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Baghdasaryan O, Lee-Kin J, Tan C. Architectural engineering of Cyborg Bacteria with intracellular hydrogel. Mater Today Bio 2024; 28:101226. [PMID: 39328785 PMCID: PMC11426140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology primarily uses genetic engineering to control living cells. In contrast, recent work has ushered in the architectural engineering of living cells through intracellular materials. Specifically, Cyborg Bacteria are created by incorporating synthetic PEG-based hydrogel inside cells. Cyborg Bacteria do not replicate but maintain essential cellular functions, including metabolism and protein synthesis. Thus far, Cyborg Bacteria have been engineered using one primary composition of intracellular hydrogel components. Here, we demonstrate the versatility of controlling the physical and biochemical aspects of Cyborg Bacteria using different structures of hydrogels. The intracellular cell-gel architecture is modulated using a different photoinitiator, PEG-diacrylate (PEG-DA) of different molecular weights, 4arm PEG-DA, and dsDNA-PEG. We show that the molecular weight of the PEG-DA affects the generation and metabolism of Cyborg Bacteria. In addition, we show that the hybrid dsDNA-PEG intracellular hydrogel controls protein expression levels of the Cyborg Bacteria through post-transcriptional regulation and polymerase sequestration. Our work creates a new frontier of modulating intracellular gel components to control Cyborg Bacteria function and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jared Lee-Kin
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, United States
| | - Cheemeng Tan
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, United States
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2
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Santos N, Fuentes-Lemus E, Ahumada M. Use of photosensitive molecules in the crosslinking of biopolymers: applications and considerations in biomaterials development. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:6550-6562. [PMID: 38913025 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of diverse types of biomaterials has significantly contributed to bringing new biomedical strategies to treat clinical conditions. Applications of these biomaterials can range from mechanical support and protection of injured tissues to joint replacement, tissue implants, and drug delivery systems. Among the strategies commonly used to prepare biomaterials, the use of electromagnetic radiation to initiate crosslinking stands out. The predominance of photo-induced polymerization methods relies on a fast, efficient, and straightforward process that can be easily adjusted to clinical needs. This strategy consists of irradiating the components that form the material with photons in the near ultraviolet-visible wavelength range (i.e., ∼310 to 750 nm) in the presence of a photoactive molecule. Upon photon absorption, photosensitive molecules can generate excited species that initiate photopolymerization through different reaction mechanisms. However, this process could promote undesired side reactions depending on the target zone or treatment type (e.g., oxidative stress and modification of biomolecules such as proteins and lipids). This review explores the basic concepts behind the photopolymerization process of ex situ and in situ biomaterials. Particular emphasis was put on the photosensitization initiated by the most employed photosensitizers and the photoreactions that they mediate in aqueous media. Finally, the undesired oxidation reactions at the bio-interface and potential solutions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Santos
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
| | - Manuel Ahumada
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile.
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
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3
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Chansoria P, Chaudhari A, Etter EL, Bonacquisti EE, Heavey MK, Le J, Maruthamuthu MK, Kussatz CC, Blackwell J, Jasiewicz NE, Sellers RS, Maile R, Wallet SM, Egan TM, Nguyen J. Instantly adhesive and ultra-elastic patches for dynamic organ and wound repair. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4720. [PMID: 38830847 PMCID: PMC11148085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioadhesive materials and patches are promising alternatives to surgical sutures and staples. However, many existing bioadhesives do not meet the functional requirements of current surgical procedures and interventions. Here, we present a translational patch material that exhibits instant adhesion to tissues (2.5-fold stronger than Tisseel, an FDA-approved fibrin glue), ultra-stretchability (stretching to >300% its original length without losing elasticity), compatibility with rapid photo-projection (<2 min fabrication time/patch), and ability to deliver therapeutics. Using our established procedures for the in silico design and optimization of anisotropic-auxetic patches, we created next-generation patches for instant attachment to tissues while conforming to a broad range of organ mechanics ex vivo and in vivo. Patches coated with extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate robust wound healing capability in vivo without inducing a foreign body response and without the need for patch removal that can cause pain and bleeding. We further demonstrate a single material-based, void-filling auxetic patch designed for the treatment of lung puncture wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Chansoria
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ameya Chaudhari
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Emma L Etter
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Emily E Bonacquisti
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mairead K Heavey
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jiayan Le
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Murali Kannan Maruthamuthu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Caden C Kussatz
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - John Blackwell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Natalie E Jasiewicz
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rani S Sellers
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Thomas M Egan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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4
