major sources of pollution in the landfills and oceans, has raised global concern, primarily due to the huge production rate, high durability, and the lack of utilization of the available waste management techniques. Recycling methods are preferable to reduce the impact of plastic pollution to some extent. However, most of the recycling techniques are associated with different drawbacks, high cost and downgrading of product quality being among the notable ones. The sustainable option here is to upcycle the plastic waste to create high-value materials to compensate for the cost of production. Several upcycling techniques are constantly being investigated and explored, which is currently the only economical option to resolve the plastic waste issue. This Review provides a comprehensive insight on the promising chemical routes available for upcycling of the most widely used plastic and mixed plastic wastes. The challenges inherent to these processes, the recent advances, and the significant role of the science and research community in resolving these issues are further emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Sinha Roy
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Florent Allais
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Higashi-Ichijo-Kan, Yoshida-nakaadachicho 1, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8306, Japan
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Li K, Qin Y, Zhao S, Dong JY. Blending Behavior of High-Degree Long-Chain-Branched Polypropylene Prepared by Ziegler–Natta Catalysis with Common Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Songmei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jin-Yong Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Al-alkenyl-induced formation of long-chain branched polyethylene via coordinative tandem insertion and chain-transfer polymerization using (nBuCp)2ZrCl2/MAO systems: An experimental and theoretical study. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chang HY, Chiu PH, Tsao HK, Sheng YJ. Strengthening mechanism of the mechanical properties of graft copolymers with incompatible pendant groups: nano-clusters and weak cross-linking. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5730-5737. [PMID: 34018539 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the adhesive property and mechanical strength of an apolar polymer can be improved by grafting with polar side chains, whereas the underlying mechanism is still elusive. In this work, the equilibrium structure and mechanical moduli of the melt of graft copolymers have been explored by dissipative particle dynamics. Due to the strong immiscibility of the non-polar backbone and polar side chains, nano-clusters of side chains formed and acted as physical crosslinkers. Moreover, non-affinity adsorption of polar side chains in the melt to the wall was observed, revealing an improvement in the adhesion property. Subjecting graft copolymers to cyclic deformation, the storage and loss moduli were acquired, and they grew with increasing grafting density. The melt strength in terms of the crossover frequency ascended with more side chains on the backbone. Our findings reveal that the strengthening of the mechanical properties of graft copolymers can be attributed to the formation of weakly cross-linked structures, thus offering an insight into the molecular design to aid the development of stronger graft copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hao Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Stanic S, Koch T, Schmid K, Knaus S, Archodoulaki VM. Improving Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Various Virgin and Recycled Polypropylenes by Blending with Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1137. [PMID: 33918300 PMCID: PMC8038188 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blends of two long-chain branched polypropylenes (LCB-PP) and five linear polypropylenes (L-PP) were prepared in a single screw extruder at 240 °C. The two LCB-PPs were self-created via reactive extrusion at 180 °C by using dimyristyl peroxydicarbonate (PODIC C126) and dilauroyl peroxide (LP) as peroxides. For blending two virgin and three recycled PPs like coffee caps, yoghurt cups and buckets with different melt flow rate (MFR) values were used. The influence of using blends was assessed by investigating the rheological (dynamic and extensional rheology) and mechanical properties (tensile test and impact tensile test). The dynamic rheology indicated that the molecular weight as well as the molecular weight distribution could be increased or broadened. Also the melt strength behavior could be improved by using the two peroxide modified LCB-PP blends on the basis of PODIC C126 or PEROXAN LP (dilauroyl peroxide). In addition, the mechanical properties were consistently enhanced or at least kept constant compared to the original material. In particular, the impact tensile strength but also the elongation at break could be increased considerably. This study showed that the blending of LCB-PP can increase the investigated properties and represents a promising option, especially when using recycled PP, which demonstrates a real "up-cycling" process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Stanic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (V.-M.A.)
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (V.-M.A.)
| | - Klaus Schmid
- Pergan GmbH, Schlavenhorst 71, 46395 Bocholt, Germany;
| | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Vasiliki-Maria Archodoulaki
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.K.); (V.-M.A.)
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Stanic S, Koch T, Schmid K, Knaus S, Archodoulaki V. Upcycling of polypropylene with various concentrations of peroxydicarbonate and dilauroyl peroxide and two processing steps. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Stanic
- Institute of Material Science and Technology TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Material Science and Technology TU Wien Vienna Austria
| | | | - Simone Knaus
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Vienna Austria
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Effect of Different Compatibilization Systems on the Rheological, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102335. [PMID: 33066114 PMCID: PMC7601996 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of reactive processing, non reactive and reactive copolymers on immiscible polypropylene (PP)–polystyrene (PS) blends with varying PS concentrations (10 wt.% and 25 wt.%) was evaluated by mechanical (tensile and tensile impact), rheological (melt flow rate, extensional and dynamic rheology) and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) analysis. As an extended framework of the study, the creation of a link to industrial applicable processing conditions as well as an economically efficient use of compatibilzing agent were considered. For radical processed blends, a high improvement in melt strength was observed while non reactive copolymers exhibited a pronounced increase in toughness and ductility correlated with overall best phase homogeneity. Conversely, the influence of the reactive copolymer was quite different for the varied PS concentrations not allowing the assumption of a specific trend for resulting blend properties, but nevertheless in the case of a lower PS concentration the tensile impact strength exceeded the value of virgin PP. Since PS and PP are widely used, the findings of this work could not only be relevant for the generation of more versatile blends compared to virgin components but also for recycling purposes, allowing the enhancement of specific properties facilitating the production of more valuable secondary materials.
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Santoro O, Piola L, Cabe KM, Lhost O, Den Dauw K, Vantomme A, Welle A, Maron L, Carpentier JF, Kirillov E. Long-Chain Branched Polyethylene via Coordinative Tandem Insertion and Chain-Transfer Polymerization Using rac-{EBTHI}ZrCl 2/MAO/Al–alkenyl Combinations: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Santoro
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Lorenzo Piola
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Karl Mc Cabe
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, UMR 5215, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Olivier Lhost
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Katty Den Dauw
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Vantomme
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Welle
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, LPCNO, UMR 5215, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Evgueni Kirillov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR 6226, F-35042 Rennes, France
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