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Sarvari S, McGee D, O'Connell R, Tseytlin O, Bobko AA, Tseytlin M. Electron Spin Resonance Probe Incorporation into Bioinks Permits Longitudinal Oxygen Imaging of Bioprinted Constructs. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:511-524. [PMID: 38038860 PMCID: PMC11211156 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technology analogous to 3D printing. Instead of plastic or resin, cell-laden hydrogels are used to produce a construct of the intended biological structure. Over time, cells transform this construct into a functioning tissue or organ. The process of printing followed by tissue maturation is referred to as 4D bioprinting. The fourth dimension is temporal. Failure to provide living cells with sufficient amounts of oxygen at any point along the developmental timeline may jeopardize the bioprinting goals. Even transient hypoxia may alter cells' differentiation and proliferation or trigger apoptosis. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging modality is proposed to permit 4D monitoring of oxygen within bioprinted structures. PROCEDURES Lithium octa-n-butoxy-phthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO) probes have been introduced into gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) bioink. GelMA is a cross-linkable hydrogel, and LiNc-BuO is an oxygen-sensitive compound that permits longitudinal oximetric measurements. The effects of the oxygen probe on printability have been evaluated. A digital light processing (DLP) bioprinter was built in the laboratory. Bioprinting protocols have been developed that consider the optical properties of the GelMA/LiNc-BuO composites. Acellular and cell-laden constructs have been printed and imaged. The post-printing effect of residual photoinitiator on oxygen depletion has been investigated. RESULTS Models have been successfully printed using a lab-built bioprinter. Rapid scan EPR images reflective of the expected oxygen concentration levels have been acquired. An unreported problem of oxygen depletion in bioprinted constructs by the residual photoinitiator has been documented. EPR imaging is proposed as a control method for its removal. The oxygen consumption rates by HEK293T cells within a bioprinted cylinder have been imaged and quantified. CONCLUSIONS The feasibility of the cointegration of 4D EPR imaging and 4D bioprinting has been demonstrated. The proof-of-concept experiments, which were conducted using oxygen probes loaded into GelMA, lay the foundation for a broad range of applications, such as bioprinting with many types of bioinks loaded with diverse varieties of molecular spin probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Sarvari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Duncan McGee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan O'Connell
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Oxana Tseytlin
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrey A Bobko
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mark Tseytlin
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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5
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Yaron JR, Gosangi M, Pallod S, Rege K. In situ light-activated materials for skin wound healing and repair: A narrative review. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10637. [PMID: 38818119 PMCID: PMC11135152 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermal wounds are a major global health burden made worse by common comorbidities such as diabetes and infection. Appropriate wound closure relies on a highly coordinated series of cellular events, ultimately bridging tissue gaps and regenerating normal physiological structures. Wound dressings are an important component of wound care management, providing a barrier against external insults while preserving the active reparative processes underway within the wound bed. The development of wound dressings with biomaterial constituents has become an attractive design strategy due to the varied functions intrinsic in biological polymers, such as cell instructiveness, growth factor binding, antimicrobial properties, and tissue integration. Using photosensitive agents to generate crosslinked or photopolymerized dressings in situ provides an opportunity to develop dressings rapidly within the wound bed, facilitating robust adhesion to the wound bed for greater barrier protection and adaptation to irregular wound shapes. Despite the popularity of this fabrication approach, relatively few experimental wound dressings have undergone preclinical translation into animal models, limiting the overall integrity of assessing their potential as effective wound dressings. Here, we provide an up-to-date narrative review of reported photoinitiator- and wavelength-guided design strategies for in situ light activation of biomaterial dressings that have been evaluated in preclinical wound healing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Biomaterials Innovation and Translation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Mallikarjun Gosangi
- Center for Biomaterials Innovation and Translation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Shubham Pallod
- Center for Biomaterials Innovation and Translation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Kaushal Rege
- Center for Biomaterials Innovation and Translation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
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Cecuda-Adamczewska V, Romanik-Chruścielewska A, Kosowska K, Łukasiewicz N, Sokołowska I, Korycka P, Florys-Jankowska K, Zakrzewska A, Wszoła M, Klak M. Characterization of a Chimeric Resilin-Elastin Structural Protein Dedicated to 3D Bioprinting as a Bioink Component. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:749. [PMID: 38727343 PMCID: PMC11085090 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study we propose to use for bioprinting a bioink enriched with a recombinant RE15mR protein with a molecular weight of 26 kDa, containing functional sequences derived from resilin and elastin. The resulting protein also contains RGD sequences in its structure, as well as a metalloproteinase cleavage site, allowing positive interaction with the cells seeded on the construct and remodeling the structure of this protein in situ. The described protein is produced in a prokaryotic expression system using an E. coli bacterial strain and purified by a process using a unique combination of known methods not previously used for recombinant elastin-like proteins. The positive effect of RE15mR on the mechanical, physico-chemical, and biological properties of the print is shown in the attached results. The addition of RE15mR to the bioink resulted in improved mechanical and physicochemical properties and promoted the habitation of the prints by cells of the L-929 line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Cecuda-Adamczewska
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-424 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.-C.); (K.K.); (N.Ł.); (I.S.); (P.K.); (K.F.-J.)
| | | | - Katarzyna Kosowska
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-424 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.-C.); (K.K.); (N.Ł.); (I.S.); (P.K.); (K.F.-J.)
| | - Natalia Łukasiewicz
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-424 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.-C.); (K.K.); (N.Ł.); (I.S.); (P.K.); (K.F.-J.)
| | - Iwona Sokołowska
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-424 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.-C.); (K.K.); (N.Ł.); (I.S.); (P.K.); (K.F.-J.)
| | - Paulina Korycka
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-424 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.-C.); (K.K.); (N.Ł.); (I.S.); (P.K.); (K.F.-J.)
| | - Katarzyna Florys-Jankowska
- Foundation of Research and Science Development, 01-424 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.-C.); (K.K.); (N.Ł.); (I.S.); (P.K.); (K.F.-J.)
| | | | - Michał Wszoła
- Polbionica Ltd., 01-424 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Marta Klak
- Polbionica Ltd., 01-424 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (M.W.)
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Buckley C, Wang H, O'Dell R, Del Rosario M, Parimala Chelvi Ratnamani M, Rome M, Wang H. Creation of Porous, Perfusable Microtubular Networks for Improved Cell Viability in Volumetric Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18522-18533. [PMID: 38564436 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The creation of large, volumetric tissue-engineered constructs has long been hindered due to the lack of effective vascularization strategies. Recently, 3D printing has emerged as a viable approach to creating vascular structures; however, its application is limited. Here, we present a simple and controllable technique to produce porous, free-standing, perfusable tubular networks from sacrificial templates of polyelectrolyte complex and coatings of salt-containing citrate-based elastomer poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) (POC). As demonstrated, fully perfusable and interconnected POC tubular networks with channel diameters ranging from 100 to 400 μm were created. Incorporating NaCl particulates into the POC coating enabled the formation of micropores (∼19 μm in diameter) in the tubular wall upon particulate leaching to increase the cross-wall fluid transport. Casting and cross-linking gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) suspended with human osteoblasts over the free-standing porous POC tubular networks led to the fabrication of 3D cell-encapsulated constructs. Compared to the constructs without POC tubular networks, those with either solid or porous wall tubular networks exhibited a significant increase in cell viability and proliferation along with healthy cell morphology, particularly those with porous networks. Taken together, the sacrificial template-assisted approach is effective to fabricate tubular networks with controllable channel diameter and patency, which can be easily incorporated into cell-encapsulated hydrogels or used as tissue-engineering scaffolds to improve cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
- Semcer Center for Healthcare Innovation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
- Semcer Center for Healthcare Innovation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Robert O'Dell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Matthew Del Rosario
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Matangi Parimala Chelvi Ratnamani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
- Semcer Center for Healthcare Innovation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Mark Rome
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
- Semcer Center for Healthcare Innovation, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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Lee GW, Chandrasekharan A, Roy S, Thamarappalli A, Mahaling B, Lee H, Seong KY, Ghosh S, Yang SY. 3D bioprinting of stromal cells-laden artificial cornea based on visible light-crosslinkable bioinks forming multilength networks. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035002. [PMID: 38507802 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad35eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
3D bioprinting has the potential for the rapid and precise engineering of hydrogel constructs that can mimic the structural and optical complexity of a healthy cornea. However, the use of existing light-activated bioinks for corneal printing is limited by their poor cytocompatibility, use of cytotoxic photoinitiators (PIs), low photo-crosslinking efficiency, and opaque/colored surface of the printed material. Herein, we report a fast-curable, non-cytotoxic, optically transparent bioprinting system using a new water-soluble benzoyl phosphinate-based PI and photocrosslinkable methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA). Compared with commercially available PIs, the newly developed PI, lithium benzoyl (phenyl) phosphinate (BP), demonstrated increased photoinitiation efficiency under visible light and low cytotoxicity. Using a catalytic amount of BP, the HA-based bioinks quickly formed 3D hydrogel constructs under low-energy visible-light irradiation (405 nm, <1 J cm-2). The mechanical properties and printability of photocurable bioinks were further improved by blending low (10 kDa) and high (100 kDa) molecular weight (MW) HAMA by forming multilength networks. For potential applications as corneal scaffolds, stromal cell-laden dome-shaped constructs were fabricated using MW-blended HAMA/BP bioink and a digital light processing printer. The HA-based photocurable bioinks exhibited good cytocompatibility (80%-95%), fast curing kinetics (<5 s), and excellent optical transparency (>90% in the visible range), potentially making them suitable for corneal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Won Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajeesh Chandrasekharan
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Subhadeep Roy
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Akash Thamarappalli
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Binapani Mahaling
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hyeseon Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Yong Seong
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Seung Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 Four Program), Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
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9
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Lin CC, Frahm E, Afolabi FO. Orthogonally Crosslinked Gelatin-Norbornene Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300371. [PMID: 37748778 PMCID: PMC10922053 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The thiol-norbornene photo-click reaction has exceptionally fast crosslinking efficiency compared with chain-growth polymerization at equivalent macromer contents. The orthogonal reactivity between norbornene and thiol/tetrazine permits crosslinking of synthetic and naturally derived macromolecules with modularity, including poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-norbornene (PEGNB), gelatin-norbornene (GelNB), among others. For example, collagen-derived gelatin contains both cell adhesive motifs (e.g., Arg-Gly-Asp or RGD) and protease-labile sequences, making it an ideal macromer for forming cell-laden hydrogels. First reported in 2014, GelNB is increasingly used in orthogonal crosslinking of biomimetic matrices in various applications. GelNB can be crosslinked into hydrogels using multi-functional thiol linkers (e.g., dithiothreitol (DTT) or PEG-tetra-thiol (PEG4SH) via visible light or longwave ultraviolet (UV) light step-growth thiol-norbornene reaction or through an enzyme-mediated crosslinking (i.e., horseradish peroxidase, HRP). GelNB-based hydrogels can also be modularly crosslinked with tetrazine-bearing macromers via inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA) click reaction. This review surveys the various methods for preparing GelNB macromers, the crosslinking mechanisms of GelNB-based hydrogels, and their applications in cell and tissue engineering, including crosslinking of dynamic matrices, disease modeling, and tissue regeneration, delivery of therapeutics, as well as bioprinting and biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
| | - Ellen Frahm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
| | - Favor O. Afolabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. 46202. USA
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10
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Mohammad Mehdipour N, Kumar H, Kim K, Sundararaj U, Shor RJ, Natale G. Manipulating mechanical properties of PEG-based hydrogel nanocomposite: A potential versatile bio-adhesive for the suture-less repair of tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106285. [PMID: 38088008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Multifunctional bio-adhesives with tunable mechanical properties are obtained by controlling the orientation of anisotropic particles in a blend of fast-curing hydrogel with an imposed capillary flow. The suspensions' microstructural evolution was monitored by the small-angle light scattering (SALS) method during flow up to the critical Péclet number (Pe≈1) necessary for particle orientation and hydrogel crosslinking. The multifunctional bio-adhesives were obtained by combining flow and UV light exposure for rapid photo-curing of PEGDA medium and freezing titania rods' ordered microstructures. Blending the low- and high-molecular weight of PEGDA polymer improved the mechanical properties of the final hydrogel. All the hydrogel samples were non-cytotoxic up to 72 h after cell culturing. The system shows rapid blood hemostasis and promotes adhesive and cohesive strength matching targeted tissue properties with an applicating methodology compatible with surgical conditions. The developed SALS approach to optimize nanoparticles' microstructures in bio-adhesive applies to virtually any optically transparent nanocomposite and any type of anisotropic nanoparticles. As such, this method enables rational design of bio-adhesives with enhanced anisotropic mechanical properties which can be tailored to potentially any type of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mohammad Mehdipour
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hitendra Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Keekyoung Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Roman J Shor
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Giovanniantonio Natale
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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11
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Ozulumba T, Zatorski JM, Arneja A, Hammel JH, Braciale TJ, Luckey CJ, Munson JM, Pompano RR. Mitigating reactive oxygen species production and increasing gel porosity improves lymphocyte motility and fibroblast spreading in photocrosslinked gelatin-thiol hydrogels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.14.574282. [PMID: 38293038 PMCID: PMC10827049 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.14.574282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
On-chip 3D culture systems that incorporate immune cells such as lymphocytes and stromal cells are needed to model immune organs in engineered systems such as organs-on-chip. Photocrosslinking is a useful tool for creating such immune-competent hydrogel cultures with spatial cell organization. However, loss of viability and motility in photocrosslinked gels can limit its utility, especially when working with fragile primary cells. We hypothesized that optimizing photoexposure-induced ROS production, hydrogel porosity or a combination of both factors was necessary to sustain cell viability and motility during culture in photocrosslinked gelatin-thiol (GelSH) hydrogels. Jurkat T cells, primary human CD4+ T cells and human lymphatic fibroblasts were selected as representative lymphoid immune cells to test this hypothesis. Direct exposure of these cells to 385 nm light and LAP photoinitiator dramatically increased ROS levels. Pretreatment with an antioxidant, ascorbic acid (AA), protected the cells from light + LAP-induced ROS and was non-toxic at optimized doses. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy showed that native GelSH hydrogels had limited porosity, and that adding collagen to GelSH precursor before crosslinking markedly increased gel porosity. Next, we tested the impact of AA pretreatment and increasing gel porosity, alone or in combination, on cell viability and function in 3D GelSH hydrogel cultures. Increasing gel porosity, rather than AA pretreatment, was more critical for rescuing viability of Jurkat T cells and spreading of human lymphatic fibroblasts in GelSH-based gels, but both factors improved the motility of primary human CD4+ T cells. Increased porosity enabled formation of spatially organized co-cultures of primary human CD4+ T cells and human lymphatic fibroblasts in photo-crosslinked gels in a multi-lane microfluidic chip, towards modeling the lymphoid organ microenvironment. Some optimization is still needed to improve homogeneity between regions on the chip. These findings will enable researchers utilizing photocrosslinking methods to develop immunocompetent 3D culture models that support viability and function of sensitive lymphoid cells.
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12
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Patrocinio D, Galván-Chacón V, Gómez-Blanco JC, Miguel SP, Loureiro J, Ribeiro MP, Coutinho P, Pagador JB, Sanchez-Margallo FM. Biopolymers for Tissue Engineering: Crosslinking, Printing Techniques, and Applications. Gels 2023; 9:890. [PMID: 37998980 PMCID: PMC10670821 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, tissue engineering has been dedicated to the development of 3D structures through bioprinting techniques that aim to obtain personalized, dynamic, and complex hydrogel 3D structures. Among the different materials used for the fabrication of such structures, proteins and polysaccharides are the main biological compounds (biopolymers) selected for the bioink formulation. These biomaterials obtained from natural sources are commonly compatible with tissues and cells (biocompatibility), friendly with biological digestion processes (biodegradability), and provide specific macromolecular structural and mechanical properties (biomimicry). However, the rheological behaviors of these natural-based bioinks constitute the main challenge of the cell-laden printing process (bioprinting). For this reason, bioprinting usually requires chemical modifications and/or inter-macromolecular crosslinking. In this sense, a comprehensive analysis describing these biopolymers (natural proteins and polysaccharides)-based bioinks, their modifications, and their stimuli-responsive nature is performed. This manuscript is organized into three sections: (1) tissue engineering application, (2) crosslinking, and (3) bioprinting techniques, analyzing the current challenges and strengths of biopolymers in bioprinting. In conclusion, all hydrogels try to resemble extracellular matrix properties for bioprinted structures while maintaining good printability and stability during the printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Patrocinio
- CCMIJU, Bioengineering and Health Technologies, Jesus Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (D.P.); (V.G.-C.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Victor Galván-Chacón
- CCMIJU, Bioengineering and Health Technologies, Jesus Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (D.P.); (V.G.-C.); (J.B.P.)
| | - J. Carlos Gómez-Blanco
- CCMIJU, Bioengineering and Health Technologies, Jesus Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (D.P.); (V.G.-C.); (J.B.P.)
| | - Sonia P. Miguel
- CPIRN-IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal (M.P.R.)
- CICS-UBI, Health Science Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge Loureiro
- CPIRN-IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal (M.P.R.)
| | - Maximiano P. Ribeiro
- CPIRN-IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal (M.P.R.)
- CICS-UBI, Health Science Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula Coutinho
- CPIRN-IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal (M.P.R.)
- CICS-UBI, Health Science Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J. Blas Pagador
- CCMIJU, Bioengineering and Health Technologies, Jesus Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10071 Cáceres, Spain; (D.P.); (V.G.-C.); (J.B.P.)
- CIBER CV, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco M. Sanchez-Margallo
- CIBER CV, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Scientific Direction, Jesus Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
- TERAV/ISCIII, Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RICORS, RD21/0017/0029), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Sundaran S, Kok LC, Chang HY. Fabrication and in vitroevaluation of photo cross-linkable silk fibroin-epsilon-poly-L-lysine hydrogel for wound repair. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:055021. [PMID: 37567188 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acef86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
An optimal wound-healing hydrogel requires effective antibacterial properties and a favorable cell adhesion and proliferation environment. AlthoughBombyx morisilk fibroin (SF) possesses inherent wound-healing properties, it lacks these essential qualities. This study aimed to fabricate a novel photo-polymerizable hydrogel by utilizing SF's wound-healing efficiency and the epsilon-poly-L-lysine (EPL) antimicrobial activity. The SF was modified with three different concentrations of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) to obtain SF-GMA(L), SF-GMA(M), and SF-GMA(H). A methacrylated EPL (EPL-GMA) was also produced. Then, SF-GMA was mixed with EPL-GMA to produce photo-crosslinkable SF-GMA-EPL hydrogels. The SF-GMA(L)-EPL, SF-GMA(M)-EPL, and SF-GMA(H)-EPL hydrogels, fabricated with 20% EPL-GMA, demonstrated maximum antimicrobial activity and mammalian cell adhesion ability. The hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging efficiency of the hydrogels was tested and shown to be between 69% and 74%. These hydrogels also exhibited 60% efficiency in removing bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The water absorption ability of the hydrogels was consistent with the size of their internal pores. The hydrogels exhibited a slow degradation fashion, and their degradation products appeared cytocompatible. Finally, the elastomeric properties of the hydrogels were determined, and a storage modulus (G') of 300-600 Pa was demonstrated. In conclusion, the hydrogels created in this study possess excellent biological and physical properties to support wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sundaran
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Kok
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-You Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
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14
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Rizzo R, Petelinšek N, Bonato A, Zenobi‐Wong M. From Free-Radical to Radical-Free: A Paradigm Shift in Light-Mediated Biofabrication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205302. [PMID: 36698304 PMCID: PMC10015869 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of novel photocrosslinking strategies and photoactivatable materials has stimulated widespread use of light-mediated biofabrication techniques. However, despite great progress toward more efficient and biocompatible photochemical strategies, current photoresins still rely on photoinitiators (PIs) producing radical-initiating species to trigger the so-called free-radical crosslinking/polymerization. In the context of bioprinting, where cells are encapsulated in the bioink, the presence of radicals raises concerns of potential cytotoxicity. In this work, a universal, radical-free (RF) photocrosslinking strategy to be used for light-based technologies is presented. Leveraging RF uncaging mechanisms and Michael addition, cell-laden constructs are photocrosslinked by means of one- and two-photon excitation with high biocompatibility. A hydrophilic coumarin-based group is used to cage a universal RF photocrosslinker based on 4-arm-PEG-thiol (PEG4SH). Upon light exposure, thiols are uncaged and react with an alkene counterpart to form a hydrogel. RF photocrosslinker is shown to be highly stable, enabling potential for off-the-shelf products. While PI-based systems cause a strong upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated genes, ROS are not detected in RF photoresins. Finally, optimized RF photoresin is successfully exploited for high resolution two-photon stereolithography (2P-SL) using remarkably low polymer concentration (<1.5%), paving the way for a shift toward radical-free light-based bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Nika Petelinšek
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Angela Bonato
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi‐Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication LaboratoryDepartment of Health Sciences & TechnologyETH ZürichOtto‐Stern‐Weg 7Zürich8093Switzerland
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15
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Zezza P, Lucío MI, Fernández E, Maquieira Á, Bañuls MJ. Surface Micro-Patterned Biofunctionalized Hydrogel for Direct Nucleic Acid Hybridization Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:312. [PMID: 36979524 PMCID: PMC10046352 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The present research is focused on the development of a biofunctionalized hydrogel with a surface diffractive micropattern as a label-free biosensing platform. The biosensors described in this paper were fabricated with a holographic recording of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) surface micro-structures, which were then transferred into a hydrogel material. Acrylamide-based hydrogels were obtained with free radical polymerization, and propargyl acrylate was added as a comonomer, which allowed for covalent immobilization of thiolated oligonucleotide probes into the hydrogel network, via thiol-yne photoclick chemistry. The comonomer was shown to significantly contribute to the immobilization of the probes based on fluorescence imaging. Two different immobilization approaches were demonstrated: during or after hydrogel synthesis. The second approach showed better loading capacity of the bioreceptor groups. Diffraction efficiency measurements of hydrogel gratings at 532 nm showed a selective response reaching a limit of detection in the complementary DNA strand of 2.47 µM. The label-free biosensor as designed could significantly contribute to direct and accurate analysis in medical diagnosis as it is cheap, easy to fabricate, and works without the need for further reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zezza
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Universitat de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Isabel Lucío
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Universitat de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Estrella Fernández
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Universitat de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Universitat de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María-José Bañuls
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Universitat de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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16
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Enzymatically-Crosslinked Gelatin Hydrogels with Nanostructured Architecture and Self-Healing Performance for Potential Use as Wound Dressings. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030780. [PMID: 36772082 PMCID: PMC9921451 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of natural protein-based hydrogels with self-healing performance and tunable physical properties has attracted increased attention owing to their wide potential not only in the pharmaceutical field, but also in wounds management. This work reports the development of a versatile hydrogel based on enzymatically-crosslinked gelatin and nanogels loaded with amoxicillin (Amox), an antibiotic used in wound infections. The transglutaminase (TGase)-crosslinked hydrogels and encapsulating nanogels were formed rapidly through enzymatic crosslinking and self-assembly interactions in mild conditions. The nanogels formed through the self-assemble of maleoyl-chitosan (MAC5) and polyaspartic acid (PAS) may have positive influence on the self-healing capacity and drug distribution within the hydrogel network through the interactions established between gelatin and gel-like nanocarriers. The physicochemical properties of the enzymatically-crosslinked hydrogels, such as internal structure, swelling and degradation behavior, were studied. In addition, the Amox release studies indicated a rapid release when the pH of the medium decreased, which represents a favorable characteristic for use in the healing of infected wounds. It was further observed through the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility assays that the optimized scaffolds have great potential to be used as wound dressings.
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17
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Lee YB, Lim S, Lee Y, Park CH, Lee HJ. Green Chemistry for Crosslinking Biopolymers: Recent Advances in Riboflavin-Mediated Photochemistry. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1218. [PMID: 36770225 PMCID: PMC9920339 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF), which is also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin. RF is a nontoxic and biocompatible natural substance. It absorbs light (at wavelengths of 380 and 450 nm) in the presence of oxygen to form reactive singlet oxygen (1O2). The generated singlet oxygen acts as a photoinitiator to induce the oxidation of biomolecules, such as amino acids, proteins, and nucleotides, or to initiate chemical reactions, such as the thiol-ene reaction and crosslinking of tyramine and furfuryl groups. In this review, we focus on the chemical mechanism and utilization of the photochemistry of RF, such as protein crosslinking and hydrogel formation. Currently, the crosslinking method using RF as a photoinitiator is actively employed in ophthalmic clinics. However, a significant broadening is expected in its range of applications, such as in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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18
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Sultan MT, Lee OJ, Lee JS, Park CH. Three-Dimensional Digital Light-Processing Bioprinting Using Silk Fibroin-Based Bio-Ink: Recent Advancements in Biomedical Applications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123224. [PMID: 36551978 PMCID: PMC9775525 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been developed as a viable method for fabricating functional tissues and organs by precisely spatially arranging biomaterials, cells, and biochemical components in a layer-by-layer fashion. Among the various bioprinting strategies, digital light-processing (DLP) printing has gained enormous attention due to its applications in tissue engineering and biomedical fields. It allows for high spatial resolution and the rapid printing of complex structures. Although bio-ink is a critical aspect of 3D bioprinting, only a few bio-inks have been used for DLP bioprinting in contrast to the number of bio-inks employed for other bioprinters. Recently, silk fibroin (SF), as a natural bio-ink material used for DLP 3D bioprinting, has gained extensive attention with respect to biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility and mechanical properties. This review introduces DLP-based 3D bioprinting, its related technology, and the fabrication process of silk fibroin-based bio-ink. Then, we summarize the applications of DLP 3D bioprinting based on SF-based bio-ink in the tissue engineering and biomedical fields. We also discuss the current limitations and future perspectives of DLP 3D bioprinting using SF-based bio-ink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tipu Sultan
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Joo Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Seob Lee
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute (NBRM), College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Depratment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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19
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Yang C, Zhou L, Geng X, Zhang H, Wang B, Ning B. New dual-function in situ bone repair scaffolds promote osteogenesis and reduce infection. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:23. [PMID: 36138479 PMCID: PMC9503254 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of infectious bone defects is a difficult problem to be solved in the clinic. In situ bone defect repair scaffolds with anti-infection and osteogenic abilities can effectively deal with infectious bone defects. In this study, an in situ polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold containing ampicillin (Amp) and Mg microspheres was prepared by 3D printing technology. Results Mg and Amp were evenly distributed in PCL scaffolds and could be released slowly to the surrounding defect sites with the degradation of scaffolds. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the PCL scaffold containing Mg and Amp (PCL@Mg/Amp) demonstrated good cell adhesion and proliferation. The osteogenic genes collagen I (COL-I) and Runx2 were upregulated in cells grown on the PCL@Mg/Amp scaffold. The PCL@Mg/Amp scaffold also demonstrated excellent antibacterial ability against E. coli and S. aureus. In vivo experiments showed that the PCL@Mg/Amp scaffold had the strongest ability to promote tibial defect repair in rats compared with the other groups of scaffolds. Conclusions This kind of dual-function in situ bone repair scaffold with anti-infection and osteogenic abilities has good application prospects in the field of treating infectious bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology Surgery, Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, 250117, China.,Department of Orthopedic Oncology Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Xiaodan Geng
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Baolong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250117, China.
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20
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Bedell ML, Torres AL, Hogan KJ, Wang Z, Wang B, Melchiorri AJ, Grande-Allen KJ, Mikos AG. Human gelatin-based composite hydrogels for osteochondral tissue engineering and their adaptation into bioinks for extrusion, inkjet, and digital light processing bioprinting. Biofabrication 2022; 14:10.1088/1758-5090/ac8768. [PMID: 35931060 PMCID: PMC9633045 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of novel hydrogel systems allows for the study of relationships between biomaterials, cells, and other factors within osteochondral tissue engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a popular research method that can allow for further interrogation of these questions via the fabrication of 3D hydrogel environments that mimic tissue-specific, complex architectures. However, the adaptation of promising hydrogel biomaterial systems into 3D-printable bioinks remains a challenge. Here, we delineated an approach to that process. First, we characterized a novel methacryloylated gelatin composite hydrogel system and assessed how calcium phosphate and glycosaminoglycan additives upregulated bone- and cartilage-like matrix deposition and certain genetic markers of differentiation within human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), such as RUNX2 and SOX9. Then, new assays were developed and utilized to study the effects of xanthan gum and nanofibrillated cellulose, which allowed for cohesive fiber deposition, reliable droplet formation, and non-fracturing digital light processing (DLP)-printed constructs within extrusion, inkjet, and DLP techniques, respectively. Finally, these bioinks were used to 3D print constructs containing viable encapsulated hMSCs over a 7 d period, where DLP printed constructs facilitated the highest observed increase in cell number over 7 d (∼2.4×). The results presented here describe the promotion of osteochondral phenotypes via these novel composite hydrogel formulations, establish their ability to bioprint viable, cell-encapsulating constructs using three different 3D printing methods on multiple bioprinters, and document how a library of modular bioink additives affected those physicochemical properties important to printability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katie J. Hogan
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | - Bonnie Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Antonios G. Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
- NIBIB/NIH Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, USA
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21
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Seo JW, Kim GM, Choi Y, Cha JM, Bae H. Improving Printability of Digital-Light-Processing 3D Bioprinting via Photoabsorber Pigment Adjustment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105428. [PMID: 35628238 PMCID: PMC9143265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital-light-processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, which has a rapid printing speed and high precision, requires optimized biomaterial ink to ensure photocrosslinking for successful printing. However, optimization studies on DLP bioprinting have yet to sufficiently explore the measurement of light exposure energy and biomaterial ink absorbance controls to improve the printability. In this study, we synchronized the light wavelength of the projection base printer with the absorption wavelength of the biomaterial ink. In this paper, we provide a stepwise explanation of the challenges associated with unsynchronized absorption wavelengths and provide appropriate examples. In addition to biomaterial ink wavelength synchronization, we introduce photorheological measurements, which can provide optimized light exposure conditions. The photorheological measurements provide precise numerical data on light exposure time and, therefore, are an effective alternative to the expendable and inaccurate conventional measurement methods for light exposure energy. Using both photorheological measurements and bioink wavelength synchronization, we identified essential printability optimization conditions for DLP bioprinting that can be applied to various fields of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Wook Seo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.W.S.); (G.M.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Gyu Min Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.W.S.); (G.M.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yejin Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.W.S.); (G.M.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea;
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.W.S.); (G.M.K.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0525
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22
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Sharifi S, Saei AA, Gharibi H, Mahmoud NN, Harkins S, Dararatana N, Lisabeth EM, Serpooshan V, Végvári Á, Moore A, Mahmoudi M. Mass Spectrometry, Structural Analysis, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Photo-Cross-Linked Human Albumin Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2643-2663. [PMID: 35544705 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Albumin-based hydrogels offer unique benefits such as biodegradability and high binding affinity to various biomolecules, which make them suitable candidates for biomedical applications. Here, we report a non-immunogenic photocurable human serum-based (HSA) hydrogel synthesized by methacryloylation of human serum albumin by methacrylic anhydride (MAA). We used matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, as well as size exclusion chromatography to evaluate the extent of modification, hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of methacrylated albumin macromer and its cross-linked hydrogels. The impacts of methacryloylation and cross-linking on alteration of inflammatory response and toxicity were evaluated in vitro using brain-derived HMC3 macrophages and Ex-Ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Results revealed that the lysines in HSA were the primary targets reacting with MAA, though modification of cysteine, threonine, serine, and tyrosine, with MAA was also confirmed. Both methacrylated HSA and its derived hydrogels were nontoxic and did not induce inflammatory pathways, while significantly reducing macrophage adhesion to the hydrogels; one of the key steps in the process of foreign body reaction to biomaterials. Cytokine and growth factor analysis showed that albumin-based hydrogels demonstrated anti-inflammatory response modulating cellular events in HMC3 macrophages. Ex-Ovo results also confirmed the biocompatibility of HSA macromer and hydrogels along with slight angiogenesis-modulating effects. Photocurable albumin hydrogels may be used as a non-immunogenic platform for various biomedical applications including passivation coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hassan Gharibi
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nouf N Mahmoud
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Shannon Harkins
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Naruphorn Dararatana
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Erika M Lisabeth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Proteomics Biomedicum, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Moore
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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23
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Gilchrist AE, Serrano JF, Ngo MT, Hrnjak Z, Kim S, Harley BAC. Encapsulation of murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in a thiol-crosslinked maleimide-functionalized gelatin hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:138-148. [PMID: 34161871 PMCID: PMC8373770 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial platforms are an integral part of stem cell biomanufacturing protocols. The collective biophysical, biochemical, and cellular cues of the stem cell niche microenvironment play an important role in regulating stem cell fate decisions. Three-dimensional (3D) culture of stem cells within biomaterials provides a route to present biophysical and biochemical stimuli through cell-matrix interactions and cell-cell interactions via secreted biomolecules. Herein, we describe a maleimide-functionalized gelatin (GelMAL) hydrogel that can be crosslinked via thiol-Michael addition click reaction for the encapsulation of sensitive stem cell populations. The maleimide functional units along the gelatin backbone enables gelation via the addition of a dithiol crosslinker without requiring external stimuli (e.g., UV light, photoinitiator), thereby reducing reactive oxide species generation. Additionally, the versatility of crosslinker selection enables easy insertion of thiol-containing bioactive or bioinert motifs. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were encapsulated in GelMAL, with mechanical properties tuned to mimic the in vivo bone marrow niche. We report the insertion of a cleavable peptide crosslinker that can be degraded by the proteolytic action of Sortase A, a mammalian-inert enzyme. Notably, Sortase A exposure preserves stem cell surface markers, which are an essential metric of hematopoietic activity used in immunophenotyping. This novel GelMAL system enables a route to produce artificial stem cell niches with tunable biophysical properties, intrinsic cell-interaction motifs, and orthogonal addition of bioactive crosslinks. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We describe a maleimide-functionalized gelatin hydrogel that can be crosslinked via a thiol-maleimide mediated click reaction to form a stable hydrogel without the production of reactive oxygen species typical in light-based crosslinking. The mechanical properties can be tuned to match the in vivo bone marrow microenvironment for hematopoietic stem cell culture. Additionally, we report inclusion of a peptide crosslinker that can be cleaved via the proteolytic action of Sortase A and show that Sortase A exposure does not degrade sensitive surface marker expression patterns. Together, this approach reduces stem cell exposure to reactive oxygen species during hydrogel gelation and enables post-culture quantitative assessment of stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan E Gilchrist
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Julio F Serrano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mai T Ngo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zona Hrnjak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sanha Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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24
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Varma A, Gemeda HB, McNulty MJ, McDonald KA, Nandi S, Knipe JM. Immobilization of transgenic plant cells towards bioprinting for production of a recombinant biodefense agent. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100133. [PMID: 34347377 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic rice cells (Oryza sativa) producing recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as a prophylactic/therapeutic against organophosphate nerve agent poisoning, cocaine toxicity, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's were immobilized in a polyethylene glycol-based hydrogel. The cells were sustained for 14 days in the semi-solid matrix, undergoing a growth phase from days 0-6, a BChE production phase in sugar-free medium from days 6-12, and a growth/recovery phase from days 12-14. Throughout this period, the cells maintained similar viability to those in suspension cultures and displayed analogous sugar consumption trends. The rice cells in the hydrogel also produced a significant amount of active BChE, comparable to the levels produced in liquid cultures. A considerable fraction of this BChE was secreted into the media, allowing for easier product separation. To the best of our knowledge, this proof-of-concept is the first report of immobilization of recombinant plant cells for continuous production of high-value heterologous proteins. This work serves as a foundation for further investigation towards plant cell bioprinting and the development of a simple, efficient, robust, modular, and potentially field-deployable bioreactor system for the manufacture of biologics. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT AND LAY SUMMARY: Transgenic rice cells were combined with a polyethylene glycol tetra-acrylate (PEGTA) and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) bioink and cured with UV light to construct an immobilized cell-based protein production system. The cells were maintained for 14 days in the hydrogel matrix and were induced to actively make and secrete recombinant butyrylcholinesterase, a complex enzyme that irreversibly binds to and can hydrolyze organophosphate. This proof-of-concept study showcases the use of immobilized and potentially bioprintable plant cells to produce high-value proteins with prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Varma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hawi B Gemeda
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Matthew J McNulty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karen A McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jennifer M Knipe
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
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25
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Contessi Negrini N, Angelova Volponi A, Sharpe PT, Celiz AD. Tunable Cross-Linking and Adhesion of Gelatin Hydrogels via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4330-4346. [PMID: 34086456 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Engineering cytocompatible hydrogels with tunable physico-mechanical properties as a biomimetic three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) is fundamental to guide cell response and target tissue regeneration or development of in vitro models. Gelatin represents an optimal choice given its ECM biomimetic properties; however, gelatin cross-linking is required to ensure structural stability at physiological temperature (i.e., T > Tsol-gel gelatin). Here, we use a previously developed cross-linking reaction between tetrazine (Tz)- and norbornene (Nb) modified gelatin derivatives to prepare gelatin hydrogels and we demonstrate the possible tuning of their properties by varying their degree of modification (DOM) and the Tz/Nb ratio (R). The percentage DOM of the gelatin derivatives was tuned between 5 and 15%. Hydrogels prepared with higher DOM cross-linked faster (i.e., 10-20 min) compared to hydrogels prepared with lower DOM (i.e., 60-70 min). A higher DOM and equimolar Tz/Nb ratio R resulted in hydrogels with lower weight variation after immersion in PBS at 37 °C. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were tuned by varying DOM and R by 1 order of magnitude, achieving elastic modulus E values ranging from 0.5 (low DOM and nonequimolar Tz/Nb ratio) to 5 kPa (high DOM and equimolar Tz/Nb ratio). Human dental pulp stem cells were embedded in the hydrogels and successfully 3D cultured in the hydrogels (percentage viable cells >85%). An increase in metabolic activity and a more elongated cell morphology was detected for cells cultured in hydrogels with lower mechanical properties (E < 1 kPa). Hydrogels prepared with an excess of Tz or Nb were successfully adhered and remained in contact during in vitro cultures, highlighting the potential use of these hydrogels as compartmentalized coculture systems. The successful tuning of the gelatin hydrogel properties here developed by controlling their bioorthogonal cross-linking is promising for tissue engineering and in vitro modeling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Contessi Negrini
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 86 Wood Ln, W12 0BZ London, U.K
| | - Ana Angelova Volponi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT London, U.K
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT London, U.K
| | - Adam D Celiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 86 Wood Ln, W12 0BZ London, U.K
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26
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Abstract
Hydrogels are polymeric networks highly swollen with water. Because of their versatility and properties mimicking biological tissues, they are very interesting for biomedical applications. In this aim, the control of porosity is of crucial importance since it governs the transport properties and influences the fate of cells cultured onto or into the hydrogels. Among the techniques allowing for the elaboration of hydrogels, photopolymerization or photo-cross-linking are probably the most powerful and versatile synthetic routes. This Review aims at giving an overview of the literature dealing with photopolymerized hydrogels for which the generation or characterization of porosity is studied. First, the materials (polymers and photoinitiating systems) used for synthesizing hydrogels are presented. The different ways for generating porosity in the photopolymerized hydrogels are explained, and the characterization techniques allowing adequate study of the porosity are presented. Finally, some applications in the field of controlled release and tissue engineering are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Nicol
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
